Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T04:01:42.038Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Review of the Family Schistosomatidae: excluding the Genus Schistosoma from Mammals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 November 2009

J. Farley
J. Farley
Affiliation:
Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Identification of members of the family Schistosomatidae presents problems not only because of the imperfect state of their taxonomy, but also because no attempt has been made to collect and organise the available data. There are only two general keys on the schistosomes (Price, 1929 ; Yamaguti, 1958) both of which are incomplete. The result of this is that many authors, too numerous to mention, list genera which are no longer valid and erect new species without comparing them with species to which they are obviously closely related.

Type
Research Papers
Information
Journal of Helminthology , Volume 45 , Issue 4 , December 1971 , pp. 289 - 320
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1971

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Khalil, M., 1931.—The bibliography of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis), zoological, clinical and prophylactic. Cairo, Egyptian University. 503 p.Google Scholar
Bouillon, A., 1950.—Bibliographie des schistosomes et des schistosomiasis (bilharzioses) humaines et animales de 1931 à 1948. Institut Royal Colonial Belge, Bruxelles. Section des Sciences Naturelles et Médicales. 141p.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, 1960.—Bibliography on Bilharziasis 1949–1958. Genève. 158 p.Google Scholar
Warren, K. S. and Newill, V. A. 1967.—Schistosomiasis. A Bibliography of the World's Literature from 1852 to 1962. 2 vols. The Press of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, U.S.A.Google Scholar
Alvar, C. S., 1950.—“A note on schistosomes in India with a review of the literature.” Madras vet. College Ann., 8, 30–35.Google Scholar
Amberson, J. M. and Schwarz, E. 1953.—“On African schistosomiasis.” Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 47, 451–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basch, P. F., 1966.—“The life-cycle of Trichobilharzia brevis n.sp., an avian schistosome from Malaya.” Z. ParasitKde. 27, 242–251.Google ScholarPubMed
Baugh, S. C., 1963.—“Contributions to our knowledge of digenetic trematodes VI.” Z. ParasitKde, 22, 303–315.Google ScholarPubMed
Bearup, A. J. 1955.—“A schistosome larva from the marine snail Pyrazus australis as a cause of cercarial dermatitis in man.” Med. J. Aust., 1, 955–960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baugh, S. C., Bearup, A. J., 1956.—“Life-cycle of Austrobilharzia terrigalensis Johnston, 1917.” Parasitology, 46, 470–479.Google Scholar
Bhalerao, G. D. 1932.—“On the identity of the schistosome found in cases of bovine nasal granulosa and some observations on a few other members of the Schistosomidae.” Indian. J. vet. Sci., 2, 338.Google Scholar
Bhalerao, G. D. 1947.—“Applied helminthology, its past and future in India.” Proc. Indian. Sri. Congr., 34, 1–20.Google Scholar
Bilharz, T. 1852.—“Fernere Beobachtungen uber das die Pfortader des Menschen bewohnende Distomum haematobium und sein Verhaltniss zu gewissen pathologischen Bildungen, aus brieflichen Mittheilungen an Professor v. Siebold vom 29. Marz 1852. Ztschr. f. wissensch.” Zool. Leipz., 4, 72–76.Google Scholar
Brackett, S. 1940.—“Two new species of schistosome cercariae from Wisconsin.” J. Parasit., 26, 195–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brackett, S. 1940a.—“Studies on schistosome dermatitis, VIII. Notes on the biology of the snail hosts of schistosome cercariae in Wisconsin and epidemiological evidence for the life-cycles of some avian schistosomes.” Amer. J. Hyg., 32, 85–104.Google Scholar
Brackett, S. 1942.—“Five new species of avian schistosomes from Wisconsin and Michigan with the life-cycle of Gigantobilharzia gyrauli (Brackett, 1940).” J. Parasit., 28, 25–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, M. 1901.—“Zur Revision der Trematoden der Vogel. II.” Zentbl. Bakt. ParasitKde, Jena, 1 Abt., 29, 941–948.Google Scholar
Braun, M. 1902.—“Fascioliden der Vogel.” Zool. Jb. Jena. Abt. Syst., 16, 1–162.Google Scholar
Brumpt, E., 1931.—“Cercaria ocellata, determinant la dermatite nageurs, provient d'une bilharzie des canards.” C.r.hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, 193, 612.Google Scholar
Byrd, E. E. 1957.—“Bilharziella littlebi a blood fluke (Digenea : Bilharziellinae) from the chestnut-sided warbler, Dendroica pennsylvanica (L).” J. Parasit., 43, 374–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheatum, E. L. 1941.—“Dendritobilharzia anatinarum n.sp. a blood fluke from the mallard.” Ibidem, 27, 165–170.Google Scholar
Chu, G. W. T. C. and Cutress, C. E., 1954.—“Austrobilharzia variglandis (Miller and Northup, 1926) Penner, 1953. (Trematoda, Schistosomatidae) in Hawaii with notes on its biology.” Ibidem, 40, 515–524.Google ScholarPubMed
Cobbold, T. S., 1859.—“On some new forms of entozoa.” Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 22, 363–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cort, W. W., 1914.—“Larval trematodes from North American fresh water snails. Preliminary report.” J. Parasit., 1, 65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cort, W. W., 1936.—“Studies on schistosome dermatitis IV. Further information on distribution in Canada and the United States.” Amer. J. Hyg., 24, 318–333.Google Scholar
Cort, W. W., and Talbot, S. B., 1936.—“Studies on schistosome dermatitis. III. Observations on the behaviour of the dermatitis-producing schistosome cercariae.” Ibidem, 23, 385–396.Google Scholar
Diesing, K. M., 1858.—“Revision der Myzhelminthen. Abt. Trematoden.” Sber. öst. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 32, 307–390.Google Scholar
Dinnik, J. A. and Dinnik, N. N., 1965.—“The schistosomes of domestic ruminants in Eastern Africa.” Bull. epizoot. Dis. Afr., 13, 341–359.Google ScholarPubMed
Donges, J., 1964.—“Gigantobilharzia suebica n.sp. (Trematoda), ein dermatitiserreger beim Menschen.” Z. ParasitKde, 24, 65–75.Google Scholar
Dutt, S. C. and Srivastava, H. D., 1952.—“On the morphology and life history of a new mammalian blood-fluke—Ornithobilharzia dattai n.sp. (Preliminary report).” Parasitology, 42, 144–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donges, J., Dutt, S. C. and Srivastava, H. D., 1955.—.“A revision of the genus Ornithobilharzia Odhner, 1912. (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae).” Proc. Indian Sri. Congr., 42, 283.Google Scholar
Donges, J., Dutt, S. C. and Srivastava, H. D., 1961.—“A revision of the genus Ornithobilharzia Odhner, 1912, with the creation of two genera: Orientobilharzia Dutt and Srivastava (1955) and Sinobilharzia Dutt and Srivastava (1955). (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae).” Indian. J. Helminth., 13, 61–73.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. K. and Jansch, M. E., 1955.—“Two new species of dermatitis- producing schistosome cercariae from Cultus Lake, British Columbia.” Can. J. Zool., 33, 182–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ejsmont, L., 1929.—“Uber zwei Schistosomatidengattungen der Vögel.” Bull. mt. A cad. Sci. Cracovie. Classe des sci. math. nat. Ser. B. 389–403.Google Scholar
Fain, A., 1955a.—“Un nouveau schistosome du cormorant au Ruanda-Urundi (Congo Belge)—Ornithobilharzia baeri n.sp.” Acta. tropica Basle, 12, 356–360.Google ScholarPubMed
Fain, A., 1955b.—“Un nouveau Schistosome du crabier de Madagascar (A rdeola idae Hartl.) Gigantobilharzia ardeolae n.sp.” Revue Zool. Bot. afr., 51, 97–100.Google Scholar
Fain, A., 1955c.—“Etude sur les schistosome d'oiseaux au Ruanda-Urundi (Congo Belge). Un nouveau schistosome du Tantale ibis (Ibis ibis Linn.) Gigantobilharzia tantali n.sp.” Annls. Parasit. hum. comp., 30, 321–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fain, A., 1955d.—“Etude sur les schistosomes d'oiseaux au Ruanda-Urundi (Congo Beige). Decouverte d'une nouvelle bilharziose aviaire Ia trichobilharziose nasale, et description de schistosomes nouveaux. Note preliminaire.” Rev. Zool. Bot. afr., 51, 373–387.Google Scholar
Fain, A., 1956.—“Les schistosomes d'oiseaux du genre Trichobilharzia Skrjabin et Zakharrow, 1920 au Ruanda-Urundi.” Ibidem, 54, 147–178.Google Scholar
Fain, A., 1960.—“Nouveaux schistosomes d'oiseaux du genre Gigantobilharzia Odhner.” Ann. Parasit. hum. comp., 35, 292–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farley, J., 1963.—“A redescription of Gigantobilharzia lawayi Brackett, 1942.” J. Parasit., 49, 465–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farr, M. M. and Blankemeyer, V. G., 1956.—“ Trichobilharzia brantae n.sp. (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) from the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis).” J. Parasit., 42, 320–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faust, E. C., 1924.—“Notes on Ornithobilharzia odhneri n.sp. from the Asiatic curlew.” J. Parasit., 11, 50–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, A. C. 1934.—“A study on the schistosomiasis of the Stanleyville district of the Belgian Congo.” Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 28, 277–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grodhaus, G., 1965.—“Laboratory rearing and natural occurrence of Gigantobilharzia elongata (Cercaria elongata).” J. Parasit. 51, 680–681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harkema, R., S, Mckeever and Becker, D. A., 1957.—“Trichobilharzia alaskensis a new species of avian schistosome from Alaska.” Ibidem, 43, supp. 31.Google Scholar
Harley, J., 1864.—“On the endemic haematuria of the Cape of Good Hope.” Med-Chir. Trans. London, 47, ser. 2, 29, 55–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holliman, R. B., 1961.—“Larval trematodes from the Apalachee Bay area, Florida, with a checklist of known marine cercariae arranged in a key to their superfamilies.” Tulane Stud. Zool., 9, 2–74.Google Scholar
Ito, Y., 1960.—“Studies on Trichobilharzia corvi Yamaguti, 1941. I. Morphological studies on the adult.” Jap. J. Parasit., 9, 556–563.Google Scholar
Johnston, S. J., 1917.—“On the trematodes of Australian birds.” J. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W., 50, 220–223.Google Scholar
Katsurada, F., 1904.—“Schistosoma japonicum, a new human parasite.” Annotnes zool. jap., 5, 1–14.Google Scholar
Kowalewski, M., 1895.—“Bilharzia polonica sp.nov. (Studya helmintologiczne III) Krakow. 1–27. Abstract in Bull. Intern Acad. Sc. Cracovie (2) : 63–72. 1896.Google Scholar
Kruatrachue, M., Bhaibulaya, M. and Harinasuta, C., 1965.—“Orientobilharzia harinasutai sp.nov., a mammalian blood-fluke, its morphology and life-cycle.” Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 59, 181–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruatrachue, M., Bhaibulaya, M., Chesdapan, C., and Harinasuta, C., 1968.—Trichobilharzia maegraithi sp. nov., a cause of cercarial dermatitis in Thailand.” Ibidem, 62, 67–73.Google Scholar
Kuntz, R. E., 1955.—“Biology of the schistosome complexes.” Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 4, 383–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lal, M. B., 1937.—“Studies on the trematode parasites of birds. Part II. Morphology and systemic position of some new blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae.” Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 6, 274–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, H. F., 1962.—“Life history of Heterobilharzia americana, schistosome of the racoon and other mammals in south-eastern United States.” J. Parasit., 48, 728–739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leigh, W. H., 1953.—“Cercaria huttoni n.sp., a dermatitis-producing schistosome larva from the marine snail, Haminaea antillarum guadalupensis Sowerby.” J. Parasit., 39, 625–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leigh, W. H., 1955.—“The morphology of Gigantobilharzia huttoni (Leigh, 1953), an avian schistosome from marine dermatitis-producing larvae.” Ibidem, 41, 262–269.Google ScholarPubMed
Leiper, R. T., 1915.—“Report on the results of the bilharzia mission in Egypt, 1915. Part I. Transmission.” Jl R. Army med. Cps, 25.Google Scholar
Le Roux, P. L., 1958.—“The validity of Schistosoma capense (Harley, 1864) amended as a species.” Trans. R. Soc. trop. med. Hyg., 52, 12–14.Google Scholar
Looss, A., 1899.—“Weiters Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Trematoden-Fauna Aegyptens.” Zod. Jb., 12, 521–784.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, D. G. and Macy, R. W., 1946.—“Cercaria oregonensis, n.sp., a dermatitis-producing schistosome cercaria from the pacific northwest.” J. Parasit., 32, 281–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Machattie, C., 1936.—“A preliminary note on the life-history of Schistosoma turkestanicum Skrjabin, 1913.” Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 30, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, J. A., 1936.—“Further notes on cercarial dermatitis.” Trans. R. Soc. Canada, V, 30, 39–48.Google Scholar
McLeod, J. A., 1937.—“Two new schistosomid trematodes from water-birds.” J. Parasit. 23, 456–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, J. A., 1940.—“Studies on cercarial dermatitis and the trematode family Schistosomatidae in Manitoba.” Can. J. Res. 18, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, J. A., and Little, G. E., 1942.—“Continued studies on cercarial dermatitis and the trematode family Schistosomatidae in Manitoba.” Ibidem, 20, 170–181.Google Scholar
McMullen, D. B. and Beaver, P. C., 1945.—“Studies on schistosome dermatitis. IX. The life cycles of three dermatitis-producing schistosomes from birds and a discussion of the subfamily Bilharziellinae. (Trematoda Schistosomatidae.)” Amer. J. Hyg., 42, 128–154.Google Scholar
Macko, I. K., 1963.—“Revision of the species Ornithobilharzia canaliculata (Rudolphi) (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae).” Helminthologica, 4, 303–311.Google Scholar
Macy, R. W., 1952.—“Studies on schistosome dermatitis in the Pacific northwest.” N.W. Med., 51, 947–950.Google ScholarPubMed
Marotel, G., 1908.—“Existence de la bilharziose bovine en France. (Note prelim.)” Bull. Soc. centr. med. vet. Paris, 62, 119–122.Google Scholar
Mehra, H. R., 1940.—“A new distome Enterohaematotrema n.g. and a new blood fluke Hemiorchis bengalensis n.sp. belonging to the family Spirorchidae (Stunkard) and a new species of the genus Dendritobilharzia Skrjabin and Zakharrow, belonging to the family Schistosomatidae Poche, with remarks on the evolution of the blood flukes.” Proc. natn. A cad. Sci. India, 10, 100–118.Google Scholar
Miller, H. M., 1923.—“Notes on some furcocercous larval trematodes.” J. Parasit., 10, 35–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, H. M., and Northup, F. E., 1926.—“The seasonal infestation of Nassa obsoleta (Say) with larval trematodes.” Biol. Bull., 50, 490–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyairi, K. and Suzuki, M., 1913.—“On the development of Schistosoma japonicum.” Tokyo. Iji-Shinshi, Sept. (Abstract in Trop. Dis. Bull., 3, 289–290.)Google Scholar
Montgomery, R. E., 1906.—“Observations on bilharziosis among animals in India.” J. trop. Vet. Sci., 1, 15–46; 138–174.Google Scholar
Moquin-Tandon, A., 1860.—Éléments de zoologie médicale. Paris, xvi + 428.Google Scholar
Mudaliar, S. V. and Ramanujachari, G., 1945.—“Schistosoma nairi n.sp. from an elephant.” Indian vet. J., 22, 1–4.Google Scholar
Najim, A. T., 1950.—“Gigantobilharzia huronensis sp. nov. a bird blood fluke from the goldfinch.” J. Parasit., 36, Sect. 2, 19.Google Scholar
Najim, A. T., 1956.—“Life history of Gigantobilharzia huronensis Najim, 1950. A dermatitis-producing bird blood fluke.” (Trematoda : Schistosomatidae).” Parasitology, 46, 443–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, G. S., 1960.—“Schistosome infections as zoonoses in Africa.” Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 54, 301–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuhaus, W., 1952.—“Der Einfluss des Zwischenwirtes auf die Gestalt der Cercarien von Trichobilharzia szidati Neuhaus, 1951, und ihre systematische Kennzeichnung.” Zool. Anz., 148, 275–285.Google Scholar
Nomura, K., 1961.—“Morphological studies on Cercaria sturniae Tanabe, 1948 (cercaria of Gigantobilharzia sturniae Tanabe, 1948).” Jap. J. Parasit., 10, 87–105.Google Scholar
Odhner, T., 1910.—“Gigantobilharzia acotylea n.g., n.sp. ein den Bilharzien verwandter Blutparasit von enormer Zange.” Zool. Anz., 35, 381–385.Google Scholar
Odhner, T., 1912.—“Zum naturlichen System der digenen Trematoden. 5. Die Phylogenie des Bilharzia-Typus.” Zool. Anz., 41, 54–71.Google Scholar
Oiso, T., 1927.—“On a new species of avian schistosome developing in the portal vein of the duck and investigation of its life history.” Taiwan Igakkwai Zasshi, Taihoku, Sept., 848–865.Google Scholar
Parona, C. and Ariola, V., 1896.—“Bilharzia kowalewskii n.sp. nel Larus melanocephalus (Nota preventiva) Atti.” Soc. Ligust. sci. nat. geogr., Genova, 7, 114–116.Google Scholar
Penner, L. R., 1942.—“Studies on dermatitis-producing schistosomes in east Massachusetts, with emphasis on the status of Schistosomatium pathlocopticum Tanabe, 1923.” J. Parasit., 28, 103–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penner, L. R., 1953a.—“The biology of a marine dermatitis-producing schistosome cercaria from Batillaria minima (Gmelin).” Ibidem, 39, (No. 4 Sect. 2) 19.Google Scholar
Penner, L. R., 1953b.—“The red-breasted merganser as a natural avian host of the causative agent of clam diggers itch.” J. Parasit., 39, 20.Google Scholar
Pitchford, J., 1965.—“Differences in the egg morphology and certain biological characteristics of some African and Middle Eastern schistosomes, genus Schistosoma, with terminal spined eggs.” WHO Bull., 32, 105–120.Google ScholarPubMed
Poche, F., 1907.—“Einige Bemerkungen zur Nomenclatur den Trematoden.” Zool. Anz., 31, 124–126.Google Scholar
Porter, A., 1938.—“The larval Trematoda found in certain S. African Mollusca, with special reference to schistosomiasis (bilharziasis).” Publ. S. afr. Inst. Med. Res., 8, 492 pp.Google Scholar
Price, E. W., 1929.—“A synopsis of the trematoda family Schistosomidae with descriptions of new genera and species.” Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 75, 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, E. W., 1931.—.“Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 131st meeting, Sept. 1930.” J. Parasit., 17, 230–231.Google Scholar
Price, H. F., 1931.— “Life history of Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort).” Amer. J. Hyg., 13, 685–727.Google Scholar
Railliet, A., 1898.—“Trematodes parasites des canards.” Rec. med. vet. Paris, 75, ser 8, vol 5. 412 pp.Google Scholar
Railliet, A., 1899.—“Le bilharzie du boeuf en Annam.” C. r. Séanc. Soc. Biol., 51, ser 11, vol 1, 787–789.Google Scholar
Reimer, L., 1963.—“Gigantobilharzia vittensis, ein neuer Schistosomatide Aus den Darmvenen von Larus canus and Cercaria hiddensoensis sp. nov., als moegliches Larvenstadium dieser Art.” Zool. Anz., 171, 469–478.Google Scholar
Rudolphi, C. A., 1819.—Entozoorum synopsis cui accedunt mantissa duplex et indices locupletissimi. X+811 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sambon, L. W., 1907.—“ Descriptions of some new species of animal parasites.” Proc. zool. Soc. London, 282pp.Google Scholar
Schwetz, J., 1951.—.“A comparative morphological and biological study of Schistosoma haematobium, S. bovis, S. intercalatum (Fisher, 1934) S. mansoni and S. rodhaini (Brumpt, 1931).” Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 45, 92–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Short, R. B. and Holliman, R. B., 1961.—“Austrobilharzia penneri, a new schistosome from marine snails.” J. Parasit., 47, 447–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skrjabin, K. I., 1913.—“Schistosomum turkestanicum nov. sp., ein neuer Parasit des Rindes aus Russich-Turkestan.” Z. Infekt Krankh. parasit. Krankh. Hyg. Haustiere, 13, 457–468.Google Scholar
Skrjabin, K. I., 1924.—“Etiudy po izucheniiu paraziticheskikh chervei ptits Rossii.” Trudy gos. Inst. éksp. Vet., 2, 149–157.Google Scholar
Skrjabin, K. I., and Zakharow, N. P., 1920.—“Zwei neue Trematodengattungen aus den Blutgefässen der Vögel. (Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Helminthenfauna der Vögel Russlands).” Izviest. Donsk. Vet. Inst., 2, 1–5.Google Scholar
Spasskaia, L. P., 1954.—“New Schistosomatidae from the veins of Rallus aquaticus.” Rabot. Gel'minthol. 75-Let. Skrjabin. 685–687.Google Scholar
Stiles, C. W. and Hassall, A., 1898.—“An inventory of the genera and sub- genera of the trematode family Fasciolidae.” Arch. Parasit., 1, 81–99.Google Scholar
Stiles, C. W. and Hassall, A., 1926.—Key catalogue of the worms reported for man Bull. 142, Hyg. Lab. U.S. Publ. Health Serv. Washington iv., 69–196.Google Scholar
Stunkard, H. W., and Hinchcliffe, M. C., 1952.—“The morphology and life history of Microbilharzia variglandis (Miller and Northup, 1926). Stunkard and Hinchciffe, 1951, avian blood-flukes whose larvae cause ‘swimmers itch’ of ocean beaches.” J. Parasit., 38, 248–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swartz, L.G., 1966.—“An occurrence of Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort, 1914) Price, 1931 in Alaska in a new natural definitive host, Clethrionomys rutilus.” Can. J. Zool., 44, 729–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szidat, L., 1930.—“Gigantobilharzia monocotylea n. sp. ein neuer Blutparasit aus ost preussischen Wasservogein.” Z. ParasitKde, 2, 583–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szidat, L., 1938.—“Pseudobilharziella filiformis n.sp. eine neue Vögelbitharzia aus dem Höckerschwan Cygnus oler.” Ibidem, 10, 535–544.Google Scholar
Szidat, L., 1942.—“Was ist Cercaria ocellata La Valette? Morphologische et entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen den Erreger der europaischen Cercarien-Dermatitis des Menschen.” Dte. Trop. Z., 46, 481–497; 504–524.Google Scholar
Takaoka, S., 1961.—“Morphological studies on Gigantobilharzia sturniae Tanabe, 1948.” Jap. J. Parasit., 10, 71–86.Google Scholar
Talbot, S. B., 1936.—“Studies on schistosome dermatitis. II. Morphological and life history studies on three dermatitis producing schistosome cercariae.” Amer. J. Hyg., 23, 372–384.Google Scholar
Tanabe, B., 1923.—“The life history of a new schistosome Schistosomatium pathlocopticum Tanabe, found in experimentally infected mice.” J. Parasit., 9, 183–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanabe, B., 1925.—“The differentiation between the seventeen species of schistosome and their geographical distribution in the world.” Abstr. Sci. Papers 6th Congr. Far East Ass. Trop. Med. Tokyo, 257–274.Google Scholar
Tanabe, B., 1948.—“Cercaria segmentinae n. sp.” J. Yonago Med. Assoc., 1, 2–3.Google Scholar
Tang, C. C., 1951.—“Contribution to the knowledge of the helminth fauna of Fukien. Part 2. Notes on Ornithobilharzia hoeppli n.sp. from the Swinhoes snipe and Cortrema corti n.g., n.sp., from the Chinese tree sparrow.” Peking nat. Hist. Bull., 19, 209–216.Google Scholar
Travassos, L., 1923.—“Informaçòes sobre a fauna helminthologica de Matto Grosso.” Folha Med., 3, 187.Google Scholar
Tubangui, M. A., 1933.—“Trematode parasites of Philippine vertebrates. VI. Descriptions of new species and classification.” Philipp. J. Sci., 52, 167–197.Google Scholar
Van Den Berghe, L., 1937.—“A morphological study of bovine schistosomes.” J. Helminth., 15, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, H. and Minning, W., 1940.—“Bilharziose bei Elephanten.” Arch. Schiffs. Tropen-Hyg., 44, 562–574.Google Scholar
Weinland, D. F., 1858.—Human Cestoides. Cambridge (Mass.) 93pp.Google Scholar
Wetzel, R., 1930.—“A new species of trematode worm of the genus Ornithobilharzia from a Canada goose.” Proc. U.S. nat. Mus., 78, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witenberg, G. and Lengy, J., 1967.—“Redescription of Ornithobilharzia canaliculata (Rud) Odhner, with notes on classification of the genus Ornithobilharzia and the subfamily Schistosomatinae (Trematoda).” Israel J. Zool., 16, 193–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Wright, C. A., 1962.—“The significance of infra-specific taxonomy in Bilharziasis”. in Bilharziasis, Ciba Foundation Symposium edited by , Wolstenholme and , O'Connor. pp. 103–120. J. A. Churchill Ltd., London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, Liang-Yu., 1953.—“A study of the life history of Trichobilharzia cameroni sp. nov. (Family Schistosomatidae).” Can. J. Zool., 31, 351–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamaguti, S., 1941.—“Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 32. Trematodes of birds. V.” Jap. J. Zool., 9, 321–341.Google Scholar
Yamaguti, S., 1958.—Systema Helminthum Vol. 1. The Digenetic Trematodes of Vertebrates. Interscience Pub. Inc., N.Y.1575 pp.Google Scholar