Hostname: page-component-68c7f8b79f-8spss Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-01-01T07:40:57.275Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Partial Control with Overt Embedded Subjects in Chirag

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Dmitry Ganenkov
Dmitry Ganenkov*
Affiliation:
Humboldt University of Berlin
*
[d.ganenkov@gmail.com]
Get access

Abstract

This article documents a previously unattested variety of obligatory control (OC) in the Nakh-Daghestanian language Chirag Dargwa, which lies at the intersection between two phenomena known from previous research: overt controlled subjects and partial control. Despite being less widespread crosslinguistically, these two phenomena do occur in various unrelated languages and are known to not quite fit in with existing theories of OC. Combined in a single construction, they yield a new empirical option in the typology of OC and provide evidence in favor of a pro analysis of controlled subjects.

Keywords

obligatory controlpartial controlinfinitivedesiderative predicatesChirag DargwaNakh-Daghestanian

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 99 , Issue 3 , September 2023 , pp. 457 - 490
Copyright
Copyright © 2023 Linguistic Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ackema, Peter, and Neeleman, Ad. 2018. Features of person: From the inventory of persons to their morphological realization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. DOI: 10.7551/mitpress/11145.001.0001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbosa, Pilar P. 2018. Controlled overt pronouns as specificational predicates. Complement clauses in Portuguese: Syntax and acquisition, ed. by Santos, Ana Lúcia and Gonçalves, Anabela, 129–86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Barrie, Michael, and Pittman, Christine M.. 2004. Partial control and the movement towards Movement. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 22. Online: https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/view/6215.Google Scholar
Biberauer, Theresa, Holmberg, Anders, Roberts, Ian; and Sheehan, Michelle. 2010. Parametric variation: Null subjects in minimalist theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boeckx, Cedric, Hornstein, Norbert; and Nunes, Jairo. 2010. Control as movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511761997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borer, Hagit. 1989. Anaphoric AGR. The null subject parameter, ed. by Jaeggli, Osvaldo and Safir, Kenneth J., 69–110. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2540-3_3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bresnan, Joan. 2001. Lexical-functional syntax. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cole, Peter, Hermon, Gabriella; and James Huang, C.-T.. 2006. Long-distance binding in Asian languages. The Blackwell companion to syntax, vol. 3, ed. by Everaert, Martin and van Riemsdijk, Henk, 21–84. Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbett, Greville G. 2006. Agreement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Culicover, Peter W., and Jackendoff, Ray. 2006. Turn over control to the semantics! Syntax 9. 131–52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9612.2006.00085.x.10.1111/j.1467-9612.2006.00085.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniel, Michael. 2015. Logophoric reference in Archi. Journal of Pragmatics 88. 202–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.pragma.2015.07.002.10.1016/j.pragma.2015.07.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalrymple, Mary. 2001. Syntax and semantics, vol. 34: Lexical functional grammar. New York: Academic Press.10.1163/9781849500104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalrymple, Mary, Lowe, John; and Mycock, Louise. 2019. The Oxford reference guide to lexical functional grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198733300.001.0001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falk, Yehuda. 2001. Lexical-functional grammar. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Forker, Diana. 2016. Toward a typology for additive markers. Lingua 180. 69–100. DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2016.03.008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganenkov, Dmitry. 2022. Person agreement with inherent case DPs in Chirag Dargwa. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 40. 741–91. DOI: 10.1007/s11049-021-09520-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganenkov, Dmitry, and Bogomolova, Natalia. 2020. Binding and indexicality in the Caucasus. The Oxford handbook of languages of the Caucasus, ed. by Polinsky, Maria, 873–908. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190690694.013.27.Google Scholar
Grano, Thomas. 2015. Control and restructuring. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703921.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddad, Youssef A. 2009. Copy control in Telugu. Journal of Linguistics 45. 69–109. DOI: 10.1017/S0022226708005525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haug, Haug Dag Trygve. 2013. Partial control and anaphoric control in LFG. Proceedings of the LFG '13 Conference. Online: http://web.stanford.edu/group/cslipublications/cslipublications/LFG/18/papers/lfg13haug.pdf.Google Scholar
Haug, Haug Dag Trygve. 2014. The anaphoric semantics of partial control. Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 24. 213–33. DOI: 10.3765/salt.v24i0.2409.Google Scholar
Heim, Irene. 2008. Features on bound pronouns. Phi theory: Phi-features across modules and interfaces, ed. by Harbour, Daniel, Adger, David, and Béjar, Susana, 35–56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbeck, Peter. 2011. Overt subjects in Spanish control infinitives and the theory of empty categories. Generative Grammar in Geneva 7. 1–22. Online: http://www.unige.ch/lettres/linge/syntaxe/journal/Volume7/Herbeck_GGG11.pdf.Google Scholar
Herbeck, Peter. 2015. Overt PRO in Romance: Towards a unification of PRO and pro. Hispanic linguistics at the crossroads: Theoretical linguistics, language acquisition and language contact, ed. by Klassen, Rachel, Liceras, Juana M., and Valenzuela, Elena, 25–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/ihll.4.02herCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbeck, Peter. 2018. Deriving null, strong and emphatic pronouns in Romance pro-drop languages. Pronouns in embedded contexts at the syntax-semantics interface, ed. by Patel-Grosz, Pritty, Grosz, Patrick Georg, and Zobel, Sarah, 171–213. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56706-8_6.10.1007/978-3-319-56706-8_6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, Anders, and Sheehan, Michelle. 2010. Control into finite clauses in partial null-subject languages. In Biberauer et al., 125–52. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511770784.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornstein, Norbert. 1999. Movement and control. Linguistic Inquiry 30. 69–96. DOI: 10.1162/002438999553968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornstein, Norbert, and Polinsky, Maria (eds.) 2010. Movement theory of control. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackendoff, Ray. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, Ray, and Culicover, Peter W.. 2003. The semantic basis of control in English. Language 79. 517–56. DOI: 10.1353/lan.2003.0166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kratzer, Angelika. 2009. Making a pronoun: Fake indexicals as windows into the properties of pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 40. 187–237. DOI: 10.1162/ling.2009.40.2.187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landau, Idan. 2000. Elements of control: Structure and meaning in infinitival constructions. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3943-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landau, Idan. 2004. The scale of finiteness and the calculus of control. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 22. 811–77. DOI: 10.1007/s11049-004-4265-5.10.1007/s11049-004-4265-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landau, Idan. 2013. Control in generative grammar: A research companion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139061858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landau, Idan. 2015. A two-tiered theory of control. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/9780262028851.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landau, Idan. 2016a. Agreement at PF: An argument from partial control. Syntax 19. 79–109. DOI: 10.1111/synt.12118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landau, Idan. 2016b. Against the null comitative analysis of partial control. Linguistic Inquiry 47. 572–80. DOI: 10.1162/LING_a_00222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Kum Young. 2009. Finite control in Korean. Iowa City: University of Iowa dissertation. DOI: 10.17077/etd.qgulnymt.10.17077/etd.qgulnymtCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livitz, Inna. 2014. Deriving silence through dependent reference: Focus on pronouns. New York: New York University dissertation.Google Scholar
Madigan, Sean. 2008. Control constructions in Korean. Newark: University of Delaware dissertation.Google Scholar
McFadden, Thomas, and Sundaresan, Sandhya. 2018. Reducing pro and PRO to a single source. The Linguistic Review 35. 463–518. DOI: 10.1515/tlr-2018-0003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mensching, Guido. 2000. Infinitive constructions with specified subjects: A syntactic analysis of the Romance languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195133035.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noonan, Michael. 1985. Complementation. Language typology and syntactic description, vol. 2: Complex constructions, ed. by Shopen, Timothy, 52–150. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Park, Yangsook. 2018. Overt subjects in obligatory control constructions in Korean. West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL) 35. 305–12. Online: http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/35/abstract3402.html.Google Scholar
Partee, Barbara. 1989. Binding implicit variables in quantified contexts. Chicago Linguistic Society 25. 342–65.Google Scholar
Pearson, Hazel. 2016. The semantics of partial control. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 34. 691–738. DOI: 10.1007/s11049-015-9313-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitteroff, Marcel, Alexiadou, Artemis, Darby, Jeannique; and Fischer, Silke. 2017. On partial control in German. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 20. 139–85. DOI: 10.1007/s10828-017-9088-y.10.1007/s10828-017-9088-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polinsky, Maria, and Potsdam, Eric. 2006. Expanding the scope of control and raising. Syntax 9. 171–92. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9612.2006.00090.x.10.1111/j.1467-9612.2006.00090.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, Cilene. 2007. Agreement and flotation in partial and inverse partial control configurations. New horizons in the analysis of control and raising, ed. by Davies, William D. and Dubinsky, Stanley, 213–29. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6176-9_9.Google Scholar
Rullman, Hotze. 2004. First and second person pronouns as bound variables. Linguistic Inquiry 35. 159–68. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4179267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheehan, Michelle. 2014. Partial control in Romance languages: The covert comitative analysis. Romance languages and linguistic theory 2012: Selected papers from ‘Going Romance,‘ Leuven 2012, ed. by Lahousse, Karen and Marzo, Stefania, 181–98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Sheehan, Michelle. 2018. Control of inflected infinitives in European Portuguese. Complement clauses in Portuguese: Syntax and acquisition, ed. by Santos, Ana Lúcia and Gonçalves, Anabela, 27–58. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiebels, Barbara. 2007. Towards a typology of complement control. ZAS Papers in Linguistics (Studies in complement control) 47. 1–80. DOI: 10.21248/zaspil.47.2007.344.Google Scholar
Sudo, Yasutada. 2012. On the semantics of phi features on pronouns. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation. Online: http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77805.Google Scholar
Szabolcsi, Anna. 2009a. Overt nominative subjects in infinitival complements: Data, diagnostics, and preliminary analyses. NYU Working Papers in Linguistics (Papers in syntax) 2. Online: https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/linguistics/documents/nyuwpl/szabolcsi_09_overt_nominative_subjects__nyuwpl2.pdf.Google Scholar
Szabolcsi, Anna. 2009b. Overt nominative subjects in infinitival complements in Hungarian. Approaches to Hungarian, vol. 11: Papers from the 2007 NYU Conference, ed. by Dikken, Marcel den and Vago, Robert M., 251–76. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
van den Berg, Helma. 2004. Coordinating constructions in Daghestanian languages. Coordinating constructions, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin, 197–226. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.58.12berCrossRefGoogle Scholar