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Categorical and Gradient Ungrammaticality in Optional Processes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Aaron Kaplan
Aaron Kaplan*
Affiliation:
The University of Utah
*
Department of Linguistics, Languages & Communication Bldg, 255 S. Central Campus Dr., Rm 2300, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, [a.kaplan@utah.edu]
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Abstract

Current theories of optionality often take a gradient view of grammaticality: unattested variants are not categorically excluded but rather highly improbable. Vowel harmony in Eastern Andalusian challenges this view. Unstressed vowels optionally harmonize in a coordinated fashion. For example, if one posttonic vowel harmonizes, they all must. Different implementations of NOISY HARMONIC GRAMMAR are tested for their ability to account for this pattern. Only the implementation that categorically excludes forms with uncoordinated harmony succeeds; other implementations, which can only make such forms unlikely outputs, provide inferior models. This contrast indicates that there remains a need for a categorical approach to (un)grammaticality alongside a gradient approach.

Keywords

optionalitynoisy harmonic grammarEastern Andalusianvowel harmonypositional licensingharmonic boundinggradience

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 97 , Issue 4 , December 2021 , pp. 703 - 731
Copyright
Copyright © 2021 Linguistic Society of America

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Footnotes

*

For feedback on this work, I wish to thank Rachel Walker, participants in the Analyzing Typological Structure workshop at Stanford University, and audiences at Linguistics at Santa Cruz 2020 and the 16th Old World Conference in Phonology. I am especially grateful to Bruce Hayes for his generous efforts to ensure that my simulations functioned properly in OTSoft.

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