Hostname: page-component-5f7774ffb-pmcks Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-02-20T11:56:13.550Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Phonetic Knowledge

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2026

John Kingston  and
Randy L. Diehl
John Kingston*
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Randy L. Diehl*
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Austin
*
John Kingston, Linguistics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 [kingston@cs.umass.edu]
Randy L. Diehl, Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 [diehl@psyvax.psy.utexas.edu]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper argues that the phonetic interpretation of phonological representations may be controlled as well as automatic, because contextual variation in the realization of distinctive feature values is a flexible and adaptive response to variation in the demands on the production or perception of these values between contexts. The principal evidence presented in support of this argument is that the variation in the phonetic realization of speech sounds between contexts or languages involves reorganization of articulations into distinct phonetic categories. Extensive evidence of such reorganization in the realization of the feature [voice] is presented.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 70 , Issue 3 , September 1994 , pp. 419 - 454
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 by the Linguistic Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abbs, James H., Gracco, Vincent E.; and Cole, Kelly J. 1984. Control of multimovement coordination: Sensory motor mechanisms in speech motor programming. Journal of Motor Behavior 16.195–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, James E. 1978. Correlation analysis of the physiological features controlling voice fundamental frequency. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 63.211–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baer, Thomas. 1981. Investigation of the phonatory mechanism. Proceedings of the conference on the assessment of vocal pathology, ASHA Reports 11.38–46.Google Scholar
Balasubramanian, T. 1980. Timing in Tamil. Journal of Phonetics 8.449–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, William J., and Kuenzel, Hermann J. 1975. Co-articulatory airflow characteristics of intervocalic voiceless plosives. Journal of Phonetics 3.263–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benguerel, André-Pierre, and Bhatia, Tej. 1980. Hindi stop consonants: An acoustic and fiberscopic study. Phonetica 37.134–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bregman, Albert S., and Dannenbring, Gary L. 1973. The effect of continuity on auditory stream segregation. Perception & Psychophysics 13.308–12.Google Scholar
Browman, Catherine P., and Goldstein, Louis M. 1990. Tiers in articulatory phonology, with some implications for casual speech. Papers in laboratory phonology I: Between the grammar and physics of speech, ed. by Kingston, John and Beckman, Mary E., 341–76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Browman, Catherine P., and Goldstein, Louis M. 1992. Articulatory phonology: An overview. Phonetica 49.155–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butcher, Anthony. 1977. Coarticulation in intervocalic voiceless plosives and fricatives in connected speech. Kiel: Universität Kiel, Institut für Phonetik, Arbeitsberichte 8.154–212.Google Scholar
Caisse, Michelle. 1982. Cross-linguistic differences in fundamental frequency perturbation induced by voiceless unaspirated stops. Berkeley, CA: University of California M.A. thesis.Google Scholar
Chen, Matthew. 1970. Vowel length variation as a function of the voicing of the consonant environment. Phonetica 22.129–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, Noam, and Halle, Morris. 1968. The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Christdas, Prathima. 1988. Tamil morphology and phonology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University dissertation.Google Scholar
Coleman, John S. 1992. The phonetic interpretation of headed phonological structures containing overlapping constituents. Phonology 9.1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, René. 1974. Laryngeal muscle activity, subglottal air pressure, and the control of pitch in speech. New Haven, CT: Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research SR-39/40.137-70.Google Scholar
Collier, René, Lisker, Leigh, Hirose, Hajime; and Ushijima, Tatsujiro. 1979. Voicing in intervocalic stops and fricatives in Dutch. Journal of Phonetics 7.357–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, André M. 1991a. Glottal gestures and aspiration in English. New Haven, CT: Yale University dissertation.Google Scholar
Cooper, André M. 1991b. Laryngeal and oral gestures in English /p,t,k/. Aix-en-Provence: Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, vol. 2.50–53.Google Scholar
Davis, Stuart, and Summers, W. Van. 1989. Vowel length and closure duration in word-medial VC sequences. Journal of Phonetics 17.339–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diehl, Randy L., and Kluender, Keith R. 1989a. On the objects of speech perception. Ecological Psychology 1.121–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diehl, Randy L., and Kluender, Keith R. 1989b. Reply to commentators. Ecological Psychology 1.195–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diehl, Randy L., Kluender, Keith R. and Walsh, Margaret A. 1990. Some auditory bases of speech perception and production. Advances in speech, hearing and language processing, vol. 1, ed. by Ainsworth, William A., 243–67. London: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Dixit, R. Prakash. 1989. Glottal gestures in Hindi plosives. Journal of Phonetics 17.213–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixit, R. Prakash, and MacNeilage, Peter F. 1980. Cricothyroid activity and the control of voicing in Hindi stops and affricates. Phonetica 37.397–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Docherty, Gerard J. 1989. An experimental phonetic study of the timing of voicing in English obstruents. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh dissertation.Google Scholar
Erickson, Donna. 1975. Phonetical implications for a historical account of tonogenesis in Thai. Studies in Thai linguistics in honor of William J. Gedney, ed. by Harris, Jimmy and Chamberlin, James R., 100–111. Bangkok: Central Institute of the English Language.Google Scholar
Ewan, William G. 1976. Laryngeal behavior in speech. Berkeley, CA: University of California dissertation. [Reprinted 1979, University of California, Berkeley, Report of the Phonology Laboratory 3.]Google Scholar
Ewan, William G. 1979. Can vowel intrinsic F0 be explained by source/tract coupling? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 66.358–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewan, William G., and Krones, Robert. 1974. Measuring larynx movement using the thyroumbrometer. Journal of Phonetics 2.327–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli. 1968. Voicing, tenseness and aspiration in stop consonants, with special reference to French and Danish. Copenhagen: Annual Report of the Institute of Phonetics, University of Copenhagen 3.63–114.Google Scholar
Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli. 1985. Some basic vowel features, their articulatory correlates, and their explanatory power in phonology. Phonetic linguistics: Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged, ed. by Fromkin, Victoria A., 79–99. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli. 1990. Intrinsic F0 in tense and lax vowels with special reference to German. Phonetica 47.99–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flege, James E. 1982. Laryngeal timing and phonation onset in utterance-initial stops. Journal of Phonetics 10.177–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, Carol A. 1990. Some regularities in speech are not consequences of formal rules: Comments on Keating's paper. Papers in laboratory phonology I: Between the grammar and physics of speech, ed. by Kingston, John and Beckman, Mary E., 476–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beckman, Mary E., and Turvey, Michael T. 1980. Immediate compensation in bite-block speech. Phonetica 37.306–26.Google Scholar
Turvey, Michael T., Rubin, Philip, Remez, Robert E.; and Turvey, Michael T. 1980. Implications for speech production of a general theory of action. Language production I: Speech and talk, ed. by Butterworth, Brian, 372–420. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, Murray. 1954. The segmental phonemes of Sanskritized Tamil. Lg. 30.360–67.Google Scholar
Fox, Robert Allen, and Terbeek, Dale. 1977. Dental flaps, vowel duration and rule ordering. Journal of Phonetics 5.27–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frøkjaer-Jensen, Børge, Ludvigsen, Carl; and Rischel, Jørgen. 1971. A glotto- graphic study of some Danish consonants. Form and substance: Phonetic and linguistic papers presented to Eli Fischer-Jørgensen, ed. by Hammerich, L. L., Jakobson, Roman, and Zwirner, Eberhard, 123–40. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Fujimura, Osamu. 1971. Remarks on stop consonants: Synthesis experiments and acoustic cues. Form and substance: Phonetic and linguistic papers presented to Eli Fischer-Jørgensen, ed. by Hammerich, L. L., Jakobson, Roman and Zwirner, Eberhard, 221–32. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.Google Scholar
Fukui, N., and Hirose, Hajime. 1983. Laryngeal adjustments in Danish voiceless obstruent production. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Research Institute in Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 17.61–71.Google Scholar
Gandour, Jackson. 1974. Consonant types and tone in Siamese. Journal of Phonetics 2.337–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggard, Mark P., Ambler, Stephen; and Callow, Mo. 1970. Pitch as a voicing cue. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 47.613–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halle, Morris. 1983. On distinctive features and their articulatory implementaton. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1.91–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, Meiko S., and Weitzman, Raymond S. 1970. Acoustic features of Korean /Ρ,Τ,Κ/, /p,t,k/, and /ph,th,kh/. Phonetica 22.112–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardcastle, William J. 1973. Some observations on the tense-lax distinction in initial stops in Korean. Journal of Phonetics 1.263–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirose, Hajime, and Ushijima, Tatsujiro. 1978. Laryngeal control for the voicing distinction in Japanese. Phonetica 35.1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirose, Hajime, Lee, C. Y.; and Ushijima, Tatsujiro. 1974. Laryngeal control in Korean stop production. Journal of Phonetics 2.145–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirose, Hajime, Lisker, Leigh; and Abramson, Arthur S. 1972. Physiological aspects of certain laryngeal features in stop production. New Haven, CT: Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research SR-31/32.183-91.Google Scholar
Hirose, Hajime, Numi, Seiji, Honda, Kiyoshi; and Sawashima, Masayuki. 1985. The relationship between glottal opening and the transglottal pressure difference during consonant production. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Research Institute in Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 19.55–64.Google Scholar
Hirose, Hajime, Park, H. S., Yoshioka, Hirohide, Sawashima, Masayuki; and Umeda, H. 1981. An electromyographic study of laryngeal adjustments for the Korean stops. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Research Institute in Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 15.31–43.Google Scholar
Hombert, Jean-Marie. 1977. Consonant types, vowel height and tone in Yoruba. Studies in African Linguistics 8.173–90.Google Scholar
Hombert, Jean-Marie. 1978. Consonant types, vowel quality, and tone. Tone: A linguistic survey, ed. by Fromkin, Victoria A., 77–111. New York, NY: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fromkin, Victoria A., and Ladefoged, Peter. 1976. The effect of aspiration on the fundamental frequency of the following vowel. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 59.S72 (abstract).Google Scholar
Ohala, John J.; and Ewan, William G. 1979. Phonetic explanations for the development of tones. Lg. 55.37–58.Google Scholar
Honda, Kiyoshi. 1983. Relationship between pitch control and vowel articulation. Vocal fold physiology: Contemporary research and clinical issues, ed. by Bless, Diane M. and Abbs, James H., 286–97. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press.Google Scholar
Abbs, James H., and Fujimura, Osamu. 1991. Intrinsic vowel F() and phrase-final lowering: Phonological vs. biological explanations. Vocal fold physiology: Acoustic, perceptual, and physiological aspects of voice mechanisms, ed. by Gauffin, Jan and Hammerberg, Britta, 149–57. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hutters, Birgit Elisabeth. 1985. Vocal fold adjustments in aspirated and unaspirated stops in Danish. Phonetica 42.1–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyman, Larry M., and Schuh, Russell G. 1974. Universais of tone rules: Evidence from West Africa. Linguistic Inquiry 5.81–115.Google Scholar
Iwata, Ray, and Hirose, Hajime. 1976. Fiberoptic acoustic studies of Mandarin stops and affricates. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Research Institute in Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 10.47–60.Google Scholar
Iwata, Ray, Sawashima, Masayuki; and Hirose, Hajime. 1981. Laryngeal adjustments for syllable-final stops in Cantonese. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Research Institute in Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 15.45–54.Google Scholar
Iwata, Ray, Sawashima, Masayuki; and Numi, Seiji. 1979. Laryngeal adjustments of Fukienese stops—Initial plosives and final applosives. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Research Institute in Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 13.61–81.Google Scholar
Jaeger, Jeri J. 1978. Speech aerodynamics and phonological universais. Berkeley Linguistics Society 4.311–29.Google Scholar
Javkin, Hector R. 1976. The perceptual basis of vowel duration differences associated with the voiced/voiceless distinction. Berkeley: University of California, Report of the Phonology Laboratory 1.78–92.Google Scholar
Jeel, V. 1975. An investigation of the fundamental frequency of vowels after various Danish consonants, in particular stop consonants. Copenhagen: Annual Report of the Institute of Phonetics, University of Copenhagen 9.191–211.Google Scholar
Jun, Sun-Ah. 1992. The status of lenis stop voicing rule in Korean. Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Korean Linguistics. Proceedings of the student conference in linguistics, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, to appear.Google Scholar
Kagaya, Ryohei. 1971. Laryngeal gesture in Korean stop consonants. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 5.15–23.Google Scholar
Kagaya, Ryohei. 1974. A fiberoptic and acoustic study of Korean stops, affricates, and fricatives. Journal of Phonetics 2.161–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagaya, Ryohei, and Hirose, Hajime. 1975. Fiberoptic, electromyographic, and acoustic analyses of Hindi stop consonants. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 9.27–46.Google Scholar
Kawasaki, Haruko. 1983. Fundamental frequency perturbation caused by voiced and voiceless stops in Japanese. Cambridge, MA: MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, Speech Communication Group, Working Papers 3.55–67.Google Scholar
Keating, Patricia A. 1984. Phonetic and phonological representation of stop consonant voicing. Lg. 60.286–319.Google Scholar
Keating, Patricia A. 1985. Universal phonetics and the organization of grammars. Phonetic linguistics: Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged, ed. by Fromkin, Victoria A., 115–32. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Keating, Patricia A. 1988. The phonology-phonetics interface. Linguistics: The Cambridge survey, vol. 1, ed. by Newmeyer, Frederick J., 281–302. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keating, Patricia A. 1990. Phonetic representations in a generative grammar. Journal of Phonetics 18.321–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keating, Patricia A., Linker, Wendy; and Huffman, Marie K. 1983. Patterns in allophonic distribution for voiced and voiceless stops. Journal of Phonetics 11.277–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelso, J. A. Scott, and Tuller, Betty. 1983. “Compensatory articulation” under conditions of reduced afferent information: A dynamic formulation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 26.217–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, Chin-Wu. 1965. On the autonomy of the tensity feature in stop classification (with special reference to Korean stops). Word 21.339–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Chin-Wu. 1970. A theory of aspiration. Phonetica 21.107–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingston, John. 1985. The linguistic use of vertical larynx movement. Austin: University of Texas, ms. [Expansion of ‘The ineffectiveness of vertical larynx movement’, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 77.S86-87, 1985 (abstract).]Google Scholar
Kingston, John. 1986. Are F0 differences after stops deliberate or accidental? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79.S27 (abstract).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingston, John. 1989. The effect of macroprosodic context on consonantal perturbations of fundamental frequency. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85.S149 (abstract).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingston, John. 1991. Integration of articulations in the perception of vowel height. Phonetica 47.149–79.Google Scholar
Kingston, John, and Diehl, Randy L. 1993. Intermediate properties in the perception of distinctive feature values. Papers in laboratory phonology IV, ed. by Connell, Bruce and Arvaniti, Amalia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. to appear.Google Scholar
Kingston, John, Diehl, Randy L., Kluender, Keith R.; and Parker, Ellen M. 1990. Resonance versus source characteristics in perceiving spectral continuity between vowels and consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88.S54-S55 (abstract).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingston, John, and Solnit, David. 1988. The tones of consonants. Amherst & Ann Arbor: University of Massachusetts & University of Michigan, ms.Google Scholar
Kingston, John, and Solnit, David. 1989. The inadequacy of underspecification. North Eastern Linguistic Society 19.264–278.Google Scholar
Kluender, Keith R., Diehl, Randy L.; and Wright, Beverly A. 1988. Vowel-length differences after voiced and voiceless consonants: An auditory explanation. Journal of Phonetics 16.153–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohler, Klaus J. 1979. Dimensions in the perception of fortis and lenis plosives. Phonetica 36.332–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohler, Klaus J. 1982. F0 in the production of lenis and fortis plosives. Phonetica 39.199–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohler, Klaus J. 1984. Phonetic explanation in phonology. The feature fortis/lenis. Phonetica 41.150–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohler, Klaus J. 1985. Fo in the perception of lenis and fortis plosives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 78.21–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladd, D. Robert, and Silverman, Kim E. A. 1984. Intrinsic pitch of vowels in connected speech. Phonetica 41.31–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter. 1980. What are linguistic sounds made of? Lg. 56.485–502.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter, DeClerk, Joseph L., Lindau, Mona; and Papçun, George. 1972. An auditory-motor theory of speech production. Los Angeles: UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 22.48–75.Google Scholar
Laeufer, Christiane. 1992. Patterns of voicing-conditioned vowel duration in French and English. Journal of Phonetics 20.411–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindblom, Björn. 1983. Economy of speech gestures. The production of speech, ed. by MacNeilage, Peter, 217–46. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn. 1990. Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of the H & H theory. Speech production and speech modeling, ed. by Hardcastle, William J. and Marchai, Alain, 403–39. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Lubker, James F.; and Gay, Thomas. 1979. Formant frequencies of some fixed mandible vowels and a model of predictive simulation. Journal of Phonetics 7.147–62.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, J. 1972. Laryngeal articulation studies in Swedish subjects. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology Speech Transmission Laboratory, Quarterly Progress and Status Report 1972/2-3.10-27.Google Scholar
Lisker, Leigh. 1957. Closure duration and the intervocalic voiced-voiceless distinctions in English. Lg. 33.42–49.Google Scholar
Lisker, Leigh. 1958. The Tamil occlusives: Short vs. long or voiced vs. voiceless? Indian Linguistics (Turner Jubilee Volume I) 19.294–301.Google Scholar
Lisker, Leigh. 1974. On ‘explaining’ vowel duration variation. Glossa 8.223–46.Google Scholar
Lisker, Leigh. 1975. Is it VOT or a first formant transition detector? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 57.1547–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lisker, Leigh. 1986. “Voicing” in English: A catalogue of acoustic features signaling /b/ versus /p/ in trochees. Language and Speech 29.3–11. [Also appeared in 1978 as Rapid vs. rabid: A catalogue of cues, New Haven, CT: Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research SR-54.127-132, and Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 62.S77 (abstract).]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lisker, Leigh, and Abramson, Arthur S. 1964. A cross-linguistic study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word 20.384–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abramson, Arthur S., and Abramson, Arthur S. 1971. Distinctive features and laryngeal control. Lg. 47.767–85.Google Scholar
Lisker, Leigh, and Baer, Thomas. 1984. Laryngeal management at utterance-internal word boundary in American English. Language and Speech 27.163–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Löfqvist, Anders. 1975a. Intrinsic and extrinsic F0 variations in Swedish tonal accents. Phonetica 31.228–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löfqvist, Anders. 1975b. A study of subglottal pressure during the production of Swedish stops. Journal of Phonetics 3.175–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löfqvist, Anders. 1976. Closure duration and aspiration for Swedish stops. Lund: Lund University Department of General Linguistics, Phonetics Laboratory, Working Papers 13.1–39.Google Scholar
Löfqvist, Anders. 1980. Interarticulator programming in stop production. Journal of Phonetics 8.475–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löfqvist, Anders. 1986. Stability and change. Journal of Phonetics 14.139–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Löfqvist, Anders. 1990. Speech as audible gestures. Speech production and speech modeling, ed. by Hardcastle, William J. and Marchai, Alain, 289–322. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchai, Alain, and Yoshioka, Hirohide. 1980. Laryngeal activity in Swedish obstruent clusters. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68.792–801.Google Scholar
Marchai, Alain, and Yoshioka, Hirohide. 1981a. Interarticulator programming in obstruent production. Phonetica 38.21–34.Google Scholar
Marchai, Alain, and Yoshioka, Hirohide. 1981b. Laryngeal activity in Icelandic obstruent production. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 4.1–18.Google Scholar
Marchai, Alain, and Yoshioka, Hirohide. 1984. Intrasegmental timing: Laryngeal-oral coordination in voiceless consonant production. Speech Communication 3.279–89.Google Scholar
Löfqvist, Anders, McGarr, Nancy S.; and Honda, Kiyoshi. 1984. Laryngeal muscles and articulatory control. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 76.951–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Löfqvist, Anders, Baer, Thomas, McGarr, Nancy S.; and Story, Robin Seider. 1989. The cricothyroid muscle in voicing control. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85.1314–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mack, Molly. 1982. Voicing-dependent vowel duration in English and French: Monolingual vs. bilingual production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 71.173–78.Google Scholar
MacNeilage, Peter F. 1970. Motor control of serial ordering of speech. Psychological Review 77.182–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massaro, Dominic W., and Cohen, Michael M. 1983. Consonant/vowel ratios: An improbable cue in speech. Perception & Psychophysics 33.501–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menn, Lise. 1983. Development of articulatory, phonetic, and phonological capabilities. Language production, vol. 2, ed. by Butterworth, Brian, 3–50. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Montaigne, Michel De. 1587-1588 [1957]. Of experience. Complete works: Essays, travel journal, letters. 1533-1592, trans, by Frame, Donald M., 815–857. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Müller, Eric M., and Brown, W. S. jr. 1980. Variations in the supraglottal waveform and their articulatory interpretation. Speech and language: Advances in basic research and practice 4, ed. by Lass, Norman J., 317–89. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Munhall, Kevin G., and Löfqvist, Anders. 1992. Gestural aggregation in speech. Journal of Phonetics 20.111–26.Google Scholar
Nearey, Terrance M. 1978. Features for vowels. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut dissertation.Google Scholar
Nihilani, Paroo. 1974. An aerodynamic study of stops in Sindhi. Phonetica 29.193–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nittrouer, Susan. 1992. Age-related differences in perceptual effects of formant transitions within syllables and across syllable boundaries. Journal of Phonetics 20.351–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohala, John J. 1970. Aspects of the control and production of speech. Los Angeles: UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 15.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. 1981a. The listener as a source of sound change. Papers from the parasession on language and behavior, ed. by Masek, Carrie S., Hendrick, Roberta A., and Miller, Mary Frances, 178–203. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. 1981b. Articulatory constraints on the cognitive representation of speech. The cognitive representation of speech, ed. by Myers, Thomas, Laver, John, and Anderson, John, 111–22. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Anderson, John, and Eukel, Brian M. 1987. Explaining the intrinsic pitch of vowels. In honour of Ilse Lehiste, ed. by Channon, Robert and Shockey, Linda, 207–15. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Shockey, Linda, and Riordan, Carol J. 1979. Passive vocal tract enlargement during voiced stops.Google Scholar
Speech communication papers from the 97th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, ed. by Wolf, Jared and Klatt, Dennis H., 89–92.Google Scholar
Ohde, Ralph N. 1984. Fundamental frequency as an acoustic correlate of stop consonant voicing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 75.224–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Ellen M., Diehl, Randy L.; and Kluender, Keith R. 1986. Trading relations in speech and nonspeech. Perception & Psychophysics 39.129–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, Gordon E., and Lehiste, Ilse. 1960. Duration of syllable nuclei in English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 32.693–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petursson, Magnus. 1976. Aspiration et activité gioitale. Examen expérimental à partir de consonnes islandaises. Phonetica 33.169–98.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 1980. The phonology and phonetics of English intonation. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation.Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 1990. Phonological and phonetic representation. Journal of Phonetics 18.375–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Port, Robert, and Dalby, John. 1982. Consonant/vowel ratio as a cue for voicing in English. Perception & Psychophysics 32.141–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinholt Petersen, Neils. 1978. The influence of aspiration on the fundamental frequency of the following vowel in Danish: Some preliminary observations. Copenhagen: Annual Report of the Institute of Phonetics, University of Copenhagen 12.91–112.Google Scholar
Reinholt Petersen, Neils. 1983. The effect of consonant type on fundamental frequency and larynx height in Danish. Copenhagen: Annual Report of the Institute of Phonetics, University of Copenhagen 17.55–86.Google Scholar
Repp, Bruno H. 1979. Relative amplitude of aspiration noise as a voicing cue for syllable-initial stop consonants. Language and Speech 22.173–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riordan, Carol J. 1980. Larynx height during English stop consonants. Journal of Phonetics 3.353–60.Google Scholar
Rischel, Jørgen, and Thavisak, A. 1984. A note on work in progress: Secondary articulation in Thai stops. Copenhagen: Annual Report of the Institute of Phonetics, University of Copenhagen 18.243–54.Google Scholar
Sapir, Shimon. 1989. The intrinsic pitch of vowels: Theoretical, physiological, and clinical considerations. Journal of Voice 3.44–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawashima, Masayuki, and Hirose, Hajime. 1983. Laryngeal gestures in speech production. The production of speech, ed. by MacNeilage, Peter, 11–38. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sawashima, Masayuki, Hirose, Hajime, Ushijima, Tatsujiro; and Numi, Seiji. 1975. Laryngeal control in Japanese consonants, with special reference to those in utterance-initial position. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Research Institute in Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 9.21–26.Google Scholar
Schneider, Walter, and Shiffrin, Richard M. 1977. Controlled and automatic human information processing, I: Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review 84.1–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiffrin, Richard M., and Schneider, Walter. 1977. Controlled and automatic human information processing, II: Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84.127–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, David J. 1991. A prosody-based investigation into the phonetics of Korean stop voicing. Harvard studies in Korean linguistics, IV, ed. by Kuno, Susumu et al., 177–88. Cambridge, MA: Department of Linguistics, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Silva, David J. 1992. The phonetics and phonology of stop lenition in Korean. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University dissertation.Google Scholar
Silverman, Kim E. A. 1986. F0 segmental cues depend on intonation: The case of the rise after voiced stops. Phonetica 43.76–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, Kim E. A. 1987. The structure and processing of fundamental frequency contours. Cambridge: Cambridge University dissertation.Google Scholar
Simada, Zyuntci, and Hirose, Hajime. 1971. Physiological correlates of Japanese accent patterns. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Research Institute in Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Annual Bulletin 5.41–49.Google Scholar
Slis, Iman H. 1970. Articulatory measurements on voiced, voiceless and nasal consonants. Phonetica 21.193–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slis, Iman H., and Cohen, Antoine. 1969a,b. On the complex regulating the voiced-voiceless distinction. Language and Speech 12.1:80–102, 11:137-55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sproat, Richard, and Fujimura, Osamu. 1993. Allophonic variation in English /1/and its implications for phonetic implementation. Journal of Phonetics 21.291–311.Google Scholar
Stevens, Kenneth N., and Blumstein, Sheila E. 1981. The search for invariant acoustic correlates of phonetic features. Perspectives on the study of speech, ed. by Eimas, Peter D. and Miller, Joanne L., 1–38. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Stevens, Kenneth N., and Keyser, Samuel Jay. 1989. Primary features and their enhancement in consonants. Lg. 65.81–106.Google Scholar
Stevens, Kenneth N., Keyser, Samuel Jay; and Kawasaki, Haruko. 1986. Towards a phonetic and phonological theory of redundant features. Invariance and variability in speech processes, ed. by Perkell, Joseph S. and Klatt, Dennis H., 426–63. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Stevens, Kenneth N., and Klatt, Dennis H. 1974. Role of formant transitions in the voiced-voiceless distinction for stops. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 55.653–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Summerfield, A. Quentin, and Haggard, Mark P. 1977. On the dissociation of spectral and temporal cues to the voicing distinction in initial stop consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 62.435–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summers, W. Van. 1987. Effects of stress and final-consonant voicing on vowel production: Articulatory and acoustic analyses. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82.847–63.Google ScholarPubMed
Tuller, Betty, and Scott Kelso, J. A. 1990. Phase transitions in speech production and their perceptual consequences. Attention and performance XIII: Motor representation and control, ed. by Jeannerod, M., 429–52. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Weismer, Gary, and Cariski, Denise. 1984. On speakers’ abilities to control speech mechanism output: Theoretical and clinical implications. Speech and language: Advances in basic research and practice 10, ed. by Lass, Norman J., 185–240. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Westbury, John R. 1983. Enlargement of the supraglottal cavity and its relationship to stop consonant voicing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 73.1322–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westbury, John R., and Keating, Patricia A. 1980. A model of stop consonant voicing and a theory of markedness. Paper presented at the 55th Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, San Antonio.Google Scholar
Wood, Sidney. 1982. X-ray and model studies of vowel articulation. Lund: Lund University Department of General Linguistics, Phonetics Laboratory, Working PapersGoogle Scholar
Yoshioka, Hirohide, Löfqvist, Anders; and Hirose, Hajime. 1982. Laryngeal adjustments in Japanese voiceless sound production. Journal of Phonetics 10.1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar