BIANCHI, A. R. & YÁÑEZ, C.
1992. Las Precipitaciones del Noroeste Argentino. INTA, Salta. 383 pp.
BONGERS, F. & EWANGO, C. E. N.
2015. Dynamics of lianas in DR Congo. Pp. 23–35 in Schnitzer, S. A., Bongers, F., Burnham, R. J. & Putz, F. E. (eds). Ecology of lianas. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford.
CABALLÉ, G. & MARTIN, A.
2001. Thirteen years of change in trees and lianas in a Gabonese rainforest. Plant Ecology
152:167–173.
CABRERA, A. L. & WILLINK, A.
1980. Biogeografia de América Latina. Monografía No. 13. OEA, Washington, DC. 121 pp.
CAI, Z. Q., POORTER, L., CAO, K. F. & BONGERS, F.
2007. Seedling growth strategies in Bauhinia species: comparing lianas and trees. Annals of Botany
100:831–838.
CAMPANELLO, P. I., GARIBALDI, J. F., GATTI, M. G. & GOLDSTEIN, G.
2007. Lianas in a subtropical Atlantic Forest: host preference and tree growth. Forest Ecology and Management
242:250–259.
CAMPANELLO, P. I., VILLAGRA, M., GARIBALDI, J. F., RITTER, L. J., ARAUJO, J. J. & GOLDSTEIN, G.
2012. Liana abundance, tree crown infestation, and tree regeneration ten years after liana cutting in a subtropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management
284:213–221.
CHAVE, J., OLIVIER, J., BONGERS, F., CHÂTELET, P., FORGET, P. M., VAN DER MEER, P., NORDEN, N., RIÉRA, B. & CHARLES-DOMINIQUE, P.
2008. Aboveground biomass and productivity in a rain forest of eastern South America. Journal of Tropical Ecology
24:355–366.
CHEN, Y. J., BONGERS, F., CAO, K. F. & CAI, Z. Q.
2008. Above- and below-ground competition in high and low irradiance: tree seedling responses to a competing liana Byttneria grandifolia
. Journal of Tropical Ecology
24:517–524.
CONDIT, R., ASHTON, P., BUNYAVEJCHEWIN, S., DATTARAJA, H. S., DAVIES, S., ESUFALI, S., EWANGO, C., FOSTER, R., GUNATILLEKE, I. A., GUNATILLEKE, C. V., HALL, P., HARMS, K. E., HART, T., HERNANDEZ, C., HUBBELL, S., ITOH, A., KIRATIPRAYOON, S., LAFRANKIE, J., DE LAO, S. L., MAKANA, J. R., NOOR, M. N., KASSIM, A. R., RUSSO, S., SUKUMAR, R., SAMPER, C., SURESH, H. S., TAN, S., THOMAS, S., VALENCIA, R., VALLEJO, M., VILLA, G. & ZILLIO, T.
2006. The importance of demographic niches to tree diversity. Science
313:98–101.
DEWALT, S. J., SCHNITZER, S. A. & DENSLOW, J. S.
2000. Density and diversity of lianas along a chronosequence in a central Panamanian lowland forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology
16:1–19.
EASDALE, T. A., HEALEY, J. R., GRAU, H. R. & MALIZIA, A.
2007. Tree life histories in a mountain subtropical forest: forest species differ independently by shade-tolerance, turnover rate and substrate preference. Journal of Ecology
95:1234–1249.
EWANGO, C. E. N.
2010. The liana assemblage of a Congolian rainforest: diversity, structure and dynamics. Ph.D. thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands.
FOSTER, J. R., TOWNSEND, P. A. & ZGANJAR, C. E.
2008. Spatial and temporal patterns of gap dominance by low-canopy lianas detected using EO-1 Hyperion and Landsat Thematic Mapper. Remote Sensing of Environment
112:2104–2117.
GERWING, J. J.
2004. Life history diversity among six species of canopy lianas in an old-growth forest of the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management
190:57–72.
GERWING, J. J. & FARIAS, D. L.
2000. Integrating liana abundance and forest stature into an estimate of aboveground biomass for an eastern Amazonian forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology
16:327–336.
GERWING, J. J., SCHNITZER, S. A., BURNHAM, R. J., BONGERS, F., CHAVE, J., DEWALT, S. J., EWANGO, C. E. N., FOSTER, R., KENFACK, D., MARTÍNEZ-RAMOS, M., PARREN, M., PARTHASARATHY, N., PÉREZ-SALICRUP, D. R., PUTZ, F. E. & THOMAS, D.W.
2006. A standard protocol for liana censuses. Biotropica
38: 256–261.
GIANOLI, E., SALDAÑA, A., JIMÉNEZ-CASTILLO, M. & VALLADARES, F.
2010. Distribution and abundance of vines along the light gradient in a southern temperate rain forest. Journal of Vegetation Science
21:66–73.
GILBERT, B., WRIGHT, S. J., MULLER-LANDAU, H. C., KITAJIMA, K. & HERNANDEZ, A.
2006. Life history trade-offs in tropical trees and lianas. Ecology
87:1281–1288.
GRAU, H. R.
2002. Scale-dependent relationships between treefalls and species richness in a neotropical montane forest. Ecology
83:2591–2601.
GRAU, H. R. & BROWN, A. D.
1998. Structure, composition, and inferred dynamics of a subtropical montane forest of northwestern Argentina. Pp. 715–726 in Dallmaier, F. & Comiskey, J. A. (eds). Forest biodiversity in North, Central and South America, and the Caribbean. Research and monitoring. MAB Series, Parthenon, Carnforth.
GRAU, H. R., HERNÁNDEZ, M. E., GUTIERREZ, J., GASPARRI, N. I., CASAVECCHIA, M. C., FLORES, E. E. & PAOLINI, L.
2008. A peri-urban Neotropical forest transition and its consequences for environmental services. Ecology and Society
13:35.
GRAU, H. R., PAOLINI, L., MALIZIA, A. & CARILLA, J.
2010. Distribución, estructura y dinámica de los bosques de la sierra de San Javier (Tucumán, Argentina). Pp. 33–50 in Grau, H. R. (ed.). Ecología de una interfase natural-urbana. La sierra de San Javier y el Gran San Miguel de Tucumán. EDUNT, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
HEGARTY, E. E. & CABALLÉ, G.
1991. Distribution and abundance of vines in forest communities. Pp. 313–335 in Putz, F. E. & Mooney, H. A. (eds). The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
INGWELL, L. L., WRIGHT, S. J., BECKLUND, K. K., HUBBELL, S. P. & SCHNITZER, S. A.
2010. The impact of lianas on 10 years of tree growth and mortality on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Journal of Ecology
98:879–887.
KITAJIMA, K.
1994. Relative importance of photosynthetic traits and allocation patterns as correlates of seedling shade tolerance of 13 tropical trees. Oecologia
98:419–428.
LAURANCE, W. F., ANDRADE, A. S., MAGRACH, A., CAMARGO, J. L. C., VALSKO, J. J., CAMPBELL, M., FEARNSIDE, P. M., EDWARDS, W., LOVEJOY, T. M. & LAURANCE, S. G.
2014. Long-term changes in liana abundance and forest dynamics in undisturbed Amazonian forest. Ecology
95:1604–1611.
LONDRÉ, R. A. & SCHNITZER, S. F.
2006. The distribution of lianas and their change in abundance in temperate forests over the past 45 years. Ecology
87:2973–2978.
MALIZIA, A.
2007. Interacciones entre lianas y árboles en una selva montana madura de las yungas argentinas. Ph.D. thesis, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina.
MALIZIA, A. & GRAU, H. R.
2006. Liana-host tree associations in a subtropical montane forest of north western Argentina. Journal of Tropical Ecology
22:331–339.
MALIZIA, A. & GRAU, H. R.
2008. Landscape context and microenvironments influences on liana communities within treefall gaps. Journal of Vegetation Science
19:597–604.
MALIZIA, A., GRAU, H. R. & LICHSTEIN, J. W.
2010. Soil phosphorus and disturbance influence liana communities in a subtropical montane forest. Journal of Vegetation Science
21:551–560.
MALIZIA, A., EASDALE, T. A. & GRAU, H. R.
2013. Rapid structural and compositional change in an old-growth subtropical forest: using plant traits to identify probable drivers. PLoS ONE
8:e73546.
MORI, H., KAMIJO, T. & MASAKI, T.
2016. Liana distribution and community structure in an old-growth temperate forest: the relative importance of past disturbances, host trees, and microsite characteristics. Plant Ecology
217:1171–1182.
PANDIAN, E. & PARTHASARATHY, N.
2016. Decadal (2003–2013) changes in liana diversity, abundance and aboveground biomass in four inland tropical dry evergreen forest sites of peninsular India. Journal of Forestry Research
27:133–146.
PEÑALOSA, J.
1984. Basal branching and vegetative spread in two tropical rain forest lianas. Biotropica
16:1–9.
PHILLIPS, O. L., VÁSQUEZ MARTÍNEZ, R., ARROYO, L., BAKER, T. R., KILLEN, T., LEWIS, S. L., MALHI, Y., MONTEAGUDO MENDOZA, A., NEILL, D., NÚÑEZ VARGAS, P., ALEXIADES, M., CERÓN, C., DI FIORE, A., ERWIN, T., JARDIM, A., PALACIOS, W., SALDIAS, M. & VINCETI, B.
2002. Increasing dominance of large lianas in Amazonian forests. Nature
418:770–774.
PUTZ, F. E.
1984. The natural history of lianas on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecology
65:1713–1724.
PUTZ, F. E. & HOLBROOK, N. M.
1991. Biomechanical studies of vines. Pp. 73–97 in Putz, F. E. & Mooney, H. A. (eds). The biology of vines. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
ROEDER, M., HÖLSCHER, D. & KOSSMANN-FERRAZ, I. D.
2012. Traits and growth of liana regeneration in primary and secondary forests of central Amazonia. Applied Vegetation Science
15:108–118.
SCHNITZER, S. A.
2005. A mechanistic explanation for global patterns of liana abundance and distribution. American Naturalist
166:262–276.
SCHNITZER, S. A. & BONGERS, F.
2011. Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: emerging patterns and putative mechanisms. Ecology Letters
14:397–406.
SCHNITZER, S. A., DALLING, J. W. & CARSON, W. P.
2000. The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration. Journal of Ecology
88:655–666.
SCHNITZER, S. A., KUZEE, M. & BONGERS, F.
2005. Disentangling above and below-ground competition between lianas and trees in a tropical forest. Journal of Ecology
93:1115–1125.
SCHNITZER, S. A., MANGAN, S. A., DALLING, J. W., BALDECK, C. A., HUBBELL, S. P., LEDO, A., MULLER-LANDAU, H., TOBIN, M. F., AGUILAR, S., BRASSFIELD, D., HERNANDEZ, A., LAO, S., PEREZ, R., VALDEZ, O. & YORKE, S. R.
2012. Liana abundance, diversity, and distribution on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. PLoS ONE
7:e52114.
SCHNITZER, S. A., VAN DER HEIJDEN, G., MASCARO, J. & CARSON, W. P.
2014. Lianas in gaps reduce carbon accumulation in a tropical forest. Ecology
95:3008–3017.
SCHNITZER, S. A., MANGAN, S. A. & HUBBELL, S. P.
2015. The lianas of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Pp. 76–90 in Schnitzer, S. A., Bongers, F., Burnham, R. J. & Putz, F. E. (eds). Ecology of lianas. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford.
THOMAS, D., BURNHAM, R. J., CHUYONG, G., KENFACK, D. & SAINGE, M. N.
2015. Liana abundance and diversity in Cameroon's Korup National Park. Pp. 11–22 in Schnitzer, S. A., Bongers, F., Burnham, R. J. & Putz, F. E. (eds). Ecology of lianas. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford.
TOLEDO-ACEVES, T. & SWAINE, M. D.
2008. Effect of lianas on tree regeneration in gaps and forest understory in a tropical forest in Ghana. Journal of Vegetation Science
19:717–728.
TORRES BRUCHMANN, E.
1978. Las clasificaciones climáticas de Koppen y Thornthwaite. Serie Didáctica Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia UNT
48:1–27.
VAN DER HEIJDEN, G. M. F. & PHILLIPS, O. L.
2009. Liana infestation impacts tree growth in a lowland tropical moist forest. Biogeosciences
6:2217–2226.
VAN DER HEIJDEN, G. M. F., POWERS, J. S. & SCHNITZER, S. A.
2015. Lianas reduce carbon accumulation and storage in tropical forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
112:13267–13271.
WRIGHT, S. J. & CALDERON, O.
2006. Seasonal, El Nino and longer term changes in flower and seed production in a moist tropical forest. Ecology Letters
9:35–44.
WRIGHT, S. J., CALDERON, O., HERNANDEZ, A. & PATON, S.
2004. Are lianas increasing in importance in tropical forests? A 17-year record from Panama. Ecology
85:484–489.
YORKE, S. R., SCHNITZER, S. A., MASCARO, J., LETCHER, S. G. & CARSON, W. P.
2013. Increasing liana abundance and basal area in a tropical forest: the contribution of long-distance clonal colonization. Biotropica
45:317–324.