Hostname: page-component-6b989bf9dc-zrclq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-14T18:13:07.768Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Galton Lecture: Behaviour genetic studies of intelligence, yesterday and today: the long journey from plausibility to proof

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2008

Thomas J. Bouchard Jr
Thomas J. Bouchard Jr
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

When asked whether he would discuss man in the Origins of the Species, Darwin replied, ‘I think I shall avoid the subject, as so surrounded with prejudices, though I fully admit it is the highest and most interesting problem for the naturalist’. Galton on the other hand replied to the same question, ‘I shall treat man and see what the theory of heredity of variations and the principles of natural selection mean when applied to man’ (Pearson, 1914–30, Vol. II, p. 86).

Type
Session 3: Genetic Issues
Information
Journal of Biosocial Science , Volume 28 , Special Issue 4: Proceedings of the Galton Institute Symposium on Biological and Social Aspects of Intelligence , October 1996 , pp. 527 - 555
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barkow, J. H. (1989) Darwin, Sex, and Status: Biological Approaches to Mind and culture. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1992) The Adapted Mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Betsworth, D. G., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Cooper, C. R., Grotevant, H. D., Hansen, J. C.Scarr, S. & Weinberg, R. A. (1993) Genetic and environmental influences on vocational interests assessed using adoptive and biological families and twins reared apart and together. J. vocat. Behav. 44, 263–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, (1983) Do environmental similarities explain the similarity in intelligence of identical twins reared apart? Intelligence, 7, 175–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, (1993a) The genetic architecture of human intelligence. In: Biological Approaches to the Study of Human Intelligence. pp. 33–93. Edited by Vernon, P. A.. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, (1993b) Twins: nature's twice told tale. In: Twins as a Tool of Behavior Genetics, pp. 1–15. Edited by Bouchard, T. J. & Propping, P.. Wiley, Chichester.Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, (1995a) Breaking the last taboo. Review of ‘The Bell Curve’. Contemp. Psychol. 40, 415–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr. (1995b) Longitudinal studies of personality and Intelligence: a behavior genetic and evolutionary psychology perspective. In: International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence, pp. 81–106. Edited by Saklofske, D. H. & Zeidner, M.. Plenum, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, (1996) IQ similarity in twins reared apart: findings and response to critics. In: Intelligence: Heredity and Environment. Edited by Sternberg, R. J. & Grigorenko, E. L.. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, & Lykken, D. T. (in press) Genetic and environmental influence on correlates of creativity. In: 1995 Henry B. & Joselyn Wallace National Symposium on Talent Development. Edited by N. Colangelo & S. G. Assouline. Iowa City.Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Lykken, D. T., Mcgue, M., Segal, N. L. & Tellegen, A. (1990) Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science, 250, 223–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A. T. & McGue, M. (1996) Genes, drives, environment and experience: EPD theory–revised. In: Psychometrics and Social Issues Concerning Intellectual Talent. Edited by Benbow, C. P. & Lubinski, D.. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, & McGue, M. (1981) Familial studies of intelligence: a review. Science, 212, 1055–1059.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, & McGue, M. (1990) Genetic and environmental influences on adult personality: an analysis of adopted twins reared apart. J. Personal. 58, 263–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brand, C. R. (1993) Cognitive abilities: current theoretical issues. In: Twins as a Tool of Behavioral Genetics, pp. 17–32. Edited by Bouchard, T. J. Jr, & Propping, P.. Wiley, Chichester.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1994) The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating. Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
Caruso, D. R. (1983) Sample differences in genetics and intelligence data: sibling and parent–offspring studies. Behav. Genet. 13, 453–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chipuer, H. M., Rovine, M. J. & Plomin, R. (1990) LISREL modeling: genetic and environmental influences on IQ revisited. Intelligence, 14, 11–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, T. D., Cooper, H., Corday, D. S., Hartman, H., Hedges, L. V., Light, R. J., Louis, T. A. & Mosteller, F. (Ed.) (1992) Meta-analysis for Explanation: A Case Book. Russell Sage, New York.Google Scholar
Cooper, H. & Hedges, L. V. (Ed.) (1994) The Handbook of Research Synthesis. Russell Sage, New York.Google Scholar
Corney, G. (1984) Sir Francis Galton, 1822–1911. Acta genet. med. gemellol, 33, 13–18.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L., Tooby, J. & Barkow, J. H. (1992) Introduction: evolutionary psychology and conceptual integration. In: The Adapted Mind, pp. 3–15. Edited by Barkow, H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J.. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cziko, G. (1995) Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1988) Homicide. Aldine De Gruyter, New York.Google ScholarPubMed
Darlington, C. D. (1962) Introduction to 1962 Edition of Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry in to its Laws and Consequences. World Book Publishing, New York.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1871) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray, London.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1995) Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meaning of Life. Simon & Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Dorfman, D. D. (1995) Soft science with a neoconservative agenda. Review of ‘The Bell Curve’. Contemp. Psvchol. 40, 418–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. & Jarvick, L. F. (1963) Genetics and intelligence: a review. Science, 142, 1477–1479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fancher, R. E. (1985) The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Finkel, D., Pedersen, N. L., Mcgue, M. & Mcclearn, G. E. (1995) Heritability of cognitive abilities in adult twins: comparison of Minnesota and Swedish Data. Behav. Genet. 25, 421–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finlay, B. L. & Darlington, R. B. (1995) Linked regularities in the development and evolution of mammalian brains. Science, 268, 1578–1584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fletcher, R. (1991) Science, Ideology, and the Media: The Cyril Burt Scandal. Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R. (1993) The ’Miss Conway‘ story. The Psychologist, 6, 214–215.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1980) Reply to Putnam. In: Language and Learning: The Debate Between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky, pp. 325–334. Edited by Piattelli-Palmarini, M.. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Fulker, D. W. (1975) Review of ‘The Science and Politics of IQ’. Am. J. Psychol. 88, 505–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulker, D. W. & Cardon, L. R. (1993) What can twin studies tell us about the structure and correlates of cognitive abilities? In: Twins as a Tool of Behavior Genetics, pp. 33–52. Edited by Bouchard, T. J. Jr, & Propping, P.. Wiley, Chichester.Google Scholar
Fulker, D. W., Cherny, S. S. & Cardon, L. R. (1993) Continuity and change in cognitive development. In: Nature, Nurture and Psychology, pp. 77–97. Edited by Plomin, R. & McClearn, G. E.. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galton, F. (1869/1914) Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences. Macmillan, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, G. V., McGaw, B. & Smith, M. L. (1981) Meta-analysis in Social Research. Sage, Beverly Hills, California.Google Scholar
Gough, H. G. (1979) A creative personality scale of the Adjective Checklist. J. Personal. Social Psychol. 37, 1398–1405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gough, H. G. (1990) The creative temperament scale. In: Advances in Psychological Assessment. Edited by Rosen, J. C. & McReynolds, P.. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977) Ontogony and Phylogeny. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1995) Curve ball. New Yorker, November 28, 139–149.Google Scholar
Hernshaw, L. S. (1979) Cyril Burt: Psychologist. Hodder & Stoughton, London.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1973) IQ in the Meritocracy. Little Brown, Boston.Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. & Murray, C. (1994) The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. Free Press, New York.Google Scholar
Horgan, J. (1993) Eugenics revisited. Scient. Am. June, 122–132?CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, E. (1996) Nature vs. nurture: The feeling of vuja de. In: Intelligence: Heredity and Environment. Edited by Sternberg, R. J. & Grigorenko, E. L.. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. E. & Schmidt, F. L. (1990) Methods of Meta-analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings. Sage, Newbury Park, California.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. E., Schmidt, F. L. & Jackson, G. B. (1982) Meta-analysis: Cumulating Research Findings. Sage, Beverly Hills, California.Google Scholar
Jackson, D. N. (1975) Intelligence and ideology. Science, 189, 1078–1080.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1969) How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educ. Rev. 39, 1–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1994) Race and sex differences in head size and IQ. Intelligence, 18, 309–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. & Sinha, S. N. (1993) Physical correlates of human intelligence. In: Biological Approaches to the Study of Human Intelligence, pp. 139–242. Edited by Vernon, P. A.. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. C., McClearn, G. E., Yen, S., Nagoshi, C. T., Ahern, F. M. & Cole, R. E. (1985) Galton's data a century later. Am. Psvchol. 40, 875–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joynson, R. B. (1990) The Burt Affair. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Juel-Nielsen, N. (1980) Individual and Environment: Monozygotic Twins Reared Apart (revised edition of 1965 monograph). International Universities Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kamin, L. (1995) Behind the bell curve. Scient. Am. February, 99–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (1974) The Science and Politics of IQ. Erlbaum, Potomac, Maryland.Google Scholar
Kamin, L. J. (undated) Heredity, intelligence, politics, and psychology.Google Scholar
Leonard, W. R. & Robertson, M. L. (1994) Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition: the influence of brain and body size on diet and metabolism. Am. J. hum. Biol. 6, 77–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewontin, R. C., Rose, S. & Kamin, L. J. (1984) Not in Our Genes: Biology Ideology, and Human Nature. Pantheon, New York.Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C., Horn, J. M. & Willerman, L. (in press) Heredity, environment and IQ in the Texas adoption study. In: Heredity, Environment and Intelligence. Edited by Sternberg, R. J. & Grigorenko, E. L.. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Mcgue, M. & Tellegen, A. (1993) The heritability of interests: a twin study. J appl. Psychol. 78, 649–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MaCkintosh, N. J. (Ed.) (1995) Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFadden, D. & Loehlin, J. C. (1995) On the heritability of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions: a twin study. Hearing Res. 85, 181–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGue, M., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Iacono, W. G. & Lykken, D. T. (1993) Behavior genetics of cognitive ability: a life-span perspective. In: Nature, Nurture and Psychology, pp. 59–76. Edited by Plomin, R. & McClearn, G. E.. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, E. M. (1995) Race, socioeconomic variables, and intelligence: a review and extension of The Bell Curve. Mankind Q, 35, 267–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harkness, A. R. & Silva, P. A. (1993) The natural history of change in intellectual performance: Who changes? How much? Is it meaningful? J. Child Psychol. Psvchiat. 34, 455–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moloney, D. P., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, & Segal, N. L. (1991) A genetic and environmental analysis of the vocational interests of monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared apart. J. vocat. Behav. 39, 76–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neale, M. C. & Cardon, L. R. (Eds) (1992) Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families. Kluwer, Dordrecht.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, H. H., Freeman, F. N. & Holzinger, K. J. (1937) Twins: A Study of Heredity and Environment. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Pearson, R. (1914–1930) The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pedersen, N. L., Plomin, R., Nesselroade, J. R. & McClearn, G. E. (1992) A quantitative genetic analysis of cognitive abilities during the second half of the life span. Psychol. Sci. 3, 346–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct: The New Science of Language and Mind. Penguin, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin, R. (1986) Development, Genetics and Psychology. Erlbaum, Hilisdale, NJ.Google Scholar
Plomin, R. & Daniels, D. (1987) Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behav. Brain Sci. 10, 1–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plomin, R., Owen, M. J. & McGuffin, P. (1994) The genetic basis of complex human behavior. Science, 264, 1733–1739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polich, J. & Burns, T. (1987) P300 from identical twins. Neuropsychologia, 25, 299–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rende, R. D., Plomin, R. & Vandenberg, S. G. (1990) Who discovered the twin method? Behav. Genet. 20, 277–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rightmire, G. P. (1985) The tempo of change in the evolution of mid-Pleistocene Homo. In: Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, pp. 255–264. Edited by Delson, E.. Liss, New York.Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1989) Review of Gould, S. J. An urchin in the storm: essays about books and ideas. Personal. individ Diffs, 10, 1213–1214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton, J. P. & Osborne, R. T. (1995) Genetic and environmental contributions to cranial capacity in Black and White adolescents. Intelligence, 20, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, A. F. (1992) Heritability of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emission. University of Illinois Press, Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Russell, A. F. & Bilger, R. C. (1992) A twin study of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. J. Acoustical Soc. Am. 92 (abstract), 2409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarr, S. (1976) Review of the science and politics of IQ. Contemp. Psychol. 21, 98–99.Google Scholar
Scarr, S. (1995) Human differences and political equality: the dilemma of group differences in IQ. Iss. Sci. Technol.Google Scholar
Scarr, S. (in press) How people make their own environments: Implications for parents and policy makers. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law,Google Scholar
Scarr, S. & McCartney, K. (1983) How people make their own environments: a theory of genotype–environment effects. Child Dev. 54, 424–435.Google Scholar
Scarr, S. & Weinberg, R. A. (1978) The influence of family background on intellectual attainment. Am. sociol. Rev. 43, 674–692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarr, S., Weinberg, R. A. & Waldman, I. D. (1993) IQ correlations in transracial adoptive families. Intelligence, 17, 541–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, F. L. (1992) What do data really mean? Research findings, meta-analysis. and cumulative knowledge in psychology. Am. Psychol. 47, 1173–1181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, J. (1962) Monozygotic Twins: Brought up Apart and Brought up Together. Oxford University Press, London.Google Scholar
Spearman, C. (1904) General intelligence: objectively determined and measured. Am. J. Psvchol. 15, 201–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stassen, H. H., Lykken, D. T. & Bomben, G. (1988a) The within-pair EEG similarity of twins reared apart. Eur. Arch. Psychiat. Neurol. Sci. 237, 244–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stassen, H. H., Lykken, D. T., Propping, P. & Bomben, G. (1988b) Genetic determination of the human EEG: survey of recent results on twins reared together and apart. Hum. Genet. 80, 165–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stigler, S. M. (1989) Francis Galton's account of the invention of correlation. Statist. Sci. 4, 73–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturtevant, A. H. (1965) A History of Genetics. Harper & Row, New York.Google Scholar
Sundet, J. M., Tambs, K., Magnus, P. & Berg, K. (1988) On the question of secular trends in the heritability of intelligence test scores: a study of Norwegian twins. Intelligence, 12, 47–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symons, D. (1979) The Evolution of Human Sexuality. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Taylor, H. F. (1995) Ringing The Bell Curve. Conteinp. Sociol 24 (March).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teasdale, T. W. & Owen, D. R. (1984) Heritability and family environment in intelligence and educational level—a sibling study. Nature, 309, 620–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tellegen, A., Lykken, D. T., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Wilcox, K. J., Segal, N. L. & Rich, S. (1988) Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. J. Personal. social Psychol. 54, 1031–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toony, J. & Cosmides, L. (1990) On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: the role of genetics and adaptation. J. Personal. 58, 17–68.Google Scholar
Waller, N. G., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A. & Blacker, D. M. (1993) Creativity, heritability, familiarity: which word does not belong? Psychol. Inquiry, 4, 235–237.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. A. (1988) Taking (Machiavelian) intelligence apart: editorial. In: Machiavelian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans, pp. 1–9. Edited by Byrne, R. & Whiten, A.. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1992) Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and challenges. Oxford University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1994) Adaptive genetic variation and human evolutionary psychology. Ethol. Sociobiol. 15, 219–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R. S. (1983) The Louisville twin study: developmental synchronies in behavior. Child Dev. 54, 298–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed