¹ See, e.g., Colley, Linda, “The Apotheosis of George III: Loyalty, Royalty and the British Nation, 1760–1820,” Past and Present, no. 102 (1984): 94–129Google Scholar; Dinwiddy, John, “England,” in Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution, ed. Dann, Otto and Dinwiddy, John (London, 1988), pp. 53–70Google Scholar; Langford, Paul, A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727–1783 (Oxford, 1989), p. 6Google Scholar; Cunningham, Hugh, “The Language of Patriotism,” in Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, vol. 1, History and Politics, ed. Samuel, Raphael (London, 1989), pp. 57–66Google Scholar; and Eastwood, David, “Robert Southey and the Meanings of Patriotism,” Journal of British Studies 31 (1992): 265–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For nuanced correctives to this orthodoxy, see Harling, Philip, “The Duke of York Affair (1809) and the Complexities of War-Time Patriotism,” Historical Journal 39 (1996): 963–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Gould, Eliga H., “American Independence and Britain's Counterrevolution,” Past and Present, no. 154 (1997): 107–41Google Scholar.

² Brewer, John, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 96–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Peters, Marie, Pitt and Popularity: The Patriot Minister and London Opposition during the Seven Years' War (Oxford, 1980)Google Scholar.

³ Sainsbury, John, Disaffected Patriots: London Supporters of Revolutionary America, 1769–1782 (Kingston, Ontario, 1982), pp. 127–31Google Scholar.

⁴ Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, Conn., 1992), p. 145Google Scholar.

⁵ Cunningham, , “The Language of Patriotism,” pp. 70–82Google Scholar. For a more general account of the European context in which “republican” patriotism was transformed into nineteenth-century nationalism, see Viroli, Maurizio, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism (Oxford, 1995)Google Scholar.

⁶ On its transmission, see the classic works of Robbins, Caroline, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies (Cambridge, Mass., 1959)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bailyn, Bernard, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1967; rev. ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1992)Google Scholar; Skinner, Quentin, “The Principles and Practice of Opposition: The Case of Bolingbroke versus Walpole,” in Historical Perspectives: Studies in English Thought and Society in Honour of J. H. Plumb, ed. McKendrick, Neil (London, 1974), pp. 113–21Google Scholar; and Pocock, J. G. A., The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton, N.J., 1975)Google Scholar.

⁷ Finn, Margot C., After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848–1874 (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 14, quote on p. 51Google Scholar; Epstein, James A., “The Constitutionalist Idiom,” in his Radical Expression: Political Language, Ritual, and Symbol in England, 1790–1850 (New York, 1994), pp. 3–28Google Scholar.

⁸ Pocock, J. G. A., “The Varieties of Whiggism from Exclusion to Reform: A History of Ideology and Discourse,” in his Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought. Chiefly Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 215–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar, presents a more richly inflected account of the continuities than Zaller, Robert, “The Continuity of British Radicalism in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Eighteenth-Century Life 6 (1981): 17–38Google Scholar.

⁹ Compare Hay, Carla H., James Burgh: Spokesman for Reform in Hanoverian England (Washington, D.C., 1979), p. 104Google Scholar, where she remarks “just how innately conservative the radical movement was” and recognizes in this context that “there is a need for further research to determine the pervasiveness of the patriot king theme.”

¹⁰ Kramnick, Isaac, Bolingbroke and His Circle: The Politics of Nostalgia in the Age of Walpole (1968; reprint, Ithaca, N.Y., 1992)Google Scholar.

¹¹ Ibid., p. 3.

¹² Though for trenchant counterblasts, see Pocock, , “The Varieties of Whiggism from Exclusion to Reform,” pp. 242, 259, 261–62Google Scholar.

¹³ Kramnick, , Bolingbroke and His Circle, p. 167Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Dickinson, H. T.. “Bolingbroke: The Idea of a Patriot King,” History Today 20, no. 1 (January 1970): 13, 18, 19Google Scholar, and Bolingbroke (London, 1970), p. 307Google Scholar; Varey, Simon, Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke (Boston, 1984), p. 98Google Scholar; Kramnick, , Bolingbroke and His Circle, pp. 163, 167Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Clark, J. C. D., English Society, 1688–1832 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 179–85Google Scholar; Gerrard, Christine, The Patriot Opposition to Walpole: Politics, Poetry, and National Myth, 1725–1742 (Oxford, 1994), chap. 7CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁶ SirButler, Geoffrey, The Tory Tradition: Bolingbroke, Burke, Disraeli, Salisbury (1914), preface by Butler, R. A. (London, 1957), chap. 1Google Scholar; Jackman, Sydney, Man of Mercury: An Appreciation of the Mind of Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke (London, 1965), pp. 140–46Google Scholar; Mansfield, Harvey Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A Study of Burke and Bolingbroke (Chicago, 1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Faber, Richard, Beaconsfield and Bolingbroke (London, 1961)Google Scholar.

¹⁷ On the Patriot King and the mirror-for-princes genre, see Hart, Jeffrey, Viscount Bolingbroke: Tory Humanist (London, 1965), pp. 83–116Google Scholar; and Gerrard, , The Patriot Opposition to Walpole, pp. 198–203Google Scholar. For other contemporary instances, see Defoe, Daniel, Of Royall Education (ca. 1728), ed. Bülbring, Karl D. (London, 1895)Google Scholar; Ramsay, Andrew Michael, A Plan of Education for a Young Prince (London, 1732)Google Scholar, An Essay on Civil Government (ca. 1738–1739; London, 1743), pp. 59–96Google Scholar; and Duguet, Jean-Jacques, L'institution d'un prince (Paris, 1739)Google Scholar, published in English as The Institution of a Prince: Or, A Treatise on the Qualities, Vertues and Duties of a Sovereign, 2 vols. (London, 1740)Google Scholar, extracts from which were printed in Gentleman's Magazine 10 (1740): 54–6, 291–93Google Scholar (as noted by Gerrard, p. 203, though without the attribution to Duguet).

¹⁸ Varey, Simon, “Hanover, Stuart, and the Patriot King,” British Journal of Eighteenth-Century Studies 6 (1983): 163–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The presence of an anti-Jacobite polemic in Pope's edition of The Idea of a Patriot King, which was retained in Bolingbroke's 1749 edition, is evidence against Varey's argument (Varey, p. 167); Bolingbroke, , The Idea of a Patriot King: With Respect to the Constitution of Great Britain, ed. Pope, Alexander (London, n.d.), pp. 97–101Google Scholar.

¹⁹ For whom Frederick later wrote his own brief advice, “Instructions for My Son George, Drawn by My-Self, for His Good, That of My Family, and for That of His People, according to the Ideas of My Grand-Father, and Best Friend, George I,” 13 January 1749, printed in Young, George, Poor Fred: The People's Prince (Oxford, 1937), pp. 172–75Google Scholar, on which, see also Brooke, John, King George III (London, 1972), pp. 20–21Google Scholar.

²⁰ Colley, , Britons, p. 206Google Scholar.

²¹ Bolingbroke to Sir William Wyndham, 3 February 1738, cited in Hammond, Brean S., Pope and Bolingbroke: A Study in Friendship and Influence (Columbia, Mo., 1984), pp. 99–100Google Scholar; Lyttelton to Pope, 25 October [1738], in Correspondence of Alexander Pope, vol. 4, 1736–1744, ed. Sherburn, George (Oxford, 1956), pp. 138–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²² Pope to Lyttelton, [ca. 1 November 1738], in Sherburn, , ed., Correspondence of Alexander Pope, 4:142Google Scholar; Memoirs and Correspondence of George, Lord Lyttelton, 2 vols., ed. Phillimore, R. J. (London, 1845), 2:428Google Scholar. When Bolingbroke published the work in 1749, Lyttelton wanted all evidence of his connection to The Idea of a Patriot King removed. See Lyttelton to Bolingbroke, 4 April 1749, British Library (BL), London, Additional MS 4948a, fol. 442r.

²³ Ratchford, Fanny E., “Pope and the Patriot King,” Texas Studies in English 6 (1926): 157–77Google Scholar; Barber, Giles, “Bolingbroke, Pope and the Patriot King,” Library 19 (1964): 67–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Smallwood, Frank T., “Bolingbroke vs. Alexander Pope: The Publication of the Patriot King,” Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 65 (1971): 225–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁴ McLaverty, D. J., Pope's Printer, John Wright: A Preliminary Study, Oxford Bibliographical Society Occasional Publication, vol. 11 (Oxford, 1977), p. 27Google Scholar, item 147, suggests 1741 as the date of Pope's edition. The four surviving copies of Pope's edition of The Idea of a Patriot King—in different states of completeness—are in the British Library; the Beinecke Library (Yale University); the Harry Ransom Humanities Center (University of Texas, Austin); and the Robert H. Taylor Collection, Firestone Library (Princeton University). For further details on the text, see Bolingbroke: Political Writings, ed. Armitage, David (Cambridge, 1997), pp. xli–xlivGoogle Scholar.

²⁵ See [Bolingbroke, ], A Familiar Epistle to the Most Impudent Man Living (London, 1749)Google Scholar; [Warburton, William], A Letter to the Editor of the Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism, the Idea of a Patriot-King, and the State of Parties, &c. (London, 1749)Google Scholar.

²⁶ Gerrard, , The Patriot Opposition to Walpole, pp. 208–12Google Scholar, decisively challenges the influential argument of Cable, Mabel Hessler, “The Idea of a Patriot King in the Propaganda of the Opposition to Walpole,” Philological Quarterly 18 (1939): 124–30Google Scholar, that Bolingbroke was the inspirer, rather than the inheritor, of these earlier images of patriot kingship.

²⁷ Hammond, , Pope and Bolingbroke, pp. 139–41Google Scholar.

²⁸ As argued, e.g., in Dickinson, “Bolingbroke: The Idea of a Patriot King”; and Kramnick, , Bolingbroke and His Circle, pp. 168–69Google Scholar.

²⁹ For this reading of Bolingbroke's political thought from 1733–38, see Armitage's, David “Introduction,” in Bolingbroke: Political Writings, pp. vii–xxivGoogle Scholar, and the texts of the Dissertation upon Parties and the letter “On the Spirit of Patriotism” therein.

³⁰ Bolingbroke, , Letters on the Spirit of Patriotism: On the Idea of a Patriot King: And on the State of Parties at the Accession of King George the First, ed. Davies, T. (London, 1775), p. xiGoogle Scholar (this edition was dedicated to Edmund Burke). See the response of one reader to the first edition of the Letters in 1749: “surely a finer system of Politicks without Party, was never offer'd to the World” (Smart Lethieullier to William Borlase, 25 May 1749, BL, Stowe MS 752, fol. 28r).

³¹ For the contemporary debate surrounding the figure of Cicero, see, e.g., [Lyttelton, George], Observations on the Life of Cicero (London, 1733)Google Scholar; and Middleton, Conyers, The History of the Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero, 3 vols. (London, 1742)Google Scholar. On the debate, see esp. Ward, Addison, “The Tory View of Roman History,” Studies in English Literature 4 (1964): 413–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Browning, Reed, Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Court Whigs (Baton Rouge, La., 1982), pp. 210–56Google Scholar; and Miller, Peter N., Defining the Common Good: Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 89–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³² Bolingbroke, , “On the Spirit of Patriotism” (1736), p. 214Google Scholar.

³³ See, e.g., Colish, Marcia, “Cicero's De Officiis and Machiavelli's Prince,” Sixteenth-Century Journal 9 (1978): 81–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and the notes to James VI's Basilikon Doron (1599), in James VI and I: Political Writings, ed. Sommerville, Johann P. (Cambridge, 1994)Google Scholar. On Machiavelli and the Patriot King, see Butterfield, Herbert, The Statecraft of Machiavelli (London, 1962), pp. 111–22Google Scholar; and Kramnick, , Bolingbroke and His Circle, pp. 163–69Google Scholar.

³⁴ In The Idea of a Patriot King, in Armitage, , ed., Bolingbroke: Political Writings, pp. 273, 293Google Scholar, Bolingbroke cites Bacon, Francis, De Dignitate et Augmentis Scientiarum (1623) 1.1, in Francisci Baconis … Opera Omnia, 4 vols., ed. Blackbourne, John (London, 1730), 1:32Google Scholar (Bolingbroke was one of the subscribers of this edition; the italic number indicates the second row of pagination within the volume); Virgil, , Georgics 4.561–62Google Scholar (cited in Bacon, , Opera Omnia, 1:56Google Scholar); and Tacitus, , Agricola 3.2Google Scholar (cited in Bacon, Francis, Advancement of Learning, in Opera Omnia, 2:439Google Scholar). I am greatly indebted to Guido Abbattista for first drawing attention to Bolingbroke's use of Bacon in the notes to his Italian edition and translation of Bolingbroke's, L'idea di un re patriota (Rome, 1995Google Scholar) and for generously supplying me with a draft of his work in advance of publication.

³⁵ The best treatment of Bolingbroke in a late humanist context is Hicks, Philip, “Bolingbroke, Clarendon and the Role of the Classical Historian,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 20 (1987): 445–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁶ The Idea of a Patriot King, in Armitage, , ed., Bolingbroke: Political Writings, pp. 251, 257, 294Google Scholar.

³⁷ On these later editions and translations, see Barber, Giles G., “A Bibliography of Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke” (B.Litt. thesis, Oxford University, 1963), pp. 215–21Google Scholar.

³⁸ Des devoirs d'un roi patriote, et portrait des ministres de tous les temps; ouvrage traduit de l'anglois de Bolingbroke, dedicated to “Louis XVI, Premier Roi Patriote des François” (Paris, 1790)Google Scholar.

³⁹ Lewis, Edward, The Patriot King Displayed: In the Life and Reign of Henry VIII. King of England (London, 1769), pp. 243–44Google Scholar (Thomas Hollis presented a copy to the British Museum on 13 January 1769: BL 523.b.20).

⁴⁰ Churchill, Charles, Gotham (London, 1764), bk. 3, lines 63–102Google Scholar, cited in Carretta, Vincent, George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron (Athens, Ga., 1990), pp. 46–47Google Scholar.

⁴¹ The Reign of George VI (London, 1763), p. 188Google Scholar; Clarke, I. F., Voices Prophesying War, 1763–1984 (Oxford, 1966), pp. 4–6Google Scholar; Claeys, Gregory, ed., Utopias of the British Enlightenment, (Cambridge, 1994), p. xivCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴² I would therefore question John Guy's conclusion that the “rhetoric of counsel” became decisively “redundant” after the 1650s as “a lexicon of rights and interests was recognized as more relevant to the discussion of liberty and authority” (Guy, John, “The Rhetoric of Counsel in Early Modern England,” in Tudor Political Culture, ed. Hoak, Dale [Cambridge, 1995], p. 310)Google Scholar.

⁴³ Walpole, Horace, “A Memorial of Several Noblemen and Gentlemen of the First Rank and Fortunes” (1753), in Memoirs of King George II, 3 vols., ed. Brooke, John (New Haven, Conn., 1985), 1:204–6, 3:163–65Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Butterfield, Herbert, George III and the Historians, rev. ed. (New York, 1959), pp. 231–37Google Scholar; Letters from George III to Lord Bute, 1756–1766, ed. Sedgwick, Romney (London, 1939), pp. xix–xliiiGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁵ Liddle, William D., “‘A Patriot King, or None’: Lord Bolingbroke and the American Renunciation of George III,” Journal of American History 65 (1979): 951–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Belsham, William, Memoirs of the Reign of George III, 5 vols. (London, 1795), 1:3Google Scholar (on the “perfect model of a PATRIOT KING, delineated by the happiest effort of a transcendent genius”); Butterfield, , George III and the Historians, pp. 58–59, 234Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ James Burgh, “Remarks Historical and Political Collected from Books and Observations. Humbly Presented to the King's Most Excellent Majesty,” 13 August 1762, BL, King's MS 433, fols. 86, 105.

⁴⁷ Dickinson, , Bolingbroke, p. 307Google Scholar; Burgh, James, Political Disquisitions: An Enquiry into Public Errors, Defects, and Abuses, 3 vols. (London, 1774–1775), 1:78–79, 118, 121–22, 273–74, 371–72, 377Google Scholar; 2:45–47, 168–70, 456–57; 3:197, 282, 343, 361, 414, 441–43.

⁴⁸ Kramnick, Isaac, “James Burgh and ‘Opposition’ Ideology in England and America,” in his Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America (Ithaca, N.Y., 1990), pp. 205, 206Google Scholar. Kramnick's account overlooks Burgh's “Remarks Historical and Political” entirely.

⁴⁹ The Idea of a Patriot King, in Armitage, , ed., Bolingbroke: Political Writings, pp. 279, 277Google Scholar; Baugh, Daniel A., “Great Britain's ‘Blue-Water’ Policy, 1689–1815,” International History Review 10 (1988): 52–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁰ On the seventeenth century, see Armitage, David, “John Milton: Poet against Empire,” in Milton and Republicanism, ed. Armitage, David, Himy, Armand, and Skinner, Quentin (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 207–10, 223–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar; on the eighteenth-century arguments over the continental commitment, see Baugh, “Great Britain's ‘Blue-Water’ Policy”; Pares, Richard, “American versus Continental Warfare, 1739–1763,” English Historical Review 51 (1936): 429–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rodger, N. A. M., “The Continental Commitment in the Eighteenth Century,” in War, Strategy, and International Politics: Essays in Honour of Sir Michael Howard, ed. Freedman, Lawrence, Hayes, Paul, and O'Neill, Robert (Oxford, 1992), pp. 39–55Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Dobbs, Francis, The Patriot King: or the Irish Chief (London, 1774)Google Scholar. On Dobbs, see Stewart, A. T. Q., A Deeper Silence: The Hidden Origins of the United Irishmen (London, 1993), pp. 36, 42–43, 45Google Scholar.

⁵² Bicknell, Alexander, The Patriot King; or, Alfred and Elvida (London, 1788), pp. [iii], [vii], [iv]–vi, 67Google Scholar; Haydn composed incidental music for J. W. Cowmeadow's adaptation of Bicknell's play, Alfred, König der Angelsachsen, oder der patriotische König, in 1796. Alfred remained a patriot hero for all of the period surveyed here; cf. Thomson, James, Alfred: A Masque (London, 1740)Google Scholar; and Knowles, James Sheridan, Alfred the Great; or, the Patriot King, dedicated to William IV, “A Patriot Monarch” (London, 1831)Google Scholar.

⁵³ Gould, Eliga Hayden, “War, Empire and the Language of State Formation: British Imperial Culture in the Age of the American Revolution” (Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1993), chap. 3Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Liddle, , “‘A Patriot King, or None,’” pp. 955–60, 964–65, 968Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ For Myles Swinney and his support of the colonists and the conciliatory petition of 1775, see Money, John, Experience and Identity: Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1800 (Manchester, 1977), p. 59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁶ A Key for Kings: Integrity the Best Security: A Patriot King the Best Prince to Make a Nation Prosperous, and It's Government Firm and Lasting (Birmingham, 1775), p. ivGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁷ Ibid., pp. 17, 18–19, 24.

⁵⁸ Butterfield, Herbert, George III, Lord North and the People, 1779–1780 (London, 1949), p. viGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ Ibid., pp. 202–4. The Wyvillites' version of Smelt's speech can be found in The Speech of Leonard Smelt, Esq. Delivered by Him at the Meeting of the County of York, December 30, 1779 (York, 1780)Google Scholar, reprinted in Wyvill, Christopher, Political Papers: Chiefly Respecting the Attempt of the County of York, and Other Considerable Districts, Commenced in 1779 and Continued during Several Subsequent Years, to Effect a Reformation of the Parliament of Great-Britain, 6 vols. (York, 1794–1804), 1:13–29Google Scholar (for Wyvill's defense of this version of the speech, see l:v–viii). Smelt replied in [Smelt, Leonard], An Account of Some Particulars, Which Passed at the Meeting Held at York, on Thursday, the 30th December, 1779 (n.p., 1780)Google Scholar. The speech was also paraphrased in The Yorkshire Question, or Petition, or Address (London, [1780]), pp. 13–17Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ The Speech of Leonard Smelt, pp. 13, 25, 26–27.

⁶¹ The System Occasioned by the Speech of Leonard Smelt, Esq. (London, 1780), pp. 5, 20Google Scholar.

⁶² Wahrman, Dror, “Virtual Representation: Parliamentary Reporting and the Languages of Class in the 1790s,” Past and Present, no. 136 (1992): 85–86, 89–91, 108Google Scholar.

⁶³ [Smelt, ], An Account of Some Particulars, pp. 5–6, 10, 29–30Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ The Speech of Leonard Smelt, “Preface” (unpaginated).

⁶⁵ Wyvill, , Political Papers, 1:39Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ On the complexion of the late eighteenth-century empire, see esp. Marshall, P. J., “Empire and Authority in the Later Eighteenth Century,” Imperial and Commonwealth History 15 (1987): 105–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Bayly, C. A., Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780–1830 (London, 1989), chap. 4Google Scholar.

⁶⁷ A Solemn Appeal to the Good Sense of the Nation: Pointing out the Immediate Necessity of a Cordial Coalition between the King and the People (London, 1783), pp. 12–14, 59Google Scholar; cf. Gould, , “War, Empire and the Language of State Formation,” pp. 255–58Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ Colley, , “The Apotheosis of George III,” p. 104Google Scholar; see Thomson, , Alfred: A Masque, pp. 42–43Google Scholar; and Cummings, William Hayman, Dr. Arne and Rule Britannia (London, 1912), pp. 111–36Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ For George III's own speech, see The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Times to 1803, 36 vols. (London, 1806–1820), vol. 33, cols. 854–55Google Scholar.

⁷⁰ The Speech of a Patriot King to His Parliament (London, 1797), pp. 7–8, 11–12, 14, 17–18, 19Google Scholar.

⁷¹ Poetical Epistle from Florizel to Perdita: With Perdita's Answer. And a Preliminary Discourse upon the Education of Princes (London, 1781), p. 14Google Scholar.

⁷² [Green, Thomas], Slight Observations upon Paine's Pamphlet: Principally Respecting His Comparison of the French and English Constitutions (London, 1791). pp. 44–45Google Scholar.

⁷³ Graham, Catharine Macaulay, “Letter XXV: Hints towards the Education of a Prince,” in her Letters on Education (London, 1790), pp. 223–34Google Scholar.

⁷⁴ Hints; to the People of England: For the Year 1793 (London, 1792), pp. 32–33Google Scholar.

⁷⁵ Burke, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. Pocock, J. G. A. (Indianapolis, 1987), pp. 78Google Scholar (“Who now reads Bolingbroke? Who ever read him through?”), 110 (alluding to The Idea of a Patriot King, in Armitage, , ed., Bolingbroke: Political Writings, pp. 230–31Google Scholar).

⁷⁶ The Patriot King … in which, the Claims of the Catholics are Legally, Equitably, and Liberally Considered (London, 1807)Google Scholar, reprinted as The Patriot King; or, the Royal Rescue (London, 1808)Google Scholar; Robert Humphreys, The Patriot King. A Sermon Preached … on the Occasion of the Jubilee Celebrated in Honour of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Accession of His Majesty King George III to the Throne (Leeds, 1809), p. 22Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ The Patriot King … in which, the Claims of the Catholics are Legally, Equitably, and Liberally Considered, p. 47n.

⁷⁸ The Idea of a Patriot King, in Armitage, , ed., Bolingbroke: Political Writings, p. 251Google Scholar.

⁷⁹ See, e.g., [Ker, H. Bellenden], The Patriot King to His People. Addressed to Every Elector of Great Britain (London, 1831)Google Scholar; Britons! Support Your Patriot King and His Enlightened Ministers against an Unwise Faction, Whose Measures Would Lead to Revolution (London, 1831)Google Scholar; Plain Reading for Plain People! Being an Account of the English Constitution; and the King's Reform Bill (London, 1831), p. 18Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ Watkins, John, The Life and Times of “England's Patriot King,” William the Fourth (London, 1831), pp. iii, 37, 350Google Scholar.

⁸¹ William IV to Charles, Earl Grey, 17 October 1831, in The Reform Act, 1832: The Correspondence of the Late Earl Grey with His Majesty King William IV, and with Sir Herbert Taylor, ed. Henry, , Grey, Earl, 2 vols. (London, 1867), 1:381–82Google Scholar, citing The Idea of a Patriot King, in Armitage, , ed., Bolingbroke: Political Writings, p. 260Google Scholar.

⁸² Dibdin, Thomas Frognall, The Patriot King. A Sermon Preached … in Memory of His Late Most Gracious Majesty, William IV (London, 1837), p. 9Google Scholar.

⁸³ The Patriot King; and, an Essay on the Spirit of Patriotism, by Lord Viscount Bolingbroke … Including a Dissertation on the English Constitution, by a Reformed Whig (London, 1831), pp. 164–65Google Scholar. The publisher of this edition, John Brooks, also reprinted Paine's, ThomasCommon Sense: The Crisis (London, 1831)Google Scholar as an intervention in the Reform debate.

⁸⁴ The Patriot King; and, an Essay on the Spirit of Patriotism, pp. 11, 149.

⁸⁵ Disraeli, Benjamin, Vindication of the English Constitution in a Letter to a Noble and Learned Lord (London, 1835), pp. 185–88Google Scholar; Faber, , Beaconsfield and Bolingbroke, pp. 29–37Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ Colley, Linda, “Radical Patriotism in Eighteenth-Century England,” in Samuel, , ed., Patriotism, p. 184Google Scholar.