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Arctic systems in the Quaternary: ecological collision, faunal mosaics and the consequences of a wobbling climate

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2017

E.P. Hoberg ,
J.A. Cook ,
S.J. Agosta ,
W. Boeger ,
K.E. Galbreath ,
S. Laaksonen ,
S.J. Kutz  and
D.R. Brooks
E.P. Hoberg*
Affiliation:
Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, BARC East 1180, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
J.A. Cook
Affiliation:
Museum of Southwestern Biology and Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
S.J. Agosta
Affiliation:
Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
W. Boeger
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Ecologia Molecular e Parasitologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19073, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
K.E. Galbreath
Affiliation:
Biology Department, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, USA
S. Laaksonen
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
S.J. Kutz
Affiliation:
Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
D.R. Brooks
Affiliation:
Institute for Advanced Studies, Koszeg, Europe House, Kőszeg Chernel st. 14, H-9730 Hungary
*
*E-mail: Eric.Hoberg@ars.usda.gov
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Abstract

Climate oscillations and episodic processes interact with evolution, ecology and biogeography to determine the structure and complex mosaic that is the biosphere. Parasites and parasite–host assemblages are key components in a general explanatory paradigm for global biodiversity. We explore faunal assembly in the context of Quaternary time frames of the past 2.6 million years, a period dominated by episodic shifts in climate. Climate drivers cross a continuum from geological to contemporary timescales and serve to determine the structure and distribution of complex biotas. Cycles within cycles are apparent, with drivers that are layered, multifactorial and complex. These cycles influence the dynamics and duration of shifts in environmental structure on varying temporal and spatial scales. An understanding of the dynamics of high-latitude systems, the history of the Beringian nexus (the intermittent land connection linking Eurasia and North America) and downstream patterns of diversity depend on teasing apart the complexity of biotic assembly and persistence. Although climate oscillations have dominated the Quaternary, contemporary dynamics are driven by tipping points and shifting balances emerging from anthropogenic forces that are disrupting ecological structure. Climate change driven by anthropogenic forcing has supplanted a history of episodic variation and is eliminating ecological barriers and constraints on development and distribution for pathogen transmission. A framework to explore interactions of episodic processes on faunal structure and assembly is the Stockholm Paradigm, which appropriately shifts the focus from cospeciation to complexity and contingency in explanations of diversity.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 91 , Issue 4 , July 2017 , pp. 409 - 421
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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