¹ Certain consonant alternations in the stems are regular and automatic.

² The partitive ending is a/ä or ta/tä, according to circumstances. It is ta/tä with consonant stems, a/ä with all the vowel stems considered in this paper. The final vowel is o or ä according to the Finnish system of vowel concord usually called vowel harmony.

³ Knut Cannelin, Finska Språket, Grammatik och Ordbildningslära; Helsingfors, 1932.

⁴ C. N. E. Eliot, A Finnish Grammar; Oxford, 1890.

⁵ Hans Jensen, Finnische Grammatik I: Laut- und Formenlehre; Glückstadt and Hamburg, 1934.

⁶ Ralf Saxén, Finsk Ordböjningslära, 4th edition; Helsingfors, 1937.

⁷ There seem to be no three-consonant clusters among the dissyllabic e-stems, although they occur among all the other dissyllabic short-vowel stems.

⁸ One he-stem is irregular: mies ‘man’, miehen, miestä, miehenä.

⁹ One ne-stem has a shortened nominative (as well as pronoun characteristics irrelevant to this paper): hän ‘he, she’, hanen, häntä.

¹⁰ There are not many dissyllabic se-stems in simple -s, and most of these are of the nainen pattern, not like kuusi.

¹¹ Dr. John B. Olli of the College of the City of New York, as my teacher and as my principal informant, has taken a lot of trouble in both capacities to help me with this and other problems of Finnish morphology. He has also interviewed Finnish-speaking friends on my behalf, both with direct questions on usage and to get Finnish translations of specially prepared sentences. I have dealt with my other informants by correspondence: New Yorkin Uutiset (newspaper), Brooklyn, N. Y.; President V. K. Nikander of Suomi College, Hancock, Mich.; Mr. Alfred Tiala, Waterville, Minn, (formerly with Tyomies Society, Superior, Wis.); the Finnish Lutheran Book Concern, Hancock, Mich. They have all been very friendly in giving me full responses to my inquiries. (Because of the nature of these inquiries, however, not every informant gave a response for every word investigated here.)

¹² The p, t, or k does not appear in the consonant stem.

¹³ And I did not know about kypsi in time to include it in my inquiries. Gustaf Renvall, Finsk Språklära 62 (Åbo, 1840), gives kystä as the partitive.

¹⁴ Most of this was done in 1938, but some was done more recently, at the same time as the investigation of the se-stems in clusters.

¹⁵ The m of the vowel stem is represented by n in the consonant stem.