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Intralinguistic and extralinguistic variation factors in Old French negation with ne-Ø, ne-mie, ne-pas and ne-point across different text types

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2013

LENE SCHØSLER  and
HARALD VÖLKER
LENE SCHØSLER
Affiliation:
Københavns Universitet
HARALD VÖLKER*
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
*
Address for correspondence: Harald Völker, Romanisches Seminar, Zürichbergstrasse 8, CH - 8032 Zürich, Switzerland e-mail: hvoelker@rom.uzh.ch
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Abstract

Old French sentential negation (NEG) represents an important morphosyntactic change that has been investigated by a large number of scholars from different theoretical approaches. From the 12th to the 14th (and mainly in the 13th) century, there are two variants of this variable in competition: NEG with only ne (the older variant) and NEG with ne + pas/mie/point, etc. The research presented in this paper has been motivated by the wish to find relevant factors for this variation in Old French. In order to identify factors of influence on the variable NEG with or without pas, mie and point, we analyse two subcorpora containing two different text types. The choice of the tested factors is rooted both in variational linguistics and in previous studies on Old French negation, implying (extralinguistic) diasystematic factors like diatopic and diastratic ones as well as intralinguistic factors like transitivity of the verb, word order and clause type. Main findings are the probable relevance of clause type and the influence of socially definable (diastratic) groups. Beyond this, the results across the two different text type are predominantly similar, but we found differences as well. This leads us to plead in favour of the importance of considering the factor text type while working on diachronic corpora.

Type
Articles
Information
Journal of French Language Studies , Volume 24 , Issue 1: Negation and Clitics in French: Interaction and variation , March 2014 , pp. 127 - 153
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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References

REFERENCES

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van der Auwera, J. (2009). The Jespersen cycles. In: van Gelderen, E. (ed.), Cyclical Change. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 35–71.Google Scholar
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Grevisse, M. and Goosse, A. (1988). Le bon usage. Grammaire française. 12th edition. Paris: Duculot.Google Scholar
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Holtus, G., Overbeck, A. and Völker, H. (2003), Luxemburgische Skriptastudien. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Hopper, P. J. and Traugott, E. C. (1993), Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ingham, R. (2013). A derivational approach to negative polarity item licensing in Old French. In: Arteaga, D. (ed.), Research on Old French: The State of the Art. Dordrecht: Springer, 261–281.Google Scholar
Jespersen, O. (1917). Negation in English and Other Languages. Copenhagen: Høst.Google Scholar
Koch, P. and Oesterreicher, W. (1985). Sprache der Nähe – Sprache der Distanz: Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im Spannungsfeld von Sprachtheorie und Sprachgeschichte. Romanistisches Jahrbuch, 36: 15–43.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Marchello-Nizia, C. (1997). La langue française aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Paris: Nathan.Google Scholar
Martineau, F. and Mougeon, R. (2003). Sociolinguistic research on the origins of ne deletion in European and Quebec French. Language, 79.1: 118–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martineau, F. and Vinet, M. T. (2005). Microvariation in French Negation Markers: an Historical Perspective. In: Batllori, M. and Roca, F. (eds), Grammaticalization and Parametric Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 194–205.Google Scholar
Martineau, F. (2009). Modeling change: a historical sociolinguistics perspective on French negation. In: Kawaguchi, Y., Durand, J. and Minegishi, M. (eds), Corpus and Variation in Linguistic Description and Language Education. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 159–178.Google Scholar
Mathieu, E. (2009), From local blocking to Cyclic Agree. In: Ghomeshi, J., Paul, I. and Wiltschko, M. (eds), Determiners. Universals and variation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 123–157.Google Scholar
Meisner, C. and Pomino, N. (2014). Synchronic variation in the expression of French negation: A Distributed Morphology approach (This issue).Google Scholar
Möhren, F. (1980). Le renforcement affectif de la négation par l'expression d'une valeur minimale an ancien français. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B. (2009). The grammaticalization of negative reinforcers in Old and Middle French: a discourse-functional approach. In: Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B. and Visconti, J. (eds), Current Trends in Diachronic Semantics and Pragmatics. Bingley: Emerald, pp. 227–251.Google Scholar
Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B. and Visconti, J. (2009). On the diachrony of “reinforced” negation in French and Italian. In: Rossari, C., Ricci, C. and Spiridon, A. (eds), Grammaticalization and Pragmatics: Facts, Approaches, Theoretical Issues. Bingley: Emerald, pp. 137–171.Google Scholar
Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B. (2011). Negative cycles and grammaticalization. In: Narrog, H. and Heine, B. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 570–579.Google Scholar
Price, G. (1962). The negative particles pas, mie and point in French. Archivum Linguisticum, XIV.1: 14–34.Google Scholar
Price, G. (1997). Negative particles in French. In: Gregory, S. and Trotter, D. A. (eds.), De mot en mot. Aspects of Medieval Linguistics. Essays in Honour of William Rothwell. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 173–190.Google Scholar
Remacle, L. (1948). Le problème de l'ancien wallon, Liège/Paris: Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres/Droz.Google Scholar
Schøsler, L. (1984). La déclinaison bicasuelle de l'ancien français, Odense: Odense University Press.Google Scholar
Schøsler, L. (2001). From Latin to Modern French: Actualization and markedness. In: Andersen 2001, pp. 169–185.Google Scholar
Schøsler, L. (2004a). Historical corpora. Problems and methods. In: Bozzi, A., Cignoni, L. and Lebrave, J.-L. (eds.), Linguistica computazionale XX–XXI, Digital Technology and Philological Disciplines. Pisa/Rome: Istituti Editoriale e Poligrafici Internazionali, pp. 455–472.Google Scholar
Schøsler, L. (2004b). Historical corpora. Problems and methods. In: Bozzi, A., Cignoni, L., Lebrave, J.-L. (eds), Linguistica computazionale XX-XXI, Digital technology and philological disciplines, Pisa/Roma: Istituti editoriale e poligrafici internazionali, pp. 455–472.Google Scholar
Schwenter, S. (2006). Fine tuning Jespersen's Cycle. In: Horn, L. R., Birner, B. J. and Ward, G. L. (eds.), Drawing the Boundaries of Meaning. Neo-Gricean Studies in Pragmatics and Semantics in Honour of Laurence R. Horn. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 327–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speculum, volume 65 (1990), Special issue on the New Philology.Google Scholar
Stein, A.et al. (eds) (2006). Nouveau Corpus d'Amsterdam. Corpus informatique de textes littéraires d'ancien français (ca 1150-1350), établi par Anthonij Dees (Amsterdam 1987), remanié par Achim Stein, Pierre Kunstmann et Martin-D. Gleßgen, Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik.Google Scholar
Titz, K. (1926). La substitution des cas dans les pronoms français. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
Videsott, P. (2013). Les débuts du français à la Chancellerie royale: analyse scriptologique des chartes de Philippe III (1270–1285). Revue de Linguistique Romane, 77: 3–49.Google Scholar
Völker, H. (2003). Skripta und Variation. Untersuchungen zur Negation und zur Substantivflexion in altfranzösischen Urkunden der Grafschaft Luxemburg (1237–1281). Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Völker, H. (2007). A ‘practise of the variant’ and the origins of the standard. Presentation of a variationist linguistics method for a corpus of Old French charters. Journal of French Language Studies, 17: 207–223.Google Scholar
Völker, H. (2009). La linguistique variationnelle et la perspective intralinguistique. Revue de Linguistique Romane, 73: 27–76.Google Scholar
Wallage, P. (2013). Functional differentiation and grammatical competition in the English Jespersen Cycle. Journal of Historical Syntax. 2.1: 1–25.Google Scholar
Weinreich, U. (1954). Is a Structural Dialectology Possible? Word, 10: 388–400.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, M. and Kaiser, G. (2014). On expletive subject pronoun drop in Colloquial French (This issue).Google Scholar
Corpus I:Google Scholar
A1, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, f.fr. 774 (Haute-Marne)Google Scholar
A2, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, f.fr. 1449 (Nièvre, Allier)Google Scholar
A3, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, f.fr. 368 (Nièvre, Allier)Google Scholar
A4, Milano, Biblioteca Trivulziana 1025 (Nièvre, Allier)Google Scholar
B1, London, British Library, Royal 20 D.XI (Aisne)Google Scholar
B2, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, f.fr. 24369 (Normandie)Google Scholar
C, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bibl. Municipale 192 (Picardie)Google Scholar
D, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, f.fr. 1448 (Lorraine)Google Scholar
F, (fragment), Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, nouv. acq.f. 934 (Haute-Marne)Google Scholar
Corpus II:Google Scholar
Holtus, G., Overbeck, A., Völker, H. (2003), Luxemburgische Skriptastudien. Tübingen: Niemeyer (also available under www.rmnet.uni-trier.de/cgi-bin/RMnetIndex.tcl?hea=qf&for=qafranzu).Google Scholar
Andersen, H. (ed.) (2001). Actualization. Linguistic Change in Progress. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Andersen, H. (2006). Synchrony, diachrony, and evolution. In: Nedergaard, O. Thomsen (ed.), Competing Models of Linguistic Change. Evolution and Beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 59–90.Google Scholar
Andersen, H. (2008). Grammaticalization in a speaker-oriented theory of change. In: Eythórsson, T. (ed.), Grammatical Change and Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 11–44.Google Scholar
van der Auwera, J. (2009). The Jespersen cycles. In: van Gelderen, E. (ed.), Cyclical Change. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 35–71.Google Scholar
Berruto, G. (2010). Identifying dimensions of linguistic variation in a language space. In: Auer, P. and Schmidt, J. E. (eds), Language and Space. Vol. 1: Theories and Methods. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, pp. 226–241.Google Scholar
Berschin, H., Felixberger, J. and Goebl, H. (1978). Französische Sprachgeschichte. Lateinische Basis. Interne und externe Geschichte. Sprachliche Gliederung Frankreichs. Mit einer Einführung in die historische Sprachwissenschaft. Munich: Hueber.Google Scholar
Buridant, C. (2000). Grammaire nouvelle de l'ancien français. Paris: Sedes.Google Scholar
Cerquiglini, B. (1989). Éloge de la variante. Histoire critique de la philologie. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Coseriu, E. (1966). Structure lexicale et enseignement du vocabulaire. In: Actes du premier colloque international de linguistique appliquée. Organisée par la Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences humaines de l'Université de Nancy (26–31 octobre 1964). Nancy: Mémoires des Annales de l'Est, pp. 175–217.Google Scholar
Dees, A. (1987). Atlas des formes linguistiques des textes littéraires de l'ancien français. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Detges, U. (2003). La grammaticalisation des constructions de négation dans une perspective onomasiologique, ou: la déconstruction d'une illusion optique. In: Blank, A. and Koch, P. (eds), Kognitive romanische Onomasiologie und Semasiologie. Tübingen: Niemeyer, pp. 213–233.Google Scholar
Dufter, A. and Stark, E. (2007). La linguistique variationnelle et les changements linguistiques ‘mal compris’: Le cas du ne de négation. In: Combettes, B. and Marchello-Nizia, C. (eds), Études sur le changement linguistique en français. Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, pp. 115–128.Google Scholar
Fleischman, S. (2000). Methodologies and ideologies in historical linguistics: On working with older languages. In: Herring, S. C., van Reenen, P. and Schøsler, L. (eds), Textual Parameters in Older Languages. Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 33–58.Google Scholar
Flydal, L. (1952). Remarques sur certains rapports entre le style et l’état de langue. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, 16: 241–258.Google Scholar
Gadet, F. (2003). La signification sociale de la variation. Romanistisches Jahrbuch, 54: 98–114.Google Scholar
Grevisse, M. and Goosse, A. (1988). Le bon usage. Grammaire française. 12th edition. Paris: Duculot.Google Scholar
Grübl, K. (forthcoming). Varietätenkontakt und Standardisierung im mittelalterlichen Französisch. Theorie, Forschungsgeschichte und Untersuchung eines Urkundenkorpus aus Beauvais (1241–1455). Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Holtus, G., Overbeck, A. and Völker, H. (2003), Luxemburgische Skriptastudien. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Hopper, P. J. and Traugott, E. C. (1993), Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ingham, R. (2013). A derivational approach to negative polarity item licensing in Old French. In: Arteaga, D. (ed.), Research on Old French: The State of the Art. Dordrecht: Springer, 261–281.Google Scholar
Jespersen, O. (1917). Negation in English and Other Languages. Copenhagen: Høst.Google Scholar
Koch, P. and Oesterreicher, W. (1985). Sprache der Nähe – Sprache der Distanz: Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im Spannungsfeld von Sprachtheorie und Sprachgeschichte. Romanistisches Jahrbuch, 36: 15–43.Google Scholar
Labov, W. (1966). The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Marchello-Nizia, C. (1997). La langue française aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Paris: Nathan.Google Scholar
Martineau, F. and Mougeon, R. (2003). Sociolinguistic research on the origins of ne deletion in European and Quebec French. Language, 79.1: 118–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martineau, F. and Vinet, M. T. (2005). Microvariation in French Negation Markers: an Historical Perspective. In: Batllori, M. and Roca, F. (eds), Grammaticalization and Parametric Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 194–205.Google Scholar
Martineau, F. (2009). Modeling change: a historical sociolinguistics perspective on French negation. In: Kawaguchi, Y., Durand, J. and Minegishi, M. (eds), Corpus and Variation in Linguistic Description and Language Education. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 159–178.Google Scholar
Mathieu, E. (2009), From local blocking to Cyclic Agree. In: Ghomeshi, J., Paul, I. and Wiltschko, M. (eds), Determiners. Universals and variation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 123–157.Google Scholar
Meisner, C. and Pomino, N. (2014). Synchronic variation in the expression of French negation: A Distributed Morphology approach (This issue).Google Scholar
Möhren, F. (1980). Le renforcement affectif de la négation par l'expression d'une valeur minimale an ancien français. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B. (2009). The grammaticalization of negative reinforcers in Old and Middle French: a discourse-functional approach. In: Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B. and Visconti, J. (eds), Current Trends in Diachronic Semantics and Pragmatics. Bingley: Emerald, pp. 227–251.Google Scholar
Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B. and Visconti, J. (2009). On the diachrony of “reinforced” negation in French and Italian. In: Rossari, C., Ricci, C. and Spiridon, A. (eds), Grammaticalization and Pragmatics: Facts, Approaches, Theoretical Issues. Bingley: Emerald, pp. 137–171.Google Scholar
Mosegaard Hansen, M.-B. (2011). Negative cycles and grammaticalization. In: Narrog, H. and Heine, B. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 570–579.Google Scholar
Price, G. (1962). The negative particles pas, mie and point in French. Archivum Linguisticum, XIV.1: 14–34.Google Scholar
Price, G. (1997). Negative particles in French. In: Gregory, S. and Trotter, D. A. (eds.), De mot en mot. Aspects of Medieval Linguistics. Essays in Honour of William Rothwell. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 173–190.Google Scholar
Remacle, L. (1948). Le problème de l'ancien wallon, Liège/Paris: Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres/Droz.Google Scholar
Schøsler, L. (1984). La déclinaison bicasuelle de l'ancien français, Odense: Odense University Press.Google Scholar
Schøsler, L. (2001). From Latin to Modern French: Actualization and markedness. In: Andersen 2001, pp. 169–185.Google Scholar
Schøsler, L. (2004a). Historical corpora. Problems and methods. In: Bozzi, A., Cignoni, L. and Lebrave, J.-L. (eds.), Linguistica computazionale XX–XXI, Digital Technology and Philological Disciplines. Pisa/Rome: Istituti Editoriale e Poligrafici Internazionali, pp. 455–472.Google Scholar
Schøsler, L. (2004b). Historical corpora. Problems and methods. In: Bozzi, A., Cignoni, L., Lebrave, J.-L. (eds), Linguistica computazionale XX-XXI, Digital technology and philological disciplines, Pisa/Roma: Istituti editoriale e poligrafici internazionali, pp. 455–472.Google Scholar
Schwenter, S. (2006). Fine tuning Jespersen's Cycle. In: Horn, L. R., Birner, B. J. and Ward, G. L. (eds.), Drawing the Boundaries of Meaning. Neo-Gricean Studies in Pragmatics and Semantics in Honour of Laurence R. Horn. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, pp. 327–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speculum, volume 65 (1990), Special issue on the New Philology.Google Scholar
Stein, A.et al. (eds) (2006). Nouveau Corpus d'Amsterdam. Corpus informatique de textes littéraires d'ancien français (ca 1150-1350), établi par Anthonij Dees (Amsterdam 1987), remanié par Achim Stein, Pierre Kunstmann et Martin-D. Gleßgen, Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Romanistik.Google Scholar
Titz, K. (1926). La substitution des cas dans les pronoms français. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
Videsott, P. (2013). Les débuts du français à la Chancellerie royale: analyse scriptologique des chartes de Philippe III (1270–1285). Revue de Linguistique Romane, 77: 3–49.Google Scholar
Völker, H. (2003). Skripta und Variation. Untersuchungen zur Negation und zur Substantivflexion in altfranzösischen Urkunden der Grafschaft Luxemburg (1237–1281). Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Völker, H. (2007). A ‘practise of the variant’ and the origins of the standard. Presentation of a variationist linguistics method for a corpus of Old French charters. Journal of French Language Studies, 17: 207–223.Google Scholar
Völker, H. (2009). La linguistique variationnelle et la perspective intralinguistique. Revue de Linguistique Romane, 73: 27–76.Google Scholar
Wallage, P. (2013). Functional differentiation and grammatical competition in the English Jespersen Cycle. Journal of Historical Syntax. 2.1: 1–25.Google Scholar
Weinreich, U. (1954). Is a Structural Dialectology Possible? Word, 10: 388–400.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, M. and Kaiser, G. (2014). On expletive subject pronoun drop in Colloquial French (This issue).Google Scholar