Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T23:55:14.016Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

From Havana to Miami: U.S. Cuba Policy as a Two-Level Game

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

William M. LeoGrande
William M. LeoGrande*
Affiliation:
American University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

For thirty years, Cuba was a focal point of the Cold War. Before the demise of the Soviet Union, Cuba’s close ideological and military partnership with the communist superpower posed a challenge to U.S. foreign policy, especially in the Third World (see, e.g., Domínguez 1989). With the end of the Cold War, Cuba retrenched, ending its aid programs for foreign revolutionaries and regimes. Without the Soviet Union’s sponsorship, Cuba could no longer afford the luxury of a global foreign policy exporting revolution. Instead, its diplomats focused on reorienting Cuba’s international economic relations toward Latin America and Europe, building friendly relations with former adversaries.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 40 , Issue 1 , Spring 1998 , pp. 67 - 86
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, David. 1995. Protests of Cuba Policy Draw Little Support. St. Petersburg (Fl) times, 13 May: 1A. Google Scholar
Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. 1992. Cuban American Contributors Open Checkbooks after Torricelli Exhibits Anti-Castro Fervor. Wall Street Journal, 3 August: A20. Google Scholar
Booth, William. 1994. Pressure Building on Clinton to Let Detained Cuban Rafters Enter U.S. Washington Post, 14 September: A12. Google Scholar
Brenner, Philip. 1983. The Limits and Possibilities of Congress. New York : St. Martin's Press. Google Scholar
Crossette, Barbara. 1995. Cuban Rallies Will Oppose a U.S. Bill. New York Times, 16 April: 4. Google Scholar
CubaINFO 1994. [tabular data.] Vol. 6, no. 11: 6. Google Scholar
Devroy, Ann. 1994. U.S. Raises Barriers to Cuban Refugees. Washington Post, 20 August: A1. Google Scholar
Devroy, Ann, and David, Williams. 1995a. In Reversal, U.S. to Accept Cubans Held at Navy Base. Washington Post, 3 May: A1. Google Scholar
Devroy, Ann 1995b. “Serious Alarm Bells” Led to Talks with Cuba. Washington Post, 5 May: A4. Google Scholar
Domínguez, Jorge I. 1989. To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy. Cambridge : Harvard University Press. Google Scholar
Draper, Theodore. 1965. Castro's Revolution: Myths and Realities. New York : Praeger. Google Scholar
Evans, Peter B., Harold Karan, Jacobson, and Robert, D. Putnam, eds. 1993. Double-edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics. Berkeley : University of California Press. Google Scholar
Gantz, David A. 1975. Memorandum to Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Harry W. Shlaudeman. Subject: Agreement with Cuba on Resumption of Diplomatic Relations and Claims. U.S. Department of State, 17 March. Washington, DC : National Security Archive, Cuba Collection. Google Scholar
Greenberg-Lake, Inc. 1991. National survey: Cuba, 1991. Washington, DC . Typescript. Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven. 1994a. U.S. Promises to Respond If Castro Offers Reforms. New York times, 29 August: A6. Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven 1994b. Untidy Policy Pays off in Cuba Crisis. New York times, 11 September: 8. Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven 1995a. White House is Reviewing Cuban Policy. New York times, 8 March: 12. Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Steven 1995b. U.S. Will Return Refugees to Cuba in Policy Switch. New York times, 3 May: A1. Google Scholar
Johns Hopkins University. Cuban Studies Program. 1988. A Sampling of Cuban American Opinions on Key Issues. Washington, DC : Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Google Scholar
Kiger, Paul J. 1997. Squeeze Play: The United States, Cuba, and the Helms-Burton Act. Washington, DC : Center for Public Integrity. Google Scholar
Knopf, Jeffrey W. 1993. Beyond Two-level Games: Domestic-International Interaction in the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Negotiations. International Organization 47, 4 (Autumn): 599–628. Google Scholar
Kornbluh, Peter, and James, G. Blight. 1994. Dialogue with Castro: a Hidden History. New York Review of Books, 6 October: 45–49. Google Scholar
LeoGrande, William M. 1980. Cuba's Policy in Africa, 1959–1980. Policy Papers in International Affairs, No. 13. Berkeley : University of California. Google Scholar
LeoGrande, William M. 1986. Cuba. In Confronting Revolution: Security Through Diplomacy in Central America, ed. Morris, J. Blachman, William, M. LeoGrande, and Kenneth, Sharpe, 229–55. New York : Pantheon. Google Scholar
Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, ed. 1993. Cuba After the Cold War. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1993. Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic Theories of International Bargaining. in Evans et al. 1993, 3–42. Google Scholar
Navarro, Mireya. 1995. U.S. Policy a “Betrayal,” Cuban Exiles Protest. New York times, 8 May: A13. Google Scholar
Neustadt, Richard E., and Ernest, R. May. 1986. Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision-makers. New York : Free Press. Google Scholar
Newhouse, John. 1992. Socialism or Death. New Yorker, 27 April: 52–53. Google Scholar
Nordheimer, Jon. 1994. Cuban Group Forges Link to Clinton. New York times, 26 August: A12. Google Scholar
Pincus, Walter, and Roberto, Suro. 1994. Ripple in Florida Straits Overturned U.S. Policy. Washington Post, 1 September: A31. Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 1988. Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of Two-level Games. International Organization 42 (Summer): 427–60. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, William D. 1975a. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. Memorandum to the Secretary [of State] [Henry Kissinger] Subject: Meetings with Cuban Emissary. U.S. Department of State, 2 January. Washington, DC : National Security Archive, Cuba Collection. Google Scholar
Rogers, William D. 1975b. Cuba Policy After the OASGA [Organization of American States General Assembly]. Report to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. 17 May. Washington, DC : National Security Archive, Cuba Collection. Google Scholar
Shlaudeman, Harry. 1975. Normalizing Relations with Cuba. Report for Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs William D. Rogers by his deputy. March. Washington, DC : National Security Archive, Cuba Collection. Google Scholar
Stone, Peter H. 1993. Cuban Clout. National Journal 25, 8 (20 February): 449–53. Google Scholar
Suro, Roberto. 1994. U.S., Cuba Agree on Stemming Raft Tide. Washington Post, 10 September: A1. Google Scholar
Watts, William. 1989. The United States and Cuba: Changing Perceptions, New Policies? Washington, DC Potomac Associates/Johns Hopkins University Central American and Caribbean Program. Google Scholar
Watts, William, and Jorge, I. Domínguez. 1977. The United States and Cuba: Old Issues and New Directions. Washington, DC : Potomac Associates. Google Scholar
Welch, Richard E. Jr. 1985. Response to Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959–1961. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. Google Scholar
Williams, David. 1994a. After 35 Years, Castro Still Annoys Washington. Washington Post, 13 August: A13. Google Scholar
Williams, David. 1994b. U.S. Proposes “Floor” on Legal Migration in Talks with Cuba. Washington Post, 2 September: A29. Google Scholar
Williams, David, and Ann, Devroy. 1994. U.S. to Send Cubans Rescued at Sea to Guantánamo. Washington Post, 19 August: A1. Google Scholar