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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 April 2026
Antoine Thomas first suggested in 1896 that Fr. lingue ‘ling, Lota molva (a fish)’ is of Germanic origin. His discussion of the word, published first in Romania and repeated shortly thereafter in Thomas’ Essais de philologie française, was a sober, concise, but thorough treatment which included all pertinent evidence that has been published on the subject. Later discussions have added nothing. They have either repeated fragments of the evidence cited by Thomas, usually omitting portions of the remainder which tended to balance those they used, or have adduced material which is irrelevant. Virtually nothing will be added here but evidence which would be irrelevant were it not necessary to refute erroneous proposals made later. Thomas' cautious conclusions were hardly more specific than indicated above. He stated that the French word must have been borrowed from Germanic, but could have been taken from English, Flemish, Dutch, or one of the Scandinavian languages. This proposal is clearly preferable to the only explanation previously suggested, derivation from Lat. lingua ‘tongue’ because of the physical appearance of the fish; as far as it goes, it has apparently been accepted without question. The subsequent history of the etymology, however, has been one of confusion and inaccuracy, with the result that its present state constitutes a regression from that at the time of Thomas' article.
1 Antoine Thomas, Romania 25.82–3 (1896); Essais de philologie française 328–9 (Paris, 1897).
2 Emile Littré, Dictionnaire de la langue française 3.315 (Paris, 1873).
3 Gustav Körting, Lateinisch-romanisches Wörterbuch 3 602 (Paderborn, 1907).
4 Ernst Gamillscheg, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der französischen Sprache 563 (Heidelberg, 1928). Gamillscheg's only other reference is to Meyer-Lübke, who himself refers to Thomas.
5 Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke, Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 3 410 (Heidelberg, 1935); Albert Dauzat, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française 4 438 (Paris, 1938); Adolphe Hatzfeld and Arsène Darmesteter, Dictionnaire général de la langue française 6 2.1409 (Paris, 1920). De Gorog reports (fn. 9 below) that the Dictionnaire général retains the etymology in the ninth edition. Meyer-Lübke cites Thomas; the others give no reference concerning the etymon. The dictionaries of Wartburg and of Bloch and Wartburg do not include lingue.
6 Thomas 329.
7 OED 6.314.
8 Hatzfeld and Darmesteter l.xxv.
9 Ralph Paul de Gorog, The Scandinavian element in French and Norman 88 (New York, 1958).
10 Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, An Icelandic-English dictionary 2 401 (Oxford, 1957).
11 Ibid.
12 Op.cit.372.
13 OED 6.314.