Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T15:44:52.567Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Ambivalent Ralliement of La Croix

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

Oscar Arnal
Oscar Arnal
Affiliation:
Wilfrid Laurier University and Waterloo Lutheran Seminary, Ontario
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Beyond a doubt, the newspaper La Croix and its publisher, the Maison de la Bonne Presse, have played a central role in French Catholic journalism for over thirty years. Indeed, it was the leading Catholic press voice of the Third Republic from the Dreyfus Affair to the fall of France. No newspaper of Catholic inspiration could seriously contest its circulation dominance, with the possible exception of the Breton Christian Democratic L'Ouest-Eclair. However, the impact of this latter daily was limited to western France, and by the time it outdistanced La Croix's circulation, it had largely abandoned its Catholic or Christian character. La Croix, on the other hand, was known and read throughout France and remained forthrightly Catholic throughout the life of the Third Republic. Its editorial policy was openly papal, and it sought consciously to be the organ of the French Catholic masses.

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Ecclesiastical History , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , January 1980 , pp. 89 - 106
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Bellanger, C., Godescot, J. et al. , Vol. iii of Histoire generate de la presse francaise, Paris 1972, 127, 604–5Google Scholar; Bosworth, W., Catholicism and Crisis in Modern France: French Catholic Croupsatthe Threshold of the Fifth Republic, Princeton, N.J. 1972, 37Google Scholar.

2 Paul, H. W., The Second Ralliement: The Rapprochement between Church and State in France in the Twentieth Century, Washington, D. C. 1967, 159Google Scholar; J. and Godfrin, P., line Centrale de presse catholique: la Maison de la Bonne Presse et ses publications, Paris 1965, 143, 155, 169–72Google Scholar; P. Feron-Vrau, ‘La Faillite du socialisme’, La Croix, hereafter cited as LC, 31 July 1901, 1; idem., ‘Pour le pape’, LC, 3 Sept. 1904, 1; idem., ‘1906?’, LC, 31 Dec, 1–2 Jan. 1906, 1; Mun, A. de, ‘Roma locuta est’, LC, 20 02 1906, 1Google Scholar; I.F., ‘Question de doctrine’, LC, 28 Sept. 1926, 1; ‘Lettre de S. Em. le cardinal Dubois a M. Francisque Gay’, LC, 21–2 Aug. 1927, 1; ‘Les Fetes du cinquantenaire de "la Croix" et du centenaire du Pere Vincent de Paul Bailly’, LC, 3 Dec. 1932, 1; L. Merlden, ‘La Position de “la Croix” en face des partis politiques’, LC, 2 Dec. 1937, 1.

3 , Godfrin, op. cit. 179–80Google Scholar; Remond, R., Les Catholiques, le communisme et les crises, 1929–1939 Paris 1960, 270Google Scholar.

4 Coutrot, A. and Dreyfus, F., Les Forces religieuses dans la societe franfaise, Paris 1965, 63Google Scholar; , Bosworth, op. cit. 30–1Google Scholar; , Godfrin, op. cit. 142–55Google Scholar. For papal support of La Croix, see ‘Lettre autographe de S.S. Pie X’, LC, 6 Oct. 1904, 1; LC, 11 Oct. 1929, 1; LC, 30 Nov. 1932, 1; LC, 14 May 1937, 1; and LC, 19 Apr. 1939, 1. Also see the reports on the annual congresses of the Maison de la Bonne Presse (i.e., LC, 6 Oct. 1904, 31 Jan. 1924, 31 July 1935 and 14 May 1937) for evidence demonstrating French episcopal attachment to La Croix.

5 , Coutrot and , Dreyfus, op. cit., 63Google Scholar; , Bosworth, op. cit., 196Google Scholar; , Godfrin, op. cit., 142–55Google Scholar.

6 Sorlin, P., ‘La Croix’ et lesjuifs (1880–1899), Paris 1967Google Scholar; Marion, R.-J., ‘La Croix’ et It Ralliement, Paris 1957Google Scholar; andGrenier, J., To Reach the People: ‘La Croix’ (1883–1890), unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Fordham University, New York 1976Google Scholar. In addition, several works about the founder of La Croix, the Assumptionist father Vincent de Paul Bailly, have appeared: Guy, M., Vincent de Paul Bailly, jondateur de ‘La Croix’, Paris 1955Google Scholar; Kokel, R., Vincent de Paul Bailly, un pionnier de la presse catholique, Paris 1957Google Scholar; and Lacoste, E., Le P. Vincent de Paul Bailly, Jondateur de ‘La Croix’ et de la Maison de la Bonne Presse, Paris 1913Google Scholar.

7 , Remond, op. cit., 8–11.Google Scholar

8 Ibid., 10, 570, 277, 279. For an earlier but more detailed analysis of this position, seeRemond, R., ‘L'Evolution du journal La Croix et son role aupres de l'opinion catholique (1919–1939)’, Bulletin de la Societe d'histoirc modeme (1 06 1958), 1–10Google Scholar.

9 , Paul, Second Ralliement, 159.Google Scholar

10 , Coutrot and , Dreyfus, Forces religieuses, 63, 72.Google Scholar

11 , Godfrin, UneCentrale, 137–8.Google Scholar

12 Hellman, J., ‘French “Left-Catholics” and Communism in the Nineteen-Thirties’, Church Hiitory 45, 4 (12 1976), 507CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Hellman argues that LC was willing to collaborate with communists for certain worthy ends (508) and even implies that the reactionary editor Jean Guiraud was a leftist Catholic or Christian Democrat (513, 515).

15 ‘Condamnation du “Bonnet Rouge’”, LC, 14 Oct. 1915, 1; J. Cuiraud, ‘Le vrai complot’, LC, 9 Nov. 1917, i;J.Mollet, ‘Oil est lecoupable?’, LC, 9 Oct. 1917, 1; ‘Choses et autres’, LC, 3 June 1916, 1; Franc, ‘La Note du Pape’, LC, 26–7 Aug. 1917, 1; idem., ‘Guerre et Papaute’, LC, 25 July 1917, 1; and J. Cuiraud, ‘Precisions necessaires’, LC, 9 Jan. 1925, 1.

14 For some examples of such a hesitant strategy, see ‘Lettre de S.S. Pie XI au cardinal Andrieu’, LC, 9 Sept. 1926, 1; ‘L'Action Franchise et le cardinal Andrieu’, LC, 10 Sept. 1926, 1; ‘Deux mois apres la lettre pontificale sur l'Action Franchise’, LC, 13 Nov. 1926, 1; and ‘Decret de la Supreme Congregation du Saint-Office condamnant certaines oeuvres de Charles Maurras et le journal I'Action Francaise (29 Janvier 1914 et 29 decembre 1926), LC, 9–10 Jan. 1927, 1.

15 Franc, ‘Explications indispensables’, LC, 18 Sept. 1926, 1; ‘Inexactitudes et rectifications a propos de l'Action Franchise’, LC, 17 Nov. 1927, 1; J. Guiraud, ‘Avec le Pape’, LC, 21 Jan. 1827, 1; J. Guiraud, ‘A propos de deux polemiques’, LC, 11 Feb. 1927, 1.

16 , Paul, Second RatUement, 166Google Scholar; , Remond, Les Catholiques, 277, 279Google Scholar; , Godfrin, Une Centrale, 137Google Scholar.

17 Merklen, L., ‘L'Heure d'obeir—un guide pratique pour repondre aux objections de l'Action Franchise’, LC, 23 02 1928, 1.Google Scholar

18 Merklen, L., ‘Les Polemiques de l'Action Francaise’, LC, 10 05 1928, 1.Google Scholar

19 Merklen, L., ‘Reponse a une question’, LC, 10 01 1935Google Scholar, 1. For similar arguments, seeMerklen, L., ‘La Clairvoyance de Rome en condamnant I'Action Francaise’, LC, 17 10 1929, 1Google Scholar.

20 J.B., ‘Deux Armees, Deux Frances’, LC, 23 Oct. 1900, 1; Franc, ‘La Situation’, LC, 30 July 1902, 1; J.B., ‘Programme officiel de la Franc-Maqonnerie’, LC, 29 Sept. 1903, 1; Feron-Vrau, ‘1906?’ Cyr, ‘Pas d'ennemis a gauche’, LC, 17 May 1906, 1; idem., ‘Deux Frances?’, LC, 12 Nov. 1908, 1; Feron-Vrau, ‘La Marche de la Revolution’, LC, 19 Oct. 1909, 1; Franc, ‘A nos gouvernants’, LC, 2 Sept. 1914, 1; Cuiraud, ‘Les Lecons de la guerre’, LC, 1 7 Oct. 1914, 1; Franc, ‘Voilons-nous la face’, LC, 4 Feb. 1925, 1; Guiraud, J., ‘Pour la defense de l'Ecole catholique’, LC, 24 02 1925, 1Google Scholar; andGuiraud, J., ‘Les Elections municipales’, LC, 10 04 1925, 1Google Scholar.

21 Le M., ‘Puissance occulte des juifs’, LC, 5–6 Mar. 1899, 1; J.B., ‘Organisation jacobine’, LC, 11 Oct. 1900, 1; Feron-Vrau, l La Faillite du socialisme'; A. P.-B, ‘Le Libre Examen’, LC, 17 Jan. 1902, 1; J.B., ‘Elections de 1906’, LC, 13 Jan. 1906, 1; Franc, ‘Incoherence et profanation’, LC, 7 May 1907, 1; Guiraud, J., ‘Tradition et anarchie’, LC, 1 05 1917, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘La Formation civique des catholiques’, LC, 15 01 1919, iGoogle Scholar; Vincent, M., ‘Le Peril Juif, LC, 7 01 1920, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘La Question scolaire en Alsace-Lorraine’, LC, 27 09 1921, 1Google Scholar.

22 Guiraud, J., ‘La Politique exterieure’, LC, 17 02 1931, 1.Google Scholar

23 Merklen, L., ‘Le Declin du liberalisme’, LC, 21 05 1931, 1.Google Scholar

24 Merklen, L., ‘1789–1689’, LC, 11 05 1939, 1.Google Scholar

25 Merklen, L., “Comment definir I'Action Catholique—Une participation des laiques a l'apostolat hierarchique’, LC, 28 02 1929, 1Google Scholar. For similar expressions, AbbePoncheville, Thellier de, ‘Pour I'Action Catholique’, LC, 31 10 1928, 1Google Scholarand Merklen, L., ‘La Position de—Croix en face des partis politiques’, LC, 2 12 1937, 1Google Scholar.

26 Merklen, L., ‘La Renovation de la vie de I'Eglise par l'apostolat des laiques’, LC, 25–6 05 1933, 1–2Google Scholar, Merklen, ‘Comment definir’.

27 Merklen, L., ‘Oil en sommes-nous’, LC, 21 06 1939, 1.Google Scholar

28 Merklen, L., ‘Bloc contre bloc’, LC, 21 01 1937, 1.Google Scholar

29 For examples of La Croix's-earlier social conservatism, see Cyr, ‘Les Greves’, LC, 11 Sept. 1900. 1; Feron-Vrau, P., ‘Contre le peril rouge’, LC, 28–9 04 1901, 1Google Scholar; Paysan, Le, ‘Riches et pauvres’, LC, 9 05 1901, 1Google Scholar; P. Feron-Vrau, ‘La Faillite du socialisme’; J.B., ‘La Victime—'est l'ouvrier’, LC, 1 Aug. 1901, 1; Feron-Vrau, P., ‘La Question sociale’, LC, 18 09 1901, 1Google Scholar; , Franc, ‘La Crise sociale’, LC, 16 05 1906, 1Google Scholar; Feron-Vrau, P., ‘La Marche’; and Franc, ‘Les Avances socialistes’, LC, 26 09 1912, 1Google Scholar. After the great European war La Cnix abandoned its former intransigence with great reluctance until the last decade of the Third Republic. This social timidity in the earlier interwar decade can be seen in Franc, ‘Perils et esperances’, LC, 9 Jan. 1919, 1; Guiraud, J., ‘Les Greves’, LC, 6 06 1919, 1Google Scholarand, Cyr, ‘Points coupees’, LC, 18 03 1920, 1Google Scholar.

30 , Fontenelle, ‘line Charteofficielle du syndicalisme Chretien’, LC, 17 08 1929, 1.Google Scholar

31 Merklen, L., ‘Syndicalisme et religion’, LC, 5 09 1929, 1.Google Scholar

32 Merklen, L., ‘L'L'Égliseet les travailleurs’, LC, 1–2 01 1930, 1.Google Scholar

33 Merklen, L., ‘L'Eglise et les travailleurs’, LC, 9 01 1930, 1Google Scholar. Also see,Merklen, L., ‘Communisme…Fascisme?…Non: Syndicalismechretien!’, LC, 3 09 1936, 1–2Google Scholar.

34 Merklen, L., ‘L'Avenirde la Jeunesse Ouvriere Chretienne’, LC, 21 11 1928, 1.Google Scholar

35 Merklen, L., ‘L'Urgente necessite de la J.O.C’, LC, 4 09 1930, 1Google Scholar. Also see,Merklen, L., ‘Une Jeunesse “espoir de l'I'glise et de la patrie”’, LC, 4 07 1935, 1Google Scholar.

36 Merklen, L., ‘L'Entente entre les catholiques, la collaboration avec les noncatholiques’, LC, 23 01 1936, 1Google Scholar; , Fontenelle, ‘Une Charte’, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘Bloc contre bloc’, 1Google Scholar; Merklen, L., ‘Comment triomphcrdu communisme?’, LC, 25 02 1937, 1Google Scholar.

37 S.P., ‘Au fil desjours’, LC, 28 July 1934, 1.

38 Merklen, L., ‘Morale et capitalisme’, LC, 14 03 1935, 1Google Scholar; Merklen, L., ‘Ou en sommes-nous?’, LC, 18 06 1936, 1Google Scholar.

39 For examples of La Croix's earlier extremism in these matters, seeCuiraud, J., ‘Les Lemons’, 1Google Scholar; , Franc, ‘L'Ame de l'armee franchise’, LC, 11 01 1916, 1Google Scholar; , Franc, ‘La Note du pape aux belligerants’, LC, 18 08. 1917, 1Google Scholar; Cholleux, R. Le, ‘Le Desarmement de l'Allemagne’, LC, 15 01 1921, 1Google Scholar; R.R., ‘Les Accords de Locarno’, LC, 21 Oct. 1925, 1; and above note 20.

40 ‘Declaration du comite archiepiscopal de 1'Action catholique franchise’, LC, 26 Jan. 1933. 1.

41 Merklen, L., ‘Les Catholiques et le probleme de la paix’, LC, 16 02 1928, 1.Google Scholar

42 Guiraud, J., ‘Necessite de la collaboration des peuples et des races’, LC, 27 12 1929, 1Google Scholar. For Guiraud, splendid national isolation was no longer possible in an international world (‘La Politique exterieure—Changements de methode necessaires’, LC, 17 Feb. 1931, 1).

43 Merklen, L., ‘Le Probleme de la paix’, LC, 20 06 1931, 1.Google Scholar

44 Caret, J., ‘Solidarite internationale’, LC, 8 08 1931, 1.Google Scholar

45 Caret, J., ‘La Crisede la Société des Nations’, LC, 25 11 1933, 1.Google Scholar

46 Guiraud, J., ‘Le Pacte de la paix’, LC, 31 08 1928. 1.Google Scholar

47 Merklen, L., ‘Les Pretentions du fascisme’, LC, 20 07 1929. 1Google Scholar; Caret, J., ‘Comment resoudre le probleme italo-ethiopien?’, LC, 30 11 1935, 1Google Scholar; andCaret, J., ‘Si nousavions une S.D.N. universelle’, LC, 28 12 1935, 1Google Scholar.

48 For examples, see ‘La Croix gamee contre la croix du Christ’, LC, 12 Feb. 1936, 1 andCaret, J., ‘Allemagne 1936’, LC, 1 02 1936, 1Google Scholar.

49 , Merklen, ‘Communisme…Fascisme?’, 1–2.Google Scholar

50 Caret, J.. ‘En Espagne’, LC, 25 07 1936, 1Google Scholar. See alsoMontserrat, V., ‘Dans l'Espagne des nationaux’, LC, 24 12 1936, 1Google Scholar.

51 Merklen, L., ‘Prions pour l'Espagne catholique’, LC, 15 12 1938, 1.Google Scholar

52 For detailed analyses of the positions taken by French Catholic progressives in the interwar years, see Remond, Les Catholiques; Hellman, ‘French “Left-Catholics’”; Rauch, R. W. Jr, Politics and Belief in Contemporary France, The Hague 1972CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lewis, D. L., ‘Emmanuel Mounier and the Politics of Moral Revolution’, Catholic Historical Review, 56 (07 1970), 226–90Google Scholar; Winock, Michel, Histoire politique de la revue ‘Esprit’, 1910–1950, Paris 1975Google Scholar; Murphy, F. J., Maurice Thorez and ‘La Main Tendue’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Fordham University, N.Y., 1971Google Scholar; Arnal, O. L., ‘Stillborn Detente: Catholics Divide over the “Main Tendue”’, On-Demand publication of Journal of Modem History (03 1979)Google Scholar; idem., ‘Alternatives to the Third Republic among Catholic Leftists’,Historical Reflections! Reflexions Historiques (Winter 1978)Google Scholar; Hellman, J., ‘Vichy Background: Political Alternatives for French Catholics in the Nineteen-Thirties’, On-Demand publication of Journal of Modem History (1977)Google Scholar; and Hellman, J., ‘The Opening to the Left in French Catholicism: The Role of the Personlists’, Journal of the History of Ideas, xxxiv (07-09 1973), 381–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

55 For the position of these scholars, see above pp. 90-i, nn. 6–12.

54 , Merklen, ‘L'Heured'obeir’, 1.Google Scholar

55 , Merklen, ‘Reponse’, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘La Clairvoyance’, 1Google Scholar.

56 I.F., ‘Question de doctrine’, LC, 28 Sept. 1926. 1.

57 Guiraud, ‘Avec le pape’, 1.

58 In fact, a strong case can be made that the papal programmes of Pius XI, throughout the interwar period, were ultra-conservative rather than progressive and modern. For this position, see Arnal, ‘Stillborn Detente’.

59 Castelnau, General de, ‘La Federation nationale catholique’, LC, 8 11 1924, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Deux appels—La Federation nationale catholique’, LC, 14 11 1924, 1Google Scholar; , Franc, ‘Federation nationale catholique’, LC, 26 11 1924, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Precisions necessaires’, LC, 20 01 1925, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘line Programme’, LC, 14 02 1925, 1Google Scholar.

60 Castelnau, General de, ‘Le Programme catholique 1928–1929’, LC, 14 07 1928. 1Google Scholar; A.M., ‘La Federation nationale catholique a tenu mardi une grande journee a Paris’, LC, 5 June 1929, 1; Guiraud, J., ‘Une Contradiction’, LC, 6 05 1927, 1Google Scholar.

61 , Merklen, ‘La Renovation’, 1–2.Google Scholar

62 Ibid., 1.

63 Ibid.; Merklen, L., ‘L'Apostolat laique remede au la'icisme’, LC, 19 03 1936, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘L'Organisation de l'Action catholique’, LC, 6 01 1931, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘Comment definir’, 1Google Scholar; Merklen, L., ‘Le Caractere propre de l'Action catholique’, LC, 8 03 1929, 1Google Scholar.

64 , Merklen, ‘Le Declin’, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘Ou en sommes-nous?’, LC, 18 06 1936, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘La Renovation’, 1Google Scholar.

65 , Merklen, ‘Oil en sommes-nous’, 21 06 1939, 1Google Scholar; Merklen, L., ‘Pour realiser l'unite francaise—L'Abrogation des lois d'exception de 1901–1904’, LC, 22 06 1939, 1Google Scholar.

66 , Guiraud, ‘La Formation’, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Le 14 juillet’, LC, 15 07 1933, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘1789–1689’, 1Google Scholar.

67 Guiraud, J., ‘Le Discours de M. Tardieu’, LC, 19 04 1932, 1Google Scholar; L'Ermite, Pierre, ‘Vote francais’, LC, 24–25 04 1932, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Precisions pour le second tour de scrutin’, LC, 5 05 1932, 1Google Scholar.

68 Guiraud, J., ‘Pour l'ordre contre le desordre’, LC, 6 10 1934, 1.Google Scholar

69 L'Ermite, Pierre, ‘Face a face’, LC, 14–15 07 1935, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Lecons d'une belle journee’, LC, 16 07 1935, 1Google Scholar; L'Ermite, Pierre, ‘Rouge…ou pas rouge?’, LC, 5–6 04 1936, 1–102Google Scholar.

70 L'Ermite, Pierre, ‘Face a face’, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘La Question des ligues’, LC, 10 12 1935, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Retour a l'honneur et a la paix’, LC, 9 02 1934, 1Google Scholar; L'Ermite, Pierre, ‘La Tristesemaine’, LC, 11–12 02 1934, 1Google Scholar.

71 , Guiraud, ‘La Question’, 1Google Scholar; R.R., ‘Les Emeutes socialistes en Autriche sont domines par les forces gouvernmentales’, LC, 14 Feb. 1934, 1–2; , Merklen, ‘Comment triompher’, 1Google Scholar.

72 , Franc, ‘Perils’, 1Google Scholar; , Guiraud, ‘Les Greves’, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘La Lutte contre le bolchevisme’, LC, 22 07 1919, 1Google Scholar.

73 See L'Ermite, Pierre, ‘Le Cancer rouge’; LC 84–25 06, 1Google Scholarfor example of this.

74 Merklen, L., ‘L'Eglise catholique et le regime capitaliste’, LC, 15 06 1933, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘Morale’, 1Google Scholar.

75 Merklen, L., ‘L'Eglise et les travailleurs’, LC, 9 01 1930, 1.Google Scholar

76 Guiraud, J., ‘Contre le syndicalisme revolutionnaire’, LC, 28 05 1935, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘Communisme…fascisme’, 1–2Google Scholar.

77 , Merklen, ‘L'Urgente’, 1.Google Scholar

78 , Merklen, ‘L'Entente’, 2Google Scholar; Merklen, L., ‘L'Action des militants jqcistes’, LC, 2 07 1936, 1Google Scholar.

79 See Hellman, ‘French “Left-Catholics’” and Arnal, ‘Stillborn Detente’ for details concerning this growing openness.

80 Merklen, L., ‘Le Peril du communisme’, LC, 20 05 1936, 1Google Scholar. See alsoMerklen, L., ‘Oii ensommes-nous?’, 18 06 1936, 1Google Scholar.

81 Merklen, L., ‘Restons nous-memes’, LC, 16 07 1936, 1Google Scholar; Cuiraud, J., ‘La “collaboration” et l'Encyclique’, LC, 16 04 1937, 1–2Google Scholar.

82 , Merklen, ‘Comment triompher’, 1.Google Scholar

83 Ibid., 2.

84 Cholleux, R. Le, ‘L'Evacuation de la Rhenanie’, LC, 6 10 1928, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘A propos de l'Anchluss’, LC, 1–2 01 1929, 1Google Scholar; Caret, J., ‘L'Eveil d'une conscience internationale’, LC,20 05 1933, 1Google Scholar; Caret, J., ‘Hitler au pouvoir’, LC, 4 02 1933, 1Google Scholar.

85 L'Ermite, Pierre, ‘Le Drame d'aujourd'hui’, LC 3–4 05 1936, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Communistes de France et bolcheviks de Russie’, LC, 13 08 1931, 1Google Scholar; Leveque, M., ‘Moscou pour ou contre la France?’, LC, 11 05 1935, l–2Google Scholar.

86 Caret, J., ‘L'Allemagneeternelle?’, LC, 8 07 1939, 1.Google Scholar

87 d'Harcourt, R., ‘Croix gamee et etoile rouge’, LC, 28 10 1936, l–2Google Scholar; Caret, J., ‘Le Marxisme, le racisme et l'Autriche’, LC, 17 02 1934, 1Google Scholar.

88 Merklen, L., ‘Le Concordat Allemand’, LC, 13 07 1933, 1.Google Scholar

89 Caret, J., ‘La Candidature de l'U.R.S.S. a Societe des Nations’, LC, 8 09 1934, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Etrange attitude des communistes’, LC, 23 09 1938, 1Google Scholar; Gabilly, Marcel, ‘Une Rencontre historique’, LC, 30 09 1938, 1Google Scholar.

90 Caret, J., ‘Stresa’, LC, 13 04 1935, 1Google Scholar; Caret, J., ‘Comment resoudre’, 1Google Scholar; Caret, J., ‘La Paix en vue’, LC, 14 12 1935, 1Google Scholar.

91 , Merklen, ‘Pretensions’, 1Google Scholar; Guiraud, J., ‘Mussolini’, LC, 28 11 1922, 1Google Scholar; Merklen, L., ‘La Reconcilation de l'ltalie avec le Saint-Siege’, LC, 21 03 1929, 1Google Scholar; Merklen, L., ‘Le Reglement de la question romaine’, LC, 9 02 1929, 1Google Scholar.

92 L.M., ‘Les Evenements d'Espagne’, LC, 13 May 1931, 1; Guiraud, J., ‘Le Succes electoral des catholiques espagnols’, LC, 24 11 1933, 1Google Scholar; Caret, J., ‘La Situation politique en Espagne’, LC, 11 01 1936, 1Google Scholar.

93 , Caret, ‘En Espagne’, 1Google Scholar; Montserrat, V., ‘Dans l'Espagne des nationaux’, LC, 9 01 1937. 1Google Scholar.

94 Caret, J., ‘Les SoufFrances de l'Espagne’, LC, 8 05 1937, 1Google Scholar; , Merklen, ‘Prions’, 1–2Google Scholar.