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⁴ See Irish Times, 25 October 2005, 26 October 2005, 27 October 2005, 28 October 2005, 29 October 2005, 31 October 2005, 4 November 2005, and 15 November 2005. Further controversy was kindled by a speech on 1916 made by President Mary McAleese on 27 January 2006; see Irish Times, 28 January 2006.

⁵ For criticism, see Parliamentary Debates, Dáil Éireann: 2 November 2005, vol. 609, no. 1, pp. 14 and 16; 3 November 2005, vol. 609, no. 2, pp. 5, 10, and 12; Seanad Éireann: 27 October 2005, vol. 181, no. 12, p. 2.

⁶ Irish Times, 4 November 2005, and 8 December 2005.

⁷ See Irish Times, 25 October 2005, and 27 October 2005; for a retort, see 28 October 2005.

⁸ Dermot Ahern, “Shared History Can Help Build a Shared Future,” Irish Times, 11 November 2005; See also Patsy McGarry, “Poppy a ‘Valid Recognition’ of Irish Soldiers in World Wars,” Irish Times, 14 November 2005.

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¹¹⁷ McBride, “Memory and National Identity in Modern Ireland,” 15–36.

¹¹⁸ Longley, “The Rising, the Somme and Irish Memory,” 34; McBride, “Memory and National Identity in Modern Ireland,” 34.

¹¹⁹ For Young Ireland's remembrance of the United Irishmen, see Ryder, Sean, “Speaking of ’98: Young Ireland and Republican Memory,” Éire-Ireland 34, no. 2 (1999): 51–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹²³ Beiner, Guy, “Negotiations of Memory: Remembering 1798 Commemoration,” Irish Review 26 (2000): 60–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for more detailed discussion, see Remembering the Year of the French, chap. 14.

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¹²⁶ “We Will Remember Them”: Report of the Northern Ireland Victims Commissioner Sir Kenneth Bloomfield 29th April 1998 (Belfast, 1998), art. 2.1, 11Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ In the context of commemoration and radical republican politicization, significance may also be attributed to the formation of Wolfe Tone Societies in 1964 to mark the bicentennial of the birth of the predominant United Irish leader. See Jackson, Ireland, 366–67.

¹²⁸ Parliament of Northern Ireland Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Commons, vol. 64, col. 778 (28 June 1966). This rhetoric is echoed in recent announcements of Bertie Ahern, which similarly seek to differentiate between the Provisional IRA and the rebels of 1916.

¹²⁹ McCartney, Clem and Bryson, Lucy, Clashing Symbols? A Report on the Use of Flags, Anthems and Other National Symbols in Northern Ireland (Belfast, 1994), 43Google Scholar; McKay, Susan, Northern Protestants: An Unsettled People (Belfast, 2000), 57Google Scholar.

¹³⁰ See Giesen, Triumph and Trauma, 144–54.

¹³¹ Smyth, Marie, “Remembering in Northern Ireland: Victims, Perpetrators and Hierarchies of Pain and Responsibility,” in Past Imperfect: Dealing with the Past in Northern Ireland and Societies in Transition, ed. Hamber, Brandon (Derry/Londonderry, 1998), 36Google Scholar, and see also “Putting the Past in Its Place: Issues of Victimhood and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland's Peace Process,” in Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice after Civil Conflict, ed. Biggar, Nigel (Washington, DC, 2001), 108Google Scholar.

¹³² Longley, “The Rising, the Somme and Irish Memory,” 29.

¹³³ McCartney and Bryson, Clashing Symbols, 35 and 40; Loftus, Belinda, Mirrors: Orange and Green (Dundrum, county Down, 1994), 92Google Scholar.

¹³⁴ Canavan, “The Poppy My Father Wore,” 56–67; Morris, Ewan, Our Own Devices: National Symbols and Political Conflict in Twentieth-Century Ireland (Dublin, 2005), 140–41Google Scholar. The acrimonious debates in the Northern Ireland Assembly on the display of lilies are illuminating on this issue. See the record for 10 April 2001, at http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/record/reports/010410.htm; see also the minutes of the forty-sixth meeting of the assembly commission on 5 March 2002, at http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/commission/minutes/020305.htm.

¹³⁵ Leonard, “The Twinge of Memory,” esp. 103–5, and “Facing ‘the Finger of Scorn’: Veterans’ Memories of Ireland and the Great War,” in War and Memory in the Twentieth Century, ed. Lunn, Martin Evans and Kenneth (Oxford, 1997), 59–72 and 66–67Google Scholar; Burke, Tom, “‘Poppy Day’ in the Irish Free State,” Studies 92, no. 368 (2003): 349–58Google Scholar.

¹³⁶ For the impact of the bombing on the remembrance of the First World War in the Republic of Ireland, see Leonard, “The Twinge of Memory,” 109–10.

¹³⁷ For the origins of this tradition, see Travers, Pauric, “‘Our Fenian Dead’: Glasnevin Cemetary and the Genesis of the Republican Funeral,” in Dublin and Dubliners: Essay in the History and Literature of Dublin City, ed. Kelly, James and Gearailt, Uáitéar Mac (Dublin, 1990), 52–72Google Scholar.

¹³⁸ Smyth, “Putting the Past in Its Place,” 108.

¹³⁹ Mitchell, George J., de Chastelain, John, and Holkeri, Harri, Report of the International Body on Arms Decommissioning (Belfast, 1996), art. 15Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ireland, Belfast, 10 April 1998 (London, 2000), art. 12Google Scholar. http://www.nio.gov.uk/agreement.pdf.

¹⁴¹ Wright, Frank, “Reconciling the Histories of Protestant and Catholic in Northern Ireland,” in Reconciling Memories, ed. Falconer, Alan D. and Liechty, Joseph (Dublin, 1998), 128–48Google Scholar.

¹⁴² Irish Times, 11 November 1998, and 12 November 1998.

¹⁴³ See Irish Times, 2 April 1999, 12 April 1999, 12 August 1999, 12 January 2001, 20 June 2001, and 8 April 2002; see, e.g., Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War, 138–43; McCarthy, Mark, “Historico-Geographical Explorations of Ireland's Heritages: Towards a Critical Understanding of the Nature of Memory and Identity,” in his Ireland's Heritages: Critical Perspectives on Memory and Identity (Aldershot, 2005), 27–28Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁴ Longley, Edna, “Northern Ireland: Commemoration, Elegy, Forgetting,” in History and Memory in Modern Ireland, ed. McBride, Ian (Cambridge, 2001), 235Google Scholar.

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¹⁴⁸ Elected unionist leaders from the Ulster Unionist Party and Democratic Ulster Party conspicuously abstained from participating in commemoration of the Easter Rising, even though the British ambassador was present, but eventually sent representatives to the Battle of the Somme ceremony at the National War Memorial Gardens in Islandbridge, Dublin; see Irish Times 14 April 2006, 15 April 2006, and 1 July 2006.