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Does early weaning shape future endocrine and metabolic disorders? Lessons from animal models

Part of: DOHaD Research in Latin-American

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2020

Luana Lopes Souza ,
Egberto Gaspar de Moura  and
Patricia Cristina Lisboa Open the ORCID record for Patricia Cristina Lisboa [Opens in a new window]
Luana Lopes Souza
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Egberto Gaspar de Moura
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Patricia Cristina Lisboa*
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
*
Address for correspondence: Patricia Cristina Lisboa, Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de setembro, 87. Fundos, PAPC 5°. andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ20551-030, Brazil. Email: pclisboa@uerj.br
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Abstract

Obesity and its complications occur at alarming rates worldwide. Epidemiological data have associated perinatal conditions, such as malnutrition, with the development of some disorders, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, in childhood and adulthood. Exclusive breastfeeding has been associated with protection against long-term chronic diseases. However, in humans, the interruption of breastfeeding before the recommended period of 6 months is a common practice and can increase the risk of several metabolic disturbances. Nutritional and environmental changes within a critical window of development, such as pregnancy and breastfeeding, can induce permanent changes in metabolism through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to diseases later in life via a phenomenon known as programming or developmental plasticity. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms by which precocious weaning can result in adipose tissue dysfunction and endocrine profile alterations. Here, the authors give a comprehensive report of the different animal models of early weaning and programming that can result in the development of metabolic syndrome. In rats, for example, pharmacological and nonpharmacological early weaning models are associated with the development of overweight and visceral fat accumulation, leptin and insulin resistance, and neuroendocrine and hepatic changes in adult progeny. Sex-related differences seem to influence this phenotype. Therefore, precocious weaning seems to be obesogenic for offspring. A better understanding of this condition seems essential to reducing the risk for diseases. Additionally, this knowledge can generate new insights into therapeutic strategies for obesity management, improving health outcomes.

Keywords

Breastfeedingmilkadiposityhormonemetabolic programming
Type
Review
Information
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , Volume 11 , Issue 5 , October 2020 , pp. 441 - 451
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2020

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