Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T05:40:50.929Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutrient input–output budgets of tropical forest ecosystems: a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

L. A. Bruijnzeel
L. A. Bruijnzeel
Affiliation:
Department of Hydrogeology and Geographical Hydrology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Free University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Atmospheric gains and hydrologic losses of calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen for 25 tropical forest sites on a variety of geological substrates are reviewed. The data set comprised 19 lowland and six montane sites. Twenty studies were subjected to further analysis after initial quality control. These were subdivided into forests on (1) very infertile soils (N = 5), (2) (moderately) infertile soils (N = 5), (3) moderately fertile soils (N = 4) and (4) fertile soils (N = 4). Two studies pertaining to large river basins were treated separately. Although variation in nutrient fluxes was large, reflecting both natural and methodological factors, scatter plots of annual calcium, magnesium and potassium losses v. annual runoff for small catchment areas revealed four groups with characteristic nutrient export patterns that corresponded closely with soil fertility levels. Element losses from the two large basins were much higher than those recorded for small basins in the same areas and were interpreted in terms of depths of weathering front, river incision and root network. Phosphorus accumulated in virtually all cases, reflecting the low mobility of the element. Nitrogen budgets were generally very incomplete. There is a need for more and careful studies of tropical forest nutrient budgets, especially for nitrogen. Standardization of methodology is essential if comparability of results is to be improved.

Keywords

nutrient budgetsnutrient cyclingtropical rain forest
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Tropical Ecology , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , February 1991 , pp. 1 - 24
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

LITERATURE CITED

Rahim, Abdul & Kasran, Baharuddin. 1986. Hydrologic regime of dipterocarp forest catchments in peninsular Malaysia. Paper presented at the Hydrological Workshop, Kota Kinabalu, 1986. 20 pp. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.Google Scholar
Rahim, Abdul & Yusop, Zulkifli. 1986. Stream water quality of undisturbed forest catchments in peninsular Malaysia. Pp. 289–308 in Hadi, Y., Awang, K., Majid, N. M. & Mohamed, S. (eds). Impact of Man's activities on tropical upland forest ecosystems. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malaysia. 694 pp.Google Scholar
Aitken, A. P., Ribeny, F. M. J. & Brown, J. A. H. 1972. The estimation of mean annual runoff over the territory of Papua New Guinea. Civil Engineering Transactions (Australia) 14:49–56.Google Scholar
Baillie, I. C. 1989. Soil characteristics and mineral nutrition of tropical wooded ecosystems. Pp. 15–26 in Proctor, J. (ed.). Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Baillie, I. C. & Mamit, J. D. 1983. Observations on rooting in mixed dipterocarp forest, central Sarawak. The Malaysian Forester 46:369–374Google Scholar
Bernhard-Reversat, F. 1975. Recherches sur l'écosyslème de la forêt sub-équatoriale de basse Côte d'lvoire. VI. Les cycles des macro-éléments. La Tern et la Vie 29:229–254.Google Scholar
Beven, K. & Germann, P. 1982. Macropores and water flow in soils. Water Resources Research 19:1311–1325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinkmann, W. L. F. 1983. Nutrient balance of a central Amazonian rain forest: comparison of natural and man-managed systems. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 140:153–163.Google Scholar
Brinkmann, W. L. F. 1985. Studies on hydrobiogeochemistry of a tropical lowland forest system. Geojournal 11:89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, S., Lugo, A. E., Silander, S. & Liegel, L. 1983. Research history and opportunities in the Luquillo experimental forest. General Technical Report SO-44. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station/Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, 128 pp.Google Scholar
Bruenig, E. F., Herrera, R., Heuveldop, J., Jordan, C. F., Klinge, H. & Medina, E. 1978. The international Amazon project coordinated by Centra de Ecologia, Institute Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas: organization and recent advances. Chair of World Forestry Special Report no 1, pp. 104–131. Chair of World Forestry, Hamburg-Reinbek. 295 pp.Google Scholar
Brugge, J. V. M. 1988. Estimations of wet-season drainage rates below mature pine plantation and young secondary vegetation in upland West Java, Indonesia. MSc Thesis, Free University, Amsterdam. 63 pp.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. 1983a. Hydrological and biogeochemical aspects of man-made forests in South-central Java, Indonesia. PhD thesis, Free University, Amsterdam. 256 pp.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. 1983b. Evaluation of runoff sources in a forested basin in a wet monsoonal environment:a combined hydrological and hydrochemical approach. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 140:165–174.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. 1983c. The chemical mass balance of a small basin in a wet monsoonal environment and the effect of fast-growing plantation forest. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 141: 229–239.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. 1984. Immobilization of nutrients in plantation forests of Pinus merkusii and Agathis dammara growing on volcanic soils in central Java, Indonesia. Pp. 19–29 in Thajib, A. & Pushparadjah, E. (eds). Soils and nutrition of perennial crops. Malaysian Soil Science Society, Kuala Lumpur. 453 pp.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. 1989a. Nutrient content of bulk precipitation in south-central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5:187–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. 1989b. Moist tropical forest nutrient cycling: the hydrological framework. Pp. 383–416 in Proctor, J. (ed.). Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A. & Wiersum, K. F. 1985. A nutrient balance sheet for Agathis dammara Warb. plantation forest under various management conditions in central Java, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management 10:195–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruijnzeel, L. A., Waterloo, M. J., Kotterink, B., ThBurghouts, B. A. & Proctor, J. 1990. Ecological studies on Glinting Silam, a small ultrabasic mountain in Sabah, Malaysia. III. Forest hydrology (submitted to Journal of Ecology).Google Scholar
Burnham, C. P. 1989. Pedological processes in temperate and tropical soils. Pp. 27–41 in Proctor, J. (ed.). Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Buschbacher, R. J. 1984. Changes in productivity and nutrient cycling following conversion of Amazonian rainforest to pasture. PhD Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens. 193 pp.Google Scholar
Cheng, J. D., Hsia, Y. J., Lu, H. S., Liu, V. C. & Koh, C. C. 1987. Streamflow characlcristics'of two small, sleep and forested watersheds in high elevation areas of central Taiwan. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 167:499–508.Google Scholar
Clayton, J. L. 1979. Nutrient supply to soil by rock weathering. Pp. 75–96 in Leaf, A. L. (ed.). Impact of intensive harvesting on forest nutrient cycling. New York State University, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Clements, R. G. & Colon, J. A. 1975. The rainfall interception process and mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in eastern Puerto Rico. Pp. 813–823 in Howell, F. G., Gentry, J. B. & Smith, M. H. (eds). Mineral cycling in southeastern ecosystems. Technical Information Center, Energy Research Development & Administration, Washington. 898 pp.Google Scholar
Coleman, D. C., Reid, C. P. P. & Cole, C. V. 1983. Biological strategies of nutrient cycling in soil systems. Advances in Ecological Research 13:1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, J. D. 1979. Water use of a tea estate from soil moisture measurements. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 43:102–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, J. D. 1980. Measurement of moisture fluxes in unsaturated soil in Thetford forest. Research Report 66. Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford. 97 pp.Google Scholar
Crowther, J. 1987a. Ecological observations in tropical karst terrain, West Malaysia. II. Rainfall interception, litterfall and nutrient cycling. Journal of Biogeography 14:145–155.Google Scholar
Crowther, J. 1987b. Ecological observations in tropical karst terrain, West Malaysia. III. Dynamics of the vegetation – soil – bedrock system. Journal of Biogeography 14:157–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crozat, G. 1979. Sur l'émission d'un aérosol riche en potassium par la forêt tropicale. Tellus 31:52–57.Google Scholar
Delleur, J. W. (ed.). 1989. Atmospheric deposition. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 179,288 pp.Google Scholar
Delmas, R. & Servant, J. 1983. Atmospheric balance of sulphur above an equatorial forest. Tellus 35B:110–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, I. 1967. Erosion on granite terrains under tropical rain forest in Australia, Malaysia and Singapore. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 75:31–39.Google Scholar
Edmisten, J. A. 1970. Preliminary studies of the nitrogen budget of a tropical rain forest. Pp. H-211–H215 in Odum, H. T. & Pigeon, R. F. (eds). A tropical rainforest. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Edwards, P. J. 1982. Studies of mineral cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea. V. Rates of cycling in throughfall and litterfall. Journal of Ecology 70:07–827.Google Scholar
Egunjobl, J. K. & Bada, S. O. 1979. Biomass and nutrient distribution in stands of Pinus caribaea L. in the dry forest zone of Nigeria. Biotropica 11:30–135.Google Scholar
Ewel, J. J. 1976 Litterfall and leaf decomposition in a tropical forest succession in Eastern Guatemala. Journal of Ecology 64:97–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franken, W. & Leopoldo, P. R. 1984. Hydrology of catchment areas of Central-Amazonian forest streams. Pp. 501–519 in Sioli, H. (ed.). The Amazon. Limnology and landscape ecology of a mighty tropical river and its basin. W. Junk, The Hague. 793 pp.Google Scholar
Fritsch, J. M., Dubreuil, P. L. & Sarrailh, J. M. 1987. De la parcelle au petit bassin-versanl: effêt d'échelle dans l'écosystéme forestier amazonien. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 167:131–142.Google Scholar
Galloway, J. N. & Likens, G. E. 1978. The collection of precipitation for chemical analysis. Tellus 30:71–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, J. N., Likens, G. E., Keene, W. C. & Miller, J. M. 1982 The composition of precipitation in remote areas of the world. Journal of Geophysical Research 87:771–786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gholz, H. L., Fisher, R. F. & Pritchett, W. L. 1985. Nutrient dynamics in slash pine plantation ecosystems. Ecology 66:47–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golley, F. B., Mcginnis, J. T., Clements, R. G., Child, G. I. & Duever, M. J. 1975. Mineral cycling in a tropical moist forest ecosystem. University of Georgia Press, Athens. 248 pp.Google Scholar
Gosz, J. R., Brookins, D. G. & Moore, D. I. 1983. Using strontium isotope ratios to estimate inputs to ecosystems. Bioscience 33:3–30.Google Scholar
Grubb, P. J. 1977. Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to mineral nutrition. Annual Review of Ecology and Systemalics 8:83–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, B. L., Waide, J. B. & Todd, R. L. 1982. Soil solution nutrient concentrations sampled with tension and zero-tension lysimeters: Report of discrepancies. Soil Science Society of America Journal 46:58–661.Google Scholar
Harriss, R. C 1987. Influence of a tropical forest on air chemistry. Pp. 163–173 in Dickinson, R. E. (ed.). The Geophysiology of Amazonia. Wiley, New York and United Nations University, Tokyo. 526 pp.Google Scholar
Herrera, R. 1979. Nutrient distribution and cycling in an Amazon Caatinga forest on spodosols in Southern Venezuela. PhD Thesis, University of Reading, Reading. 245 pp.Google Scholar
Herrera, R., Jordan, C. F., Klinge, H. & Medina, E. 1978. Amazon ecosystems: their structure and functioning with particular emphasis on nutrients. Interciencia 3:223–232.Google Scholar
Huttel, Ch. 1975. Recherchcs sur l'écosystéme de la foêrt subéquatoriale de basse Côte d'lvoire. IV Estimation du bilan hydrique. La Terre el la Vie 29:92–202.Google Scholar
Horng, F. W., Hsia, Y. J., King, H. B. & Yang, B. Y. 1985. Biogeochemistry of a small hardwood forested watershed. Soil and Fertilizer in Taiwan, 27–28Society of Soil and Fertilizer Science, Taipei, Taiwan.Google Scholar
Horton, J. H. & Hawkins, R. H. 1965. Flow path of rain from the soil surface to the water table. Soil Science 100:77–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffre, T. 1985. Composition minérale de bioéléments dans la biomasse épigée de recrûs forestiers en Côte d'lvoire. Acta oecologica 6/20:233–246.Google Scholar
Jordan, C. F. 1968. A simple, tension–free lysimeter. Soil Science 105:81–86.Google Scholar
Jordan, C. F. 1969. Isotope cycles. Pp. 1–17 in Jordan, C. F. & Drewry, G. E. (eds). The rain forest project annual report. Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Puerto Rico.Google Scholar
Jordan, C. F. 1982. The nutrient balance of an Amazonian rain forest. Ecology 63:47–654.Google Scholar
Jordan, C. F. & Herrera, R. 1981. Tropical rain forests: are nutrients really critical? The American Naturalist 117:67–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, C. F. & Heuveldop, J. 1981. The water budget of an Amazonian rainforest. Acta Amazonica 11:7–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordan, C. F., Caskey, W., Escalante, G., Herrera, R., Montagnini, F., Todd, R. & Uhl, C. 1982. The nitrogen cycle in a ‘Terra Firme’ rainforest on oxisol in the Amazon territory of Venezuela. Plant and Soil 67:325–332.Google Scholar
Kenworthy, J. B. 1971. Water and nutrient cycling in a tropical rain forest. Pp. 49–65 in Flenley, J. R. (ed.). The water relations of Malesian forests. University of Hull, Department of Geography. Miscellaneous Series no. 11. 97 pp.Google Scholar
King, H. B. & Yang, B. Y. 1984. Precipitation and stream water chemistry in Pi-Lu Chi watersheds, January, 1981–December, 1982. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Bulletin, 427. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan (Chinese, English summary). 32 pp.Google Scholar
La Bastide, J. G. A. & Van Goor, C. P. 1978. Interlaboratory variability in the chemical analysis of leaf samples. Plant and Soil 49:1–7.Google Scholar
Lam, K. C. 1978. Soil erosion, suspended sediment and solute production in three Hong Kong catchments. The Journal of Tropical Geography 47:51–62.Google Scholar
Lescure, J. P. & Boulet, R. 1985. Relationships between soil and vegetation in a tropical rainforest in French Guiana. Biotropica 17:55–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, W. M. Jr 1981. Precipitation chemistry and nutrient loading by precipitation in a tropical watershed. Water Resources Research 17:169–181.Google Scholar
Lewis, W. M. Jr 1986. Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from a nutrient-poor tropical moist forest. Ecology 67:275–1282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, W. M. JrHamilton, S. K., Jones, S. L. & Runnels, D. D. 1987. Major element chemistry, weathering and element yields for the Caura River drainage, Venezuela. Biogeochemistry 4:59–181.Google Scholar
Lieberman, D., Lieberman, M., Peralta, R. & Hartshorn, G. S. 1985. Mortality patterns and stand turnover rates in a wet tropical forest in Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 73:915–924.Google Scholar
Likens, G. E., Bormann, F. H., Pierce, R. S., Eaton, J. S. & Johnson, N. M. 1977. Biogeochemistry of a forested ecosystem. Springer Verlag, New York. 146 pp.Google Scholar
Lindberg, S. E., Lovett, G. M., Richter, D. D. & Johnson, D. W. 1986. Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions in a forest. Science 231:141–145.Google Scholar
Lugo, A. E. 1986. Water and the ecosystems of the Luquillo experimental forest. General Technical Report SO-63. Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, 17 pp.Google Scholar
Manokaran, N. 1980. The nutrient contents of precipitation, throughfall and stemflow in a lowland tropical rainforest in peninsular Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester 43:66–289.Google Scholar
Marrs, R. H., Proctor, J., Heaney, A. & Mountford, M. D. 1988. Changes in soil nitrogen-mineralization and nitrification along an altitudinal transect in tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 76:466–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, R. & Uhlrich, B. 1974. Conclusions on the filtering action of forests from ecosystem analysis. Oecologia Plantarum 9:57–168.Google Scholar
Medina, E. 1984. Nutrient balance and physiological processes at the leaf level. Pp. 134–154 in Medina, E., Mooncy, H. A. & Vázquez-Yanes, C. (eds). Physiological ecology of plants of the wet tropics. Junk, the Hague. 254 pp.Google Scholar
Medina, E. & Cuevas, E. 1989. Patterns of nutrient accumulation and release in Amazonian forests of the upper Rio Negro basin. Pp. 217–240 in Proctor, J. (ed.). Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Molion, L. C. B. 1975. A climatonomic study of the energy and moisture fluxes of the Amazonian Basin with considerations of deforestation effects. PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Naprakob, B., Chunkao, K. & Panburana, N. 1976. Nutrient budgets of small Hill Evergreen Forest watcrshed at Doi Pui, Chiengmai. Kog-Ma Watershed Research Bulletin 27. Kasetsart University, Bangkok. (in Thai, with English summary).Google Scholar
Nortcliff, S. & Thornes, J. B. 1978. Water and cation movement in a tropical rainforest environment. 1. Objectives, experimental design and preliminary results. Acta Amazonica 8:45–258.Google Scholar
Nortcliff, S. & Thornes, J. B. 1989. Variations in soil nutrients in relation to soil moisture status in a tropical forested ecosystem. Pp. 43–54 in Proctor, J. (ed.). Mineral nutrients in tropical forest and savanna ecosystems. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Google Scholar
Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. (3rd edition). Saunders, Philadelphia. 574 pp.Google Scholar
Parker, G. G. 1983. Throughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle. Advances in Ecological Research 13:7–133.Google Scholar
Parker, G. G. 1985. The effect of disturbance on water and solute budgets of hillslope tropical rainforest in northeastern Costa Rica. PhD Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens. 161 pp.Google Scholar
Poels, R. 1987. Soils, water and nutrients in a forest ecosystem in Suriname. PhD Thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 253 pp.Google Scholar
Proctor, J. 1987. Nutrient cycling in primary and old secondary rain forests. Applied Geography 7:135–152.Google Scholar
Prupacher, H. R., Semonin, R. G. & Sllnn, W. G. N. (eds). 1983. Precipitation scavenging, dry deposition, and resuspension. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Radulovich, R. & Sollins, P. 1987. Improved performance of zero-tension lysimeters. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51:1386–1388.Google Scholar
Ridder, T. B., Buishand, T. A., Reijnders, H. F. R., ‘T Hart, M.J. & Slanina, J. 1985. Effects of storage on the composition of main components in rainwater samples. Atmospheric Environment 19:759–762.Google Scholar
Roose, E. J. 1981. Dynamique actuelle de sols ferrallitiques et ferrugineaux tropicaux d'Afrique occidentale. Travaux el Documents de l'ORSTOM 130. I'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris. 569 pp.Google Scholar
Russell, A. E. & Ewel, J. J. 1985. Leaching from a tropical andept during big storms: a comparison of three methods. Soil Science 139:181–189.Google Scholar
Russell, C. E. 1983. Nutrient cycling and productivity of native and plantation forests at Jari Florestal, Pará, Brazil. PhD Thesis, University of Georgia, Athens. 130 pp.Google Scholar
Salati, E., Sylvester-Bradley, R. & Victoria, R. L. 1982. Regional gains and losses of nitrogen in the Amazon basin. Plant and Soil 67:367–376.Google Scholar
Sanchez, P. A. 1976. Properties and management of soils in the tropics. Wiley, New York. 618 pp.Google Scholar
Servant, J., Delmas, R., Rancher, J. & Rodriguez, M. 1984. Aspects of the cycle of inorganic nitrogen compounds in the tropical rain forest of the Ivory Coast. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 1:391–401.Google Scholar
Shuttle Worth, W. J. 1988. Evaporation from Amazonian rain forest. Proceedings of the Royal Society (London) B233:321–346.Google Scholar
Stark, N. & Jordan, C. F. 1978. Nutrient retention by the root mat of an Amazonian rainforest. Ecology 5934437.Google Scholar
Steinhardt, U. 1979. Untersuchungen über den Wasser- und Nährstoffhaushalt eines andinen Wolkcn-waldes in Venezuela. Göttinger Bodenkundliche Berichte 56:1–185.Google Scholar
Turvey, N. D. 1974. Nutrient cycling under tropical rainforest in central Papua. Occasional paper, 10. Department of Geography, University of Papua New Guinea. 96 pp.Google Scholar
Uhl, C. 1982. Tree dynamics in a species rich Tierra Firme forest in Amazonia, Venezuela. Acta Cientifica Venezolana 33:72–77.Google Scholar
Usda 1975. Soil Taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agricultural Handbook 436, USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Verstraten, J. M. 1980. Water-rock interactions. A case study in a very low-grade metamorphic shale catchment in the Ardennes, NW Luxembourg. British Geomorphological Research Group Research Monograph 2. Geobooks, Norwich. 243 pp.Google Scholar
Vitousek, P. M. & Sanford, R. L. 1986. Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 17:137–167.Google Scholar
Ward, R. C. 1975. Principles of hydrology. McGraw Hill, London. 366 pp.Google Scholar
Watnaprateep, P. 1984. Hydrometeorological researches/practices relating to watershed management in Thailand. Pp. 43–51 in Saplaco, S. & Gapud, M. A. (eds). Proceedings of the Workshop on Standardization of Guidelines for Watershed Management Approaches and Researches in the ASEAN Region. Asean-Us Watershed Project, Laguna, Philippines. 212 pp.Google Scholar
Weaver, P. L. 1972. Cloud moisture interception in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 12:129–144.Google Scholar
White, E. J. & Turner, F. 1970. A method of estimating income of nutrients in a catch of airborne particles by a woodland canopy. Journal of Applied Ecology 7:441–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, H. C. & Feth, J. H. 1964. Chemical composition of rain, dry fallout and bulk precipitation at Menlo Park, California, 1957–1959. Journal of Geophysical Research 69:3319–3333.Google Scholar
Whittaker, R. H. 1975. Communities and ecosystems. MacMillan, New York.Google Scholar
Yusop, Zulkifli 1989. Effects of selective logging methods on dissolved nutrient exports in Berembun watershed, Peninsular Malaysia. Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Tropical Forest Hydrology. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong and UNESCO, Paris (in press).Google Scholar
Yusop, Zulkifli, Rahim, Abdul, Suki, Anhar & Fauzi Zakaria, M. 1989. Rainfall chemistry and nutrient loading in a Peninsular Malaysia forest site. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 1:201–214.Google Scholar