^1: AiW 1509, 1288, 558. ¹I. e., that mentioned in a lost prose passage preceding this stanza. For discussion of the theory that the Gs. were originally connected by sections of prose, cf. Gdn. GIP 2.29; BGA iv-v; 3 Conf. 39-52. ² Sc. ‘you, O Ah.‘ ³ Cause. Following the suggestion of AF 2. 136, I have tried to connect the third and fourth words of the stanza as closely as possible. ⁴Tech., § 78. ⁵ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁶ Tech., § 81. ⁷ Aspect, § 27; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁸ Against AiW 1462 fin., I take as acc. pl. m., depending on the verbal adj. spmtahyā, q. v.; OCA 190 remarks that the Gs. regularly have vīspanąm in gen. pl. ⁹ Tech., § 71. ¹⁰ Aspect, § 31; subjective gen. This refers to 29.7 where Ah. through good purpose provides a protector for guš urvan-. ¹¹Means; relative used adverbially. ¹²Cf. § 84.

^2: AiW 499f., 333, 1508. ¹ For pl., § 51. ² Adj., §23. ³ Aspect, § 31; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁴ Virtue; BGA, p. n., means. Mills, Cama Mem. Vol., ed. Modi, 136, says that aša- here ‘most immediately expresses the moral idea of conscientious desert on the very score of which the supplicator makes his prayer’. ⁵ With AW, means; so, too, originally, Bthl., AF 2.137; but BGA, instr. used as subject cf.§43.6. ⁶I.e., justice.

^3: AiW 79, 50f., 1668. ¹ For pl., §51. ² Aspect, § 27; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ³ Aspect, § 31; appositive to va. ⁴ Aspect, § 22; appositive to va. ⁵ Appositive to va. ⁶ I take ahurm as antecedent, explaining the pl. as in n. 1; BGA, ‘(all) die, denen’. ⁷ Virtue. ⁸ I.e., of men, therefore a virtue. ⁹Dat. of purpose.

^4: AiW 514, 1762, 1315. ¹ Aspect, § 31; assoc., depending on haθrā. ² Objective gen., depending on ašīš-. ³ Non-tech., § 79, but equivalent to a finite verb. ⁴ Aspect, § 22; subjective gen. with ašīš ⁵ Aspect, § 27; equivalent to Paradise; objective gen., depending on aěšě.

^5: AiW 697, 1634, 1361. ¹ Virtue; means, cf. 46.2 ⁴. BGA, p. n., voc., § 56. I believe that this word completes the last sentence of the preceding stanza, because of the logical thought thus fully expressed (cf. § 28), and because adverbial kat must stand first in the sentence; cf. AiW 436, and 48.2, 50.1. ² Aspect, § 31, and, to judge by its association with gātūm, equivalent to Paradise. Because of the word-order, I take as object of vaētmnō, but BGA as object of darsānī. Cf. a similar arrangement in 28.3, where I have taken apaonrvīm with both members of the correlative phrase. ³ Tech., § 79. ⁴ Dat. for gen., Rt. § 468. ⁵ Tech., § 82. ⁶ Aspect, § 22; indirect object of sraošm, Rt. §§ 459, 467; BGA, ‘des Mazdãh’, but would sraošm govern any gen. other than the subjective, which can hardly be the meaning here? ⁷ Means. BGA, Anm., ‘dass der Gläubige des Paradieses teilhaftig wird’, which seems to support my theory of n. 1. The aspiration expressed in the first part of the present stanza cannot properly be designated as a mąθra-, but the promise begun in the last sentence of stanza 4 and finished in this stanza can be so designated. Cf. EZ 345 ³. ⁸ I assign the last sentence of this stanza and all of the next stanza to the congregation; cf. EZ 345 ⁴. ⁹ Means.

^6: AiW 494, 356, 740, 814f. ¹ Aspect, §31; means; BGA, assoc. ² Aspect, §27; means. ³ I, e., eternal, as at 31.20³. With Darm, and AW, I take with da, meaning Paradise; BGA, with rafnō. ⁴ AiW 654, emphatic particle, which BGA leaves untranslated. ⁵ Assoc. ⁶ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., §61. ⁷Cf. 28.5⁸. ⁸ Means; relative used adverbially.

^7: AiW 333, 374, 550, 335. ¹ Aspect, §27; means; BGA, voc., §56. ² zSP 6 shows that ta- points either forward, as here, or back, but that it is never the simple article; cf. BGA. ³ Aspect, § 31; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c.n. ⁴ As at 28.64. ⁵ Aspect, §37; means; BGA, voc., §57. With AW Urtext 1913. 367, I adopt the reading of K5, § 2, against -tē of AiW and NA, for this reason. There are here three consecutive sentences, each beginning with an imperative, and each containing an object. The first and third imperatives are followed by instrumentais which designate the means by which the desired action is to be achieved. For the sake of symmetry, then, I consider an instr. necessary to complete the thought of the second imperative. ⁶ -tū as in n. 4. ⁷ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁸ AiW 550 gives as hapaxlegomenon in Gs., but cf. xšyō, 31.20, and xšayō, 32.5, both of which AW 1911. 31 f., q.v., connects with this stem. ⁹ Means. ¹⁰ For pl., § 53.

^8: AiW 1288, 1795 f., 1353, 1518. ¹ I.e., vahišta- manah-, the aspect, §29. ² Aspect, §27; assoc., depending on ha-zaošm. ³ Tech., § 20. ⁴ Aspect, § 31; equivalent to Paradise; gen. of the whole, depending on vahištā understood.

^9: AiW 1669 f., 1237, 1691 f. ¹ For pl., §51. ² Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. For significance of position, § 60. ³ Aspect, § 27; appositive to va, i.e., acc., and so, originally, Bthl., AF 3.29; BGA, voc., § 60. ⁴Means. ⁵ Aspect, § 31; same construction as ašn. ⁶ For pl., § 51. ⁷ Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise. Against BGA, I take as connected by -čă with īšō, both being objects of zvīštyaŋhō. ⁸ I take as gen. : objective with īšō, and subjective with xšaθrm.

^10: AiW 351 f., 329, 1869. ¹ Includes a reference to Z's congregation, which is addressed directly in pāda 5. ² Virtue. ³ Tech., §74. ⁴ Virtue, objective gen., depending on dāθng, cf. § 74. ⁵ Adj., § 23. ⁶ Means. ⁷ Cf. Baunack 353 and zSP 57, for emphatic use of v here. ⁸ I believe that Z here addresses his congregation, and take this pronoun as dat. of advantage, depending on asūnā. This interpretation makes it unnecessary to take this form as ablatival, as does AiW 1869, s. v. x^varaiθya-, n. 1.

^11: AiW 886, 1575, 929. ¹ Cause, adverbial. ² Virtue. ³ Adj., §23. ⁴ Equivalent to aspect (vaŋhuš) manaŋhō; gen. for abl., depending on hačā. Because of the word-order, I take this phrase as a modifier of vaočahe, rather than of frō sīšā, as does BGA. ⁵ Means. ⁶ Means, depending on ā, AiW 302 med. I have adopted the interpretation of EZ 346⁴ for this line, but cf. zSP 36, and AW for a suggestive alternative. ⁷ Cf. EZ, 1. c.

^1: AiW 516, 795, 1800, 649, 1413, 1560. ¹ For pl., § 52. Abruptness of opening suggests preceding prose passage; cf. 28.1 ¹. ²Cf. § 84. ³ I have adopted Bthl.'s earlier interpretation here, AF 3 .23, as being more in harmony with my theory as to the whole yasna, q. v., § 84. ⁴ Dat. of possession. ⁵ M.g. for MS aθā; so AW Urtext.

^2: AiW 55, 1498, 552, 794, 1382, 35. ¹ Tech., § 70. ² Aspect, §27. ³ I follow AF 3 . 30, rather than BGA. ⁴ I take dātā as in AF 3 . 31. ⁵ I take as a generalization of the specific ratuš, believing this to be a possible explanation of the otherwise puzzling change from sg. tōi to pl. dātā xšayantō. ⁶ Against BGA, I take as the noun of agency, rather than as the abstract noun. Two factors are necessary to the prosperity of the herd, the existence of the herder and the establishment of the industry, i.e., gaodāyō θwaxšō. ⁷ Against BGA, I take as the common adverb, AiW 417, referring to the desire of the herd-soul expressed in the last line of stanza 1. ⁸C.n.;cf. § 19. ⁹ Tech., § 26; assoc.

^3: AiW 1566, 1445, 322, 467. ¹ Virtue; cause; BGA, p. n., instr. used as subject. The idea here seems to be that, since herding is not yet firmly established and recognized, there is no one to engage in it from a sense of duty, i.e., ašā; cf. § 28. But the herd, typifying those who suffer from the nomads, cf. § 84, may look for help from Ah. under his aspect of justice, hence the promise in the last stanza. ² I.e., Ah., who speaks under the aspect of justice throughout this stanza and the next. ³ In the symbolic terminology of this yasna, this stands for men in general, but can be taken as meaning the nomads. ⁴ Assoc.; relative used adverbially. ⁵ Assoc.

^4: AiW 1569, 1438, 271 f. ¹ Aspect, §22. ² Tech., §73; means. ³ Means. ⁴ Tech., §20.

^5: AiW 1016, 633, 228, 688, 979. ¹ Assoc. ² Aspect, §22. ³ AiW 1002 takes this form as used for instr., and Rt. § 428 explains -byō for -bīš as syncretism. AiW, 1. c., connects the word with sāh-, ibid. 1574 f., ‘teach’, compounded with frā-, ‘publish’. I have retained the literal mg., explaining the construction as dat. of purpose. AW, ‘zu Anordnungen ‘. ⁴ Tech., § 26.

^6: AiW 11, 1346, 1478, 281, 798. ¹ Adj., §23. ² Non-tech., § 79. ³ Means. ⁴ Virtue; cf. 29.3 ¹. ⁵ I. e., guš tašan-, cf. § 70.

^7: AiW 343, 1796, 724. ¹ I believe that Z here concludes an explanatory interpolation, resuming the symbolic narrative in line 3; cf. § 84. The demonstrative suggests a preceding prose passage; cf. BGA, Anm., and 28.1 ¹. ²Tech., § 20. ³ Aspect, §27; assoc. ⁴ Aspect, § 22; appositive to ahurō. ⁵ Tech., §81. ⁶ Means. ⁷ Dat. of possession. ⁸ Aspect, § 31; means; BGA, instr. used as voc., § 56. ⁹ Alter AW, dat. of advantage.

^8: AiW 1315, 1574, 582, 1826. ¹ I.e., under the aspect of good purpose. ² So Gray, JAOS 21.2.115. ³ For pl., § 53. ⁴ For pl., § 51. ⁵ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁶ Aspect, § 27; dat. of advantage; BGA, dat. as gen. ⁷ So Gray, 1. c., against BGA. Certainly the duties of man, rather than the thoughts of Ah., are the main theme of Z's discourses.

^9: AiW 1492, 554, 1381, 269, 1686. ¹ I.e., Z.

^10: AiW 39, 1524, 1320. ¹ For pl., § 52. Against 3 Conf. 50, and other translators, I take this stanza as a continuation of the herd-soul's address to Ah., begun in stanza 9, but, with others, I assume the loss of a connecting piece of prose. Finding the appointed protector unsatisfactory, it appeals to Ah. for the gifts which shall make Z's task easier for him. ² I.e., the cattle; dat. of advantage. ³ Virtue; means; BGA, p.n., voc., § 56. ⁴ Virtue. ⁵ Virtue; means; BGA, p.n., voc., § 56. ⁶ Means. ⁷ I.e., Z. ⁸ Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., §61.

^11: AiW 472, 1659, 176, 1519. ¹ Z, having concluded the symbolic narrative, cf. § 84, makes a practical application of its lesson in appealing to the people to accept him as their religious teacher. ² Virtue, cf. 29. 10^{3, 4,5}. ³ Against BGA, I take as emphatic particle, AiW 1097 med. ⁴ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁵ Tech., § 76. ⁶Cf. Skt. prati-jānāti, MW 665c. ⁷ Means; BGA, voc., §60. ⁸ Acc. of goal. ⁹Here, as at 31.1, 32.1, 46.15, 46.18, 51.19, we have an indication that Z had associates, or helpers, in his missionary labors. For mg., §65.

^1: AiW 1161, 1834. ¹ So Gdn., BB 12.93. ² Tech., § 79. ³ Dat. of indirect object, depending on implied verb of offering. For my interpretation of the word-order, cf. 28.5². ⁴ Virtue; subjective gen.; Darm. 220³: ‘récitées dans un esprit de piété‘; BGA, p.n., objective gen., depending on yesnyā. ⁵ Means. ⁶ Virtue; cause; cf. 28.5 ¹; BGA, p. n., assoc. ⁷ Assoc.

^2: AiW 486, 1581 f., 1437, 1568 f. ¹ Means. ² Assoc. ³ I take as objective gen., depending on manaŋhā, following, in part, the explanation given by Haug 1.98; BGA connects with vāhištā.

^3: AiW 1291 f., 45, 757. ¹ Tech., §78. ² With Bleeck-Spiegel, AF 2.120, Gray JAOS 21.2.121, Gdn. Lb. 324, I take the relative as articular, thus leaving the finite verb free for use in the main clause; BGA, Antri., finds the main verb lacking. ³ Means. ⁴ Nom, dual, Jn. Av. Gr. § 395. ⁵ Tech., §83.

^4: AiW 501, 54, 81. ¹ Tech., §78. ² Tech., § 26. ³ Aspect, §31; equivalent to Paradise; so Gdn. Lb. 324. Cf. EZ 349⁴ for criticism of BGA ‘Aufenthalt’.

^5: AiW 1360 f., 1394, 558. ¹ Tech., §78. ² Tech., §26. ³Virtue;so Gdn. Lb. 324; BGA, p.n. ⁴Tech., §81. ⁵ Means. ⁶ Aspect, § 22; appositive to ahurm.

^6: AiW 441, 322, 1360, 926. ¹ Tech., §73. ² Cf. 32.5 for an allusion to this incident. ³ Cf. § 29. ⁴ Means.

^7: AiW 495, 359, 159. ¹ I.e., the man who has chosen rightly. ² Virtue; assoc.; BGA, instr. used as subject of . My literal translation of the instr. is here supported by that of 3 Conf. 64; cf. also § 12²⁴. ³ I take khrp- here merely as meaning man in bodily form, i.e., in the present life, therefore in need of the perseverance which comes from piety. Cf. 51.17, where khrp- seems to be equivalent to ‘person’. ⁴ Virtue; BGA, p.n. ⁵ I.e., those who have chosen wrongly. ⁶I.e., Ah.'s. As 3 Conf. 64 points out, there seems to have been a prose passage between this stanza and the preceding one. The use of aēšąm and tōt without expressed antecedents can hardly be explained otherwise. ⁷ Means.

^8: AiW 429, 1568. ¹ As at 30.7⁵. ²Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ³ For sg., § 50. Dat. for gen. ⁴ Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise; BGA 129, s. v. Reich, c.n., with same significance. ⁵ Aspect, §31; means; BGA, instr. used as subject of vōivīdāitī (-ē), q.v. ⁶Middle used as passive, Rt. §614. Cf. AW Urtext 1909.46. I follow here the reading of J2 and K5, § 2, against NA and AiW 1319 med. ⁷ Dat. of advantage. ⁸ Virtue; dat. of reference; BGA, p.n. Cf. 48.1 for another allusion to this event. ⁹ Tech., § 26.

^9: AiW 275, 1006, 1190, 1762. ¹ So Jn. Av. Reader 81, ‘in the Biblical sense’. ² Aspect, § 22; nom. pl. in dvandva compound with ahuraŋhō; BGA, voc. ³ Tech., §20. ⁴ Aspect, § 27; nom. pl. in dvandva compound with mazdasčā dhurŋhō as its first member, cf. n. 2; a plural compound with two -čā's, similar to the Vedic dual compound pitárā mātdrāca, quoted by Debrunner, Glotta 15.15. ⁵ Tech., §75. Cf. EZ 351 ³ for 'at home '.

^10: AiW 1612, 1229, 1795. ¹ Tech., § 26. ² Aspect, § 31. ³ Aspect, § 22. ⁴ Aspect, § 27.

^11: AiW 1552, 367, 1516, 417. ¹ Adj., §23. ² So AiW 367 fin., s.v. intay-, n. 3. ³ Tech., § 26. ⁴ Tech., § 80. ⁵ I.e., the present life; assoc., depending on aipī, in petrified adverbial phrase.

^1: AiW 1543, 49, 1145 f., 1400, 1702. ¹ As described in 30.11, which this yasna appears to follow without interruption of thought. ² Dat. of indirect object, depending on verbal idea implied in urvātā. In spite of Jn. A Hymn 19 and BGA Anni., this stanza seems to me to be addressed to the congregation; cf. n. 1, and 31.2³. ³ Cause. ⁴Tech., §26. ⁵ Virtue, gen. being equivalent to adj. modifying gaēθa; BGA, p.n. ⁶Adj., § 23; dat. depending on zrazda, Rt. § 466.

^2: AiW 91, 1544, 361, 502. ¹ Cause, after Jn. A Hymn 22; AiW 308 fin. takes as adverb. ² So AiW 1544, s.v. ³ I.e., the congregation. ⁴ AiW 1248 med. compares, for mg., with Lat. qualis. ⁵ Adj., § 23. ⁶Means, used adverbially; antecedent is clause having āyōi as its verb. ⁷ Virtue. ⁸Z here identifies himself with his hearers.

^3: AiW 1523, 1535, 1446, 1815, 1361. ¹ Acc. sg. f., attracted from neu. pl. to gender and number of its predicate noun xšnūtm, AiW 1201 fin. and note 11. ² Tech., § 78; means. ³ Means. ⁴ Aspect, §27; means. ⁵ As at 31.2⁸. ⁶ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁷ Means. ⁸ Means; antecedent is tat.

^4: AiW 1655, 28, 1420. ¹ Aspect, § 27. ² Aspect, § 22; nom. pl. as at 30.9², in dvandva compound with ahuraŋhō. ³ Tech., § 20; cf. n. 2. ⁴ With BGA, I take as dual, but as of a c.n., and not as in a dvandva compound as in AiW 242 fin. The meaning of the passage seems to be that Z invokes both the divine assistance and the incentives of reward and punishment, to aid his own good purpose in attaining the necessary influence for the success of his mission. ⁵ Aspect, § 37; means; BGA, nom. dual in dvandva compound with aši-, n. 4. ⁶I take, with AW 1911.18, as 1st sg. subjunctive active; BGA, as imperative addressed to vahištā manaŋhā, q.v. ⁷ Virtue; cause; BGA, instr. used as voc., §56. ⁸ I.e., ‘influence’, as prophet and teacher, cf. n. 4; virtue. ⁹Means. ¹⁰ PL as at 31.2⁸. ¹¹ Tech., §26.

^5: AiW 1437, 1405, 356, 271. ¹ Virtue; cause; BGA, p.n., voc., § 56. ² I take as 3rd sg. imperfect middle, used as passive, Rt. § 614; BGA, 2nd pl. imperfect active. Either form is to be explained by assuming an extension from the active sg. of the strong form of the root, cf. dantē 48.11, dāmā 34.3, dātā (3rd pl.) 44.20, and I can see no reason for changing the number of the person addressed. ³ After AW 1911.19, virtue; means; BGA, p.n., voc., § 56. ⁴ I follow the sense, although not the exact wording, of Jn. A Hymn 29. ⁵ Adj., § 23.

^6: AiW 270, 143, 1337. ¹ Ethical dat. ² Tech., §79. ³ Articular relative, Rt. § 749. ⁴ Tech., § 66; objective gen., depending on mąθrn. ⁵ Virtue; subjective gen., modifying the genitives in n. 4; BGA, p.n., possessive gen. ⁶Adj., § 23. I take as dat. of advantage; BGA, dat. as gen. The thought of this stanza seems to be that he who preaches the ‘ sacred-word’ attains two ends, i.e., a reward for himself and dominion for Ah. Cf. the Christian expression ‘for the glory of God and the salvation of one's soul’. ⁷ Aspect, § 34; nom., subject of aŋhat to be supplied from line 1; BGA, nom. in apposition with vahištom. ⁸ I.e., for Ah. under the aspect of wisdom. ⁹ I.e., the initiate. ¹⁰ Virtue; means; BGA, instr. used as subject of vaxšat.

^7: AiW 1528, 736, 1337, 1089. ¹ Neu. pl., lit. :‘these (things)‘. ² Means. ³ I.e., Paradise. ⁴ Tech., § 71; means. ⁵ Virtue, i.e., the quality to be possessed by man; BGA, p.n. ⁶ Means; BGA, acc. pl. neu., object of dārayat. ⁷ Virtue, i.e., the quality to be possessed by man; BGA, nom., subject of dārayat. ⁸ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁹ Tech., § 78; means. ¹⁰ Tech., § 20; assoc, depending on hamō; for construction, cf. Skt. ² samá, MW 1152a.

^8: AiW 1280, 905, 583, 736, 293. ¹ Lit. : ‘the first’ and 'the youngest ', i.e., the latest; cf. in Old Testament, Is. 41.4, 44.6, 48.12; in New Testament, Apoc. 1.8, 2.8, 21.6. ² Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ³ Means. ⁴ Figurative, equivalent to 'creator', cf. 44.4. ⁵ Virtue, as at 31.7⁷; BGA, p.n. ⁶ Means. ⁷ Virtue, as at 31.7 ⁵; BGA, p.n. ⁸C.n., §19. ⁹ For an explanation of this pāda, cf. Jn. A Hymn 35.

^9: AiW 645, 843, 363. ¹ Aspect, §37. ² Tech., §70. ³ Tech., §71. ⁴ Tech., §78. ⁵ Adj., § 23. ⁶ I.e., the cow, specifically, here.

^10: AiW 1361 f., 1029, 1834. ¹ Nom. sg. f. ¹ha-, AiW 1718 init., s v. Jn. A Hymn 37 f., q.v., objects to translating hī as subject of fravartā, on logical, as well as on formal, grounds, arguing that Yasna 29 shows guš urvan- to be absolutely dependent on guš tašan-. If, however, my interpretation of Yasna 29, § 84, be correct, such complete dependence lasts only until the coming of Z. Then, with free choice between good and evil laid before guš urvan-, i.e., the pastoral community, it makes its own decision as described in this stanza, and assumes full responsibility for its conduct here, and destiny hereafter. ²I.e., herder and non-herder, cf. stanza 9. ³ Reflexive use of demonstrative; cf. ahyā, 48.4 ⁵. ⁴ C.n., § 19. ⁵ Tech., § 26. ⁶ Virtue; objective gen., depending on fšnghīm. ⁷Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., §55. ⁸EZ 353 ⁵ compares etymologically and semantically with .

^11: AiW 665, 215, 1371. ¹ Against AiW 1072, s.v., I believe that this ethical dat. makes a very definite contribution to the sense of the passage. ² Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ³ Tech., §72; here representing the spiritual world in contrast to the material, indicated by gaēθas-. ⁴ I.e., vohū manaŋhā. Aspect, § 31; assoc. ⁵ Tech., § 71.

^12: AiW 206, 348, 1692, 1107. ¹ Tech., §79. ² Cause. ³Tech., § 29, but indeterminate as to good or bad; cause. ⁴ Virtue. ⁵ Non-tech., § 78; assoc. ⁶Tech., § 75. Cf. Jn. A Hymn 42, for another interpretation.

^13: AiW 1000, 21, 583. ¹ Means. ² Aspect, § 22; means; BGA omits. ³ Objective gen., depending on būjim. ⁴AiW 583 med., s.v. čšman-, explains as loc. sg. used for instr. (means), therefore modified by instr. of adj. θwisrā. ⁵ Aspect, § 27; means.

^14: AiW 148, 733, 1770. ¹ Tech., § 26. ²Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., §55. ³ I.e., the claims, nom. pl. f.

^15: AiW 1107, 1782, 611, 62. ¹ Antecedent of yā, attracted from the acc. by its position in the relative clause. ² Tech., § 26. ³ Virtue. ⁴ Gen. for abl., depending on hanar. ⁵ Abl. for gen., cf. 46.5 ³, 51.14³.

^16: AiW 983, 797. ¹ BGA, Anm., ‘der rechte Prophet, Z’, but this stanza sounds very much like a prayer, which was to receive its answer in the conversion of Vīshtāspa. ²Tech., § 83. ³ Aspect, § 34; BGA, c.n. ⁴ Virtue; means; BGA, p.n. ⁵ For mg., §64. ⁶ Adj., §23.

^17: AiW 1361, 1316, 760, 982. ¹ My translation of this line follows closely, although not literally, that of AW 1911.25. ² Tech., §26. ³ Tech., § 79. ⁴ Cf. AW, l.c., and OCA 191. ⁵ Adj., § 23. ⁶ Virtue.

^18: AiW 1574, 752, 1628, 1569. ¹ Tech., §26; subjective gen., i.e., coming from the lips of the wicked man. ² Whatever idea of sacredness was connoted by this word must have been purely subjective, since it is certainly used here in a pejorative sense. Cf. however the traditional interpretation, Darm. 232⁶⁸, Haug Essays 353, as the Av. when quoted by the wicked. This is the only place in the Gs. where mąθra- is the possession of the drgvant-, AiW 1177, s.v. ³ Means.

^19: AiW 285, 551 f., 1443. ¹ I. e., the indefinite čiš at the beginning of stanza 18. ² Virtue; BGA, p.n. ³ I.e., Z, as at 44.2 ⁸, 44.16⁴. So ZPAI 79. ⁴ Tech., § 79. ⁵ I.e., for fulfilling promises made now, BGA, Anm. ⁶ Means. ⁷ Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., §61. ⁸The objective gen., depending on vīdātā, seems to replace the more natural dat. of the indirect object, which is used in the otherwise identical expression in 47.6.

^20: AiW 747, 333, 755, 168, 1042. ¹ Tech., § 26; here Z, BGA, Anm. ² In the translation of this pāda, I follow AW 1911.27, q.v., especially 31, Anm. ³ EZ 354 ³, ‘no doubt means eternity, but the adj. is not decisive’. ⁴So Jn., A Hymn 54. ⁵ So zSP 7. ⁶ Tech., § 26. ⁷ Cause. ⁸ Tech., §72,

^21: AiW 1391, 1877, 1537. ¹ Adj., § 23. ²Tech., § 66; objective gen., depending on sarō; BGA, p.n. ³ Virtue; for construction, cf. n. 2. ⁴ Cf. n. 3. ⁵ Gen. depends on vazdvar. ⁶ Cf. n. 3. ⁷I.e., Ah. ⁸ Non-tech., §78; spec. ⁹ Spec.

^22: AiW 1314, 1764, 213. ¹ Tech., §83. ² Tech., §79. ³ l.e., vohū manaŋhā; virtue; cause; BGA, ‘in seinem Sinn ‘. ⁴ I. e., power for good; virtue; assoc. ⁵ Virtue; BGA, p.n. ⁶Means. ⁷ Adj., §23.

^1: AiW 1545, 1859, 1125, 738. ¹ Subjective gen.; the use of -čā suggests a preceding prose passage, cf. 28.1 ¹. ² Assoc, depending on mat. 3 Tech., § 73. I take this to be a substantival use of the adj. which occurs in LAv., AiW 670, and which here describes the nomads, or non-herders. That they desired salvation appears from 31.10, BGA takes as voc. pl., but cf. § 61. ⁴ Conditional loc., Rt. §516. ⁵ Adj., §23. ⁶I take as infinitive, found also at 34.11 ¹², q. v.; BGA, nom. pl. possessive adj. ⁷ I. e., Z and companions, cf. 29.11 ⁹.

^2: AiW 1563, 1361. ¹ I.e., the people. ² Adj., §23. ³ Virtue; assoc., depending on sārmnō; BGA, p.n. ⁴ Aspect, § 34; cf. EZ 355 ⁵. For hačā as equivalent to Lat. per, AiW 1749 med. ⁵ For sg., § 48, d. δ. ⁶ Virtue; assoc., depending on huš. haxā; BGA,p.n. ⁷ Tech., § 81. ⁸ Virtue. ⁹ For pl., § 52.

^3: AiW 45, 1164, 761. ¹ Tech., § 73. I take as nom. against BGA, voc. ² Tech., § 29. ³ I take in the indefinite sense defined by zSP 35; BGA, as referring to Grehma, but the latter is first mentioned by name in stanza 12, and a reference to him here seems unduly obscure. ⁴ Tech., § 26. ⁵ Cause. ⁶Gdn., Lb. 324⁸, ‘Dem mittleren Teil der Erde, auf dem die Menschen wohnen ‘.

^4: AiW 1166, 672, 1581, 1055. ¹ Means; petrified as adverb. ²Tech., § 73. On the significance of this term, cf. EZ 138. ³ Virtue; gen. for abl., depending on sīždyamnā. ⁴ Adj., § 23. ⁵ Tech., § 71. ⁶ Virtue; abl. depending on nasyantō.

^5: AiW 1822, 550 f. ¹ Means. ²Tech., §66; gen. depending on ' dab-, AiW 679 f., s.v. ³ Assoc. ⁴ Articular use of relative, zSP 26 f. ⁵ Tech., §73. ⁶ I follow here the emendation of AW Urtext 1913. 379, for MS -čā. ⁷ Tech., § 78. ⁸I.e., the wrong choice described in 30.6, which, to judge by this passage, was inspired by the evil spirit, which sent a delusion upon them. ⁹ Cause. ¹⁰ Tech., § 26. ¹¹ Equivalent to ' you have been able to '; not so BGA. Cf. 28.7 ⁸ for further comment on this word.

^6: AiW 1645 f., 1802, 722. ¹ Subject is drgvant- of preceding stanza ² Means. ³ I take as 3rd sg. present indicative active of denominative to sravah-, against AiW 1645 f., which takes as infinitive. ⁴ Means. I follow AW Urtext 1913. 379, in reading as two syllables, and in omitting the following word, m.g. ⁵ To attain metrical correctness, and to avoid, at the same time, dividing the compound hātā. marānē, I have rearranged the word-order in this line; BGMT rearranges differently. ⁶ Aspect, § 31; means; BGA, c.n. ⁷ I follow J2 and K5, § 2, as well as Jpi, in reading vī for v of NA and AiW 722. This change harmonizes with the usage of anticipating the prefix, cf. vīdąm in next pāda. ⁸ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., §55. ⁹ Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c.n. ¹⁰ Aspect, § 27; equivalent to Paradise; loc., so AF 2.182, and so too, apparently, AW Urtext 1913. 381, q.v.; BGA, dat. for gen.

^7: AiW 40, 608, 1529. ¹ Tech., § 79. ² Cause. ³ For tāiš yā srāvī, the relative being attracted into the case of its antecedent. For similar attraction in Gk., cf. Goodwin's Gk. Gr., 1895, § 1034. ⁴ Aorist passive, Rt. § 256. ⁵ Means. ⁶ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁷ Non-tech., § 79.

^8: AiW 1300, 1866, 1437. ¹ Against BGA, I follow EZ 356⁷ in keeping as a neu., and classify the gen. as predicate. ² Cf. 32.7⁴. ³ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55.

^9: AiW 1150, 1263, 516. ¹ I.e., of the good religion. ² With Darm 239³², I understand this as a collective, equivalent to ‘the living’, i.e., men. Any religion which did not provide the right teaching about right and wrong, reward and punishment, would, from the Zoroastrian point of view, either destroy or nullify the proper use of the will. ³ Means. ⁴ Tech., § 71. ⁵ Aspect, § 31; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c.n. The unmistakable sign that man's will has been weakened by false teaching is his loss of desire for future bliss. ⁶ Non-tech., § 78. ⁷ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁸ Aspect, §27. ⁹ For pl., §51.

^10: AiW 1150, 1325, 732, 1346, 1345. ¹ The duš. sastiš of stanza 9, a term which, to judge by pāda 5, stands for the nomad raider, the adherent of the old religion. Cf. EZ 357 ¹. ² Means. ³ Tech., § 74. ⁴Tech., §26.

^11: AiW 1150, 76, 1518. ¹ Tech., §26. ²Means, used adverbially, AiW 1156 fin. ³ Rt., Av. Reader 195, explains this relative clause as causal. ⁴Tech., § 26. ⁵ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁶ Virtue; gen. for abl.

^12: AiW 1517 f., 45, 1542, 530. ¹ Means. ² Means, attracted into the relative clause; implied antecedent was causal. ³ Adj., § 23. ⁴ Again, the nomad raiders; cf. 32.10 ¹. ⁵ Assoc. ⁶ Means. ⁷ EZ 357 ³. ⁸ Virtue; used in contrast to Grehma, a representative of wickedness; abl. of comparison depending on var-, Rt. § 478. ⁹ Middle as passive. ¹⁰Tech., § 69. ¹¹ Virtue. ¹²Tech., § 26.

^13: AiW 1771, 1147, 516, 697. ¹ I.e., that of 32.12 ¹¹. ² Virtue; means; so zSP 44; BGA, acc. pl. ³I.e., hell, cf. vohu- (or vahiša-) manah- as ‘Paradise ‘, § 31 .b). 2). ⁴ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁵ In the capacity of judge, ratu-; EZ 160 f. ⁶ Only occurrence of this form. AiW 697 med. takes as infinitive, but I follow Rt. Av. Reader 196 ¹ in taking it as a noun, thus accounting for the case of ašahyā, q.v. ⁷ Aspect, § 27; equivalent to Paradise; objective gen., depending on darsāt.

^14: AiW 345, 1327, 603, 1549. ¹ I.e., Z; objective gen., depending on ā hōiθōi. ² Tech., §69. ³ Tech., §71. ⁴ NA has varca hīčā. ⁵ Tech., § 26. ⁶ The Haoma; cf. BGA, Anm.

^15: AiW 455, 611, 934. ¹ Cause, depending on ā in an adverbial phrase, AiW 122 med. ² Prophetically; so, apparently, BGA. ³ Articular use of relative, Rt. § 749. ⁴ Tech., § 69. ⁵ Means. ⁶I.e., karapan and kavi, who will go to the place of punishment. ⁷ Aspect, § 31; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c.n.

^16: AiW 1630, 551, 1800. ¹ The first two pādas have never been satisfactorily translated, and Bthl., AiW 1630 med., s.v. syas, considers the text corrupt; cf. Baunack 463.6. ² Adj., § 23. ³Cf. 48.9, Pāda 4, and AiW 763 init., s.v. dvaēθā-. ⁴ Tech., § 26.

^1: AiW 1515, 1190. ¹ Assoc. ²EZ ‘the present’; cf.28.11⁷. ³ I.e., Z, cf. 31.2, 32.13 ⁵. ⁴ Means. ⁵ Tech., §26. ⁶Tech., §26. ⁷ For comment on this line, AiW 1190 med., s.v. myas-, note; BGA, Anm.; EZ 175 f.

^2: AiW 1685, 428, 1411. ¹ Tech., § 26. ² Means. ³ This pāda lacks one syllable. BGMT replaces loc. vaŋhāu with acc. vaŋhāvm. While this change does not alter the mg., it seems unnecessary, since the final diphthong of vaŋhāu can be read as two syllables. ⁴ Cf. 46.5. ⁵ Aspect, § 22; objective gen., depending on zaošē; BGA, with ahurahyā.

^3: AiW 1859, 794, 1414. ¹ Tech., § 26. ² I take as nom. dual indvandva compound, disjunctive, as in Skt., WSG § 1252b, but with disjunctive particles expressed. AiW 198 fin., 1859 med., takes as instr. used as subject. ³ Nom. sg., inserted parenthetically in dual dvandva compound, perhaps because of the comparative unimportance of this class. ⁴ AiW 1859 med., s.v. x^vaētav-, reads vā vā, but NA gives no MS authority for it. ⁵ Assoc. ⁶ Aspect, § 31; cf. 30.10. ⁷ I.e., the dwelling, a natural metaphor in the speech of a pastoral community.

^4: AiW 1277, 1425, 1038, 1135 f. ¹ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., §55. ² Cf. §29. ³ Tech., §26.

^5: AiW 174, 71, 352 f. ¹ Dat. of advantage; BGA, gen., modifying ² Lit. : ‘all-greatest’. ³ Tech., § 82; BGA, p.n. ⁴Tech. term for final triumph of good over evil; cf. n. 3, and BGA 129, s.v. Schlusswerk, and 132, s.v. Vollendung, ⁵ EZ ‘eternal life’, cf. 31.20³. ⁶ Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c.n. ⁷Aspect, §31; equivalent to Paradise; subjective gen. ⁸Virtue; abl. of cause; AiW 301 fin., s.v. ā, abl. of goal, depending on ā. ⁹ Adj., §23. ¹⁰ Cf. 28.5.

^6: AiW 462, 700. ¹ Virtue; means; BGA, p.n.;cf. 33.5⁸. ² AiW 1844 fin., s v., used in sense of relative. ³ Non-tech., § 78; virtue; gen. tor abl., depending on ā, AiW 301 med., s.v. ā. ⁴ Assoc. ⁵ Means; antecedent is manaŋhā. ⁶Middle as passive. ⁷ Against BGA, but with Gdn., BB 15.249, I take as instr. of cause, used adverbially, the neu. sg. demonstrative having, as its antecedents, the series of adj. clauses beginning in stanza 4, line 1. ⁸ Gen., depending on izyā, cf. 49.3⁶; BGA, possessive gen., modifying tā. ⁹ NA has izyāi. ¹⁰ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55.

^7: AiW 699(sic!), 857, 1519. ¹ For pl., § 51. ²Means, used adverbially, or, possibly, an abl. which has lost the -t. ³ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., §55. ⁴Aspect, § 27; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁵ Aspect, § 31; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁶ Means; the antecedent is the imperative clause. ⁷Tech., § 76.

^8: AiW 195, 1304, 1590, 386. ¹For pl., § 51. ²Aspect, § 31; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ³ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA omits. ⁴ For pl. stem-form, § 51; for mg., § 65; objective gen., depending on yasnm. ⁵ Aspect, § 27; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁶I take as 3rd sg., middle as passive; BGA, 2nd pl. active. ⁷ For pl., § 51; subjective gen. ⁸Tech., § 66; subject of dātā; BGA, p.n., voc., §61. ⁹ I take as nom. sg. neu., adj., cf. § 68, modifying draonō, q.v.; BGA, ace ¹⁰I take as nom. sg. neu. s-stem (in apposition with amrtas.. . haurvatās taken collectively); BGA, acc., object of dātā, q.v.

^9: AiW 1567, 1107, 1801. ¹ Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ²Non-tech., §.78; i.e., that mentioned at 33.6³, q. v. ³ I.e., welfare and immortality, desire for which is an incentive to justice. ⁴I.e., draonō of the preceding stanza; assoc. ⁵ Tech., § 75; I take as nom.; BGA, as instr., and in the sense of ‘reformation ‘; cf. EZ 360 ². ⁶ Virtue; cause; BGA, p.n., instr. used as subject, § 12.

^10: AiW 1821, 931, 924, 1337. ¹ Miswriting for vīspas tōi, AiW 790, s.v. ¹θwa-, with note. Adj. modifies hujīlayō, a hanging nom. ² Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ³ Virtue; spec; BGA, p.n., means.

^11: AiW 1576, 1014, 321. ¹ Used in sense of relative, as at 33.6². ² Aspect, § 22. ³ Aspect, §37. ⁴ Aspect, §27. ⁵ Aspect, § 31. ⁶ Aspect, § 34. ⁷ For pl., § 53. ⁸ NA has ādāi. BGMT reads ādayāi, m.g., but AiW 321 ink., s.v., queries the dat., stating in a note that the loc. is expected. At any rate, the noun has the forms of the ā-class, not of the root-class. I have emended to loc. on the analogy of grīvaya, Rt. § 367; cf. ašāi 32.6 ¹⁰. ⁹ NA has kahyāičīt.

^12: AiW 183, 649, 321, 1799, 1027. ¹ Aspect, § 37; means. ²Tech., §68. ³ Tech., § 81. ⁴Tech., § 78; means. ⁵ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 61. ⁶ Aspect. § 27; means. ⁷ Aspect, § 31; means.

^13: AiW 1430, 92, 676. ¹For pl., § 53. ² Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise. ³ Virtue; objective gen., depending on ašiš. ⁴ Tech., §81. ⁵ Virtue, personified; BGA, p.n. ⁶ Virtue; spec.; BGA, p.n. ⁷ Tech., §72.

^14: AiW 1520, 872, 543. ¹ Aspect, §22. ² Aspect, §27. ³ Virtue; equivalent to ‘ influence’, cf. § 33.

^1: AiW 744 f., 544, 701. ¹ Cause. ²Tech., § 66; acc., depending on verbal noun daŋhā. ³ Aspect, § 27; equivalent to Paradise; acc., depending on verbal noun daŋhā; BGA, c.n. ⁴ Dat. for gen., Rt. § 468. Cf. EZ 361 ¹ for departure from BGA. NA has taēibyō. ⁵ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁶ Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise; acc., depending on verbal noun daŋhā. ⁷ Tech., $66. ⁸ I.e., of deed, word, worship, cf. line 1. ⁹ Dat. of possession. ¹⁰ Cause.

^2: AiW 864, 1740. ¹ I.e., immortality, justice, and dominion of welfare, cf. stanza 1. ² So AiW 790 med., s.v. ¹θwa- II, 5a; BGA omits. For sg., § 50. ³ I take as aspect, § 31, supplying vohū, as at 31.11⁴; assoc.; BGA, c.n. ⁴ Nontech., § 78, as at 33.9², and, as there, referring to that of 33.6³, q.v.; subjective gen. NA has mainyuščā vaŋhuš. ⁵ For pl., §51. ⁶ Tech., §81. ⁷ Because of the allusion to 33.6³ which I see in mainyuš, cf. n. 4, I take as standing for Z, so AiW 864, s.v. pairigaēθa-, n. 1, but also as the type, or representative, of his followers; BGA, Anm., takes as collective. ⁸ Cause; BGA, as object of dātā. ⁹ Aspect, § 27; means. ¹⁰ For pl. stem-form, § 51; for mg., § 65; objective gen., depending on stūtąm. ¹¹Aspect, § 22; means. ¹²Means.

^3: AiW 713, 800, 185. ¹ Assoc. ² Aspect, § 27; indirect object, coordinate with tõi. ³ Virtue. ⁴ Means; antecedent is ; NA has y. ⁵ I take as 3rd sg. s-aorist middle, Rt. § 273, used as injunctive passive, with subject implied from myazdm; BGA, as 2nd pl. active. ⁶ Virtue; cause; BGA, p.n., means. ⁷ Tech., § 83. ⁸Temporal adverb, Rt. § 455. ⁹ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ¹⁰Z here addresses people; for mg., § 65. ¹¹Tech., § 80.

^4: AiW 588, 40, 1686. ¹ Aspect, § 27; means. ² NA has -īm. ³ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁴Cause.

^5: AiW 376, 1740, 805, 538. ¹Dat. of possession; for pl., § 51. ²Aspect, § 34; BGA, c.n. ⁵ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁴For pl., § 51. NA has vā. ⁵ Aspect, §27; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁶ Aspect, § 31; means; BGA, instr. used as voc., § 56. ⁷ For pl. stem-form, § 51. ⁸ The only occurrence of this combination, AiW 1331 fin. Because it seems more in harmony wih what precedes and follows, than does BGA's ‘Losgesagt haben wir uns’, I have followed the interpretation of Gray, JAOS 21.2.130, which is based on the traditional rendering, cf. Darm, and Mills. ⁹ With Gray, l.c., I follow the reading of NA, against AiW vā. For pl., § 51. ¹⁰Tech., § 73; appositive to xrafstrāiš, q.v. ¹¹ Spec. ¹² Appositive to xrafstrāiš, q.v.

^6: AiW 1761, 1107, 1543. ¹ I.e., as represented in last line of stanza 5. ² For pl., § 51. ³ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁴ Aspect, §27; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁵ Aspect, § 31; means; BGA, voc., §56. ⁶Tech., § 75. I here avoid the syntactic difficulty pointed out by EZ 362 ¹. The latter's rendering seems inconsistent with his criticism of BGA at 360 ².

^7: AiW 195, 1315, 576, 137, 804. ¹ I take as nom. pl. m. of ta-, antecedent of yōi in pāda 2; BGA, dat. of personal pronoun, depending on ardrā. ²Adj., §23. ³Tech., §79. ⁴Virtue; objective gen., depending on vaēdnā. ⁵ I take as acc. pl. of m. u-stem, Rt. §364. AiW 1576 med., s.v., takes as instr. pl.; but Rt., 1. c, gives -uš, not -ūš, as written for -viš, and refers to AiW 1284, n. 1, s.v. yatav-, where examples are given, but not snghūš. ⁶P1. form of abstract noun, Rt. § 420. ⁷Occurs also in uninterpreted passage at 32.16, q.v., and cf. EZ 362³. ⁸ So zSP 7; i.e., ‘as to be able to protect us’. ⁹For pl., § 52. ¹⁰ Aspect, § 27; means; BGA, voc., § 56.

^8: AiW 1061 f., 927, 799, 1543, 1122, 1133. ¹ Means. ²NA has aojya. ³ Aspect, §22; transferred here from Ah. himself to one of his acts; cause; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁴ I.e., towards non-believers, cf. 44.14, 46.18; cause. ⁵ I take as subjective gen., BGA, as objective; but in connection with n. 4, cf. 30.11, where Ah.'s prescription for the wicked, i.e., non-believers, is long suffering. ⁶ Virtue; BGA, p.n. ⁷ Descriptive imperfect in statement of general truth. ⁸ Virtue, cf. 34.9 ⁶; BGA, 'gute Wohnstatt', criticized by EZ 362⁴.

^9: AiW 957, 349, 1630. ¹Tech., § 81. ² Virtue; BGA, p.n. ³Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁴ Tech., §79. ⁵ Cause. ⁶Virtue; objective gen., depending on vistī, lit. : ‘ non-finding’; cf. 34.8 ⁸. ⁷ Virtue; assoc.; BGA, p.n., instr. used as subject, § 12. ⁸I.e., piety.

^10: AiW 524, 736, 1813, 1475. ¹ I.e., that which the wicked lack, cf. 34.8⁸, 34.9⁶. ² Virtue; subjective gen. ³ Tech., §71. ⁴ Tech., § 81. ⁵ Virtue; BGA, p.n. ⁶Tech., §79. ⁷ Virtue; BGA, p.n., but cf. 34.9 ⁸. ⁸ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁹ Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c.n., but cf. Anm.

^11: AiW 144, 1337, 798. ¹ Jn., Av. Gr. §412, ‘ probably used as f. dual’; I have so taken it against BGA, ‘Deine’. ² Tech., § 66. I follow EZ, q.v., rather than BGA. ³ Virtue; cause; AiW 544 fin., s.v., acc. pl. ⁴ Virtue; subjective gen.; BGA, p.n., possessive gen. ⁵ Virtue; assoc., depending on mat; BGA, p.n. ⁶ Virtue; BGA, p.n. ⁷ Tech., § 68; acc. in dual dvandva compound with tvīšī. ⁸Tech., § 68; cf. n. 7. ⁹ I.e., by these gifts of thine to man; means, used adverbially. ¹⁰ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ¹¹ Haplology for *vidvaišasãm, cf. AiW 1445, s.v. vīdvaēšah-, n. 1. ¹² I follow the interpretation of R, G. Kent, JAOS 47.267-8, q.v., for full discussion of this word.

^12: AiW 1526, 1381, 1270, 1648, 1526, 1858. ¹ Dat. of possession. ² Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ³ Virtue; cause; BGA, p.n., means. ⁴ Aspect, § 31; equivalent to Paradise; cf. 51.16.

^13: AiW 1193, 1536, 1188. ¹ Aspect, §31; equivalent to Paradise. I follow Gdn., Stud. 1.40, and Gray, JAOS 21.2.138, in taking as predicate gen., against BGA. ²Tech., § 72. ³ Means; antecedent is advānm. ⁴ Virtue; means; BGA, p.n. AiW 592 med. calls -čīt here ‘unübersetzbar’. ⁵ Middle as passive. ⁶Tech., §83. ⁷ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55.

^14: AiW 215, 1424, 1821. ¹To be experienced in the present life, as contrasted with that of Paradise described in stanza 13. ² Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ³ For pl., § 51. ⁴ Means. ⁵ Aspect, § 31; subjective gen. ⁶Tech., § 71. ⁷ Aspect, § 27; means. The sense of this stanza seems to be that to those who practise virtue in the form of herding, Ah. will give, as reward, a revelation of his will that the pastoral community shall prosper.

^15: AiW 375, 1006. ¹ Aspect, § 22; means; completes preceding stanza, cf. 28.5. BGA, voc., § 55. ²I take as emphasizing tā, AiW 654, s.v., fin., but Bthl., ibid., connects with vaočā. ³ Aspect, § 31; means; BGA, instr. used as voc., § 56. ⁴ Aspect, §27; means; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁵ For pl. stem-form. 53. ⁶ Aspect, § 34; cause; BGA, c.n., means. ⁷ Assoc.

^1: AiW 489, 1381, 742, 503. ¹ Adj., § 23. ² Tech., § 68; assoc. ³ Tech., § 68. ⁴ Virtue; BGA, p.n. EZ 364 ³, interpreting this stanza eschatolo-gically, takes as equivalent to Paradise. ⁵ Personification of virtue, § 17; BGA, p.n. ⁶Gdn., Lb. 330, ‘Reichtümer als (irdischer) Lohn’, which supports my interpretation oiutayūitī tvīm, q.v., as blessings of the present life, against EZ 364². ⁷ Virtue; subjective gen.

^2: AiW 1400, 1877, 585, 1169, 157, 694 f. ¹ As in pāda 1 of preceding stanza. There the prayer is for temporal, here for eternal, blessings. ²I.e., Paradise; cf. EZ 364 ⁵. ³ Assoc. ⁴Tech., §81. ⁵ Tech., § 78; means. ⁶ Adj., §23. ⁷ This form is nom.-acc. f. pl., Jn. Av. Gr. § 399. NA has yā. ⁸ Aspect, § 27; means. ⁹ Aspect, § 31; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c.n. ¹⁰ I.e., eternity; cf. EZ 364⁷. ¹¹ Assoc.

^3: AiW 1405, 1574, 1760, 797. ¹ BGA, Anm., takes as spoken by Z, referring to himself in 3rd person. It seems equally possible that the congregation speaks, responding to Z's prayer in stanzas 1 and 2, the substance of which is found here in pādas 5 and 6. For other examples of such amoebaean style within the stanza, cf. 28. 5 ff., 32. 1 ff., et al. ² This might be taken as gen. of the whole, ‘ the better (part) of the good ‘, indicating a special reward for the prophet, but, if we compare it with the similar phrase in 51.6, where it is contrasted with akāt ašyō, it seems more likely that the gen., in both places, is used instead of the abl. ³ Cf. n. 1. ⁴ Tech., §80. ⁵ Cf. 28.2, and EZ 364⁹. ⁶So EZ. ⁷For mg., §64. ⁸Tech., §81. ⁹ Adj., §23.

^4: AiW 627, 1764, 241, 515, 1799. ¹ Cf. § 85. ² Tech., §81. ³ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 61. I find the promise of the first and last lines fulfilled in stanzas 5 ff., q.v., where I take this form as instr.; hence my objection to taking it as voc. here. ⁴ Means. ⁵ Means. ⁶ Tech., §26. ⁷ Means. ⁸Cf. 34.4, pāda 2. ⁹ AiW 1799, s.v., derives from verb haz- ‘ take possession of’, cognate to Skt. sah ‘conquer, be capable of’, MW 1192c. It seems to me to express the compelling power, both subjective and objective, the possession of which is a corollary to the possession of good purpose; cf. § 33. ¹⁰ Virtue; subjective gen.

^5: AiW 1123, 697, 1188, 1831, 1535. ¹Tech., §81. ² Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ³ Cf.§ 85. ⁴ Similarly, Haug, and Gray JAOS 21. 2.123; BGA, as adverb, ⁵ Articular use of relative, zSP 27. ⁶Means.

^6: AiW 494, 8, 1013, 1502, 680. ¹ Tech., §81. ² Tech., § 78; means; BGA, assoc. ³ Loc. of goal, Rt. § 512. ⁴ Aspect, § 22; assoc.; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁵ Aspect, § 34; assoc. ⁶ Aspect, § 31; assoc. ⁷ BGA takes vm. as antecedent, but cf. 33.11, 44.10. ⁸ Means. ⁹ Aspect, § 27; assoc.; BGA, means. ¹⁰ I take as dat. of indirect object, depending on snghaitī, the antecedents being šyaoθanā and tixδā in preceding stanza, i. e., the deeds and words for which Ah. provided rewards at the beginning of the world according to the verdicts pronounced by him under his aspect of piety, cf. § 37. For very different interpretation, cf. BGA, and EZ 365 ⁴. ¹¹ So BGA; but for another view, cf. Gdn., KZ 30.324-6. ¹² Aspect, § 37. ¹³ Tech., §71.

^7: AiW 1123, 499, 997, 269, 435, ¹⁰⁰¹. ¹Tech., §81. ² Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ³ Cf. § 85. ⁴ I assume the same semantic development in the Av. compound verb as is found in the participle parigata of the cognate and identical Skt. pari-gam, MW 592c. The subject is to be implied from the preceding mazdā, cf. n. 2 and n. 3. ⁵ Virtue; means; BGA, p.n., instr. used as subject, § 12. ⁶Subject same as that of pairi. jasat, q.v. ⁷ Means. ⁸I follow Gdn., Lb. 330, in taking as 1st person, against his earlier opinion, KZ 30.326, and against BGA. ⁹ Loc. sg. of tanuš-, Rt. § 356, but cf. AiW 636 ink., n. 2, where ‘ LP’ appears to be a misprint.

^8: AiW 37, 1762, 970, 1346. ¹ I.e., to Ah. under the aspect of wisdom, cf. 43.74 fin. ² Tech., § 26. ³ I.e., the dominion of desire, Paradise; cf. Gdn., Lb. 330, and NA, which separates the compound. ⁴ So Gdn., 1. c. ⁵ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁶ Cf. EZ 365 ⁷.

^9: AiW 1123, 499, 1001, 1445, 1520, 1122. ¹ Cf. 43.7¹. 'Cf.43.7 ². ³Cf. § 85. ⁴Cf. 43.7⁴. ⁵Cf. 43.7 ⁵. ⁶I.e., of Ah. under the aspect of wisdom. ⁷ AiW 68 fin., s.v., 'unübersetzbar ', but it seems to me to add a definite emphasis to the reply. ⁸ Virtue, i. e., as contrasted with wickedness; gen., depending on man-, Rt. § 488; BGA, p.n.

^10: AiW 672, 183, 998, 141, 32. ¹ Aspect, § 27. ² Aspect, §37; means; BGA, assoc. ³ I.e., justice. ⁴ For pl., § 53. ⁵ Means. ⁶A title of Ah., appropriate to him under his aspect of dominion; cf. 28.7 ⁸.

^11: AiW 1123, 499, 746, 1560, 1193. ¹ Cf. 43.7¹. ² Cf. 43.7². ³ Cf. § 85. ⁴Cf. 43.7⁴. ⁵ Cf. 43.7⁵. ⁶I take as neu. sg. of relative pronoun, acc. of retained object, depending on dīdaihē, and having tat in pāda 9 as its antecedent; BGA, as temporal conjunction, introducing dīdaihē as coordinate with pairi.-jasat. ⁷For pl., § 52. ⁸ Means. ⁹ Pl. form of abstract noun, Rt. § 420.

^12: AiW 1012, 223, 410, 1180 f., 1561. ¹ After Gdn., Lb. 331, virtue, object of frāxšnnē; BGA, p. n., acc., of goal, depending on jnasō. ² Tech., § 82; BGA, p. n. ³ C.n.; means; BGA, p.n. ⁴ I follow AiW 1561, s.v. sava-, scivā-, in taking as acc. dual f., the elliptic dual suggesting the antonym of the term used; tech., § 80.

^13: AiW 1123, 499, 1428, 363, 1264, 1592. ¹ Cf. 43.7¹. ²Cf. 43.7². ³ Cf. §85. ⁴Cf. 43.7⁴. ⁵ Cf. 43.7⁵. ⁶ Gen. of whole, depending on tm. ⁷ For pl., § 52. ⁸I take as gen. of possession, depending on arθā. Z seems to be seeking knowledge about the future life, not asking for that life, as in BGA. This yasna is a prayer of meditation, rather than of petition; cf. §85. ⁹Gdn., KZ 30.331, explains this pãda thus : Paradise is a free gift of Ah., and no one can require it of him. ¹⁰ For sg. stem-form, § 50. ¹¹ Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c. n.

^14: AiW 1011 f., 373, 1567, 1142. ¹ Tech., §79. ² Adj., §23. ³ Subjective gen. ⁴I have kept the mg. found in frāxšnnē, 29.11, 43 .12, rather than that connected with LAv. fraxšnin-, AiW 1011 fin., q.v. ⁵ Aspect, §34; means; BGA, c.n. ⁶ Virtue; BGA, p. n. ⁷ Infinitive as volitive, Rt. § 703. ⁸ NA reads azm, ⁹ Pl. form of abstract noun, Rt. 420. ¹⁰ Assoc, depending on mat.

^15: AiW 1123, 499, 421, 855, 104. ¹Cf. 43.7¹. ² Cf. 43.7². 3 Cf. § 85. ⁴ Cf. 43.7⁴. ⁵ Cf. 43.7⁵. ⁶ Evidence that this yasna is a meditation, cf. § 85. ⁷ Against BGA, I follow Gdn., Lb. 331, in taking as acc. pl., modifying drgvatō. ⁸Tech., § 26. ⁹ With Mills, Gs. of Z, 1900.15, I take ašaonō as an acc. form used as nom., as in 47.4, cf. GIP 1. § 378.4. BGA takes as acc., object of , and modified by vīspng, angrng being predicate objective. In its other Gāthic occurrences, 44. 12, 45.2, 48.10, angra- is applied either to demonic beings or to their adherents. If one grants that it is here applied to the just, there are two possible mgs. : first, that of BGA and EZ, ‘they make all the righteous enemies’, i. e., they look upon the righteous as (their own) enemies; second, that of Gdn., Lb. 341, ‘ die verketzern alle Rechtgläubigen’, i. e., they make the true believers enemies of Ah. In the former, we have angra- used in the sense of personal enemy, a use not found elsewhere in the Gs.; in the latter, the use of vīspng would be an exaggeration of facts, not likely to be found in the mind or on the lips of Z.

^16: AiW 1361, 420, 1880, 241. ¹ Tech., § 78. Z here makes his own personal choice, such as that which he recommends to his disciples in 30.2. ² Aspec t, § 22; cause, i.e., under the influence of; BGA. voc., § 61. I prefer instr. to voc. here for the same reason as at 43.4 ³. ³ Tech., § 81. ⁴ Aspect, § 27. Cf. a similar prayer in 33.7. ⁵Aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c. n. ⁶ Aspect, § 37. ⁷ Cause. ⁸I.e., piety. ⁹ Aspect, § 31; assoc.; BGA, instr. used as subject, § 12.

^1: AiW 998, 1070, 797, 1801, 497. ¹ I take in same sense as in 31.21, pāda 3. ² For pl. stem-form, § 53; for mg., §65; objective gen., depending on nm. ³ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., §55. ⁴ For mg., §65. ⁵ For person, § 65. This is a repetition, in different form, of the request expressed in vaočā. Gdn., SKPAW 1086, takes this stanzaas introductory. ⁶ For mg., §65 . ⁷ Aspect, § 27; assoc.; BGA, means. ⁸I follow Gdn., SKPAW, in taking as adj. with hākurnā. ⁹ Lit. : ‘as’, but there is no logical subordination. ¹⁰The subject is to be implied from the preceding mazdā, as at 43.7⁴. ¹¹Aspect, § 31; assoc.; BGA, instr. used as subject, § 12.

^2: AiW 998, 463, 1806, 285. ¹I.e., Paradise; I take as gen., depending on kāθ, rather than on paourvīm, as in BGA; cf. Gdn., SKPAW. ² So Gdn., l.c. ³ I.e., Z. In this quasi-answer to the preceding question, I see a foreshadowing of the judgment, when Z shall act as ratuš, cf. n. 8. ⁴ Aspect, §27; assoc., cf. 31.13⁵; BGA, voc., § 56. ⁵ Tech., § 81; cf. adverbial use of adj. in Lat., e.g., Caes. B.G. 3.18 Qua re concessa latti … ad castra pergunt. ⁶ As in 32.7; although there it applies to the wicked only, it applies here to the just also, to judge by the use of vīspōibyō. ⁷ Non-tech., § 78; means. ⁸As at 31.19³ and 44.16 ⁴. ⁹ Adj., § 23.

^3: AiW 998, 1693, 62, 793, 1381. ¹ Means, i.e., by the act of origination. ² Figurative, equivalent to ‘creator ‘, cf. 31.7 and 31.8. ³ Virtue; objective gen., depending on þatā. ⁴ Means. ⁵Adj., § 23.

^4: AiW 998, 173, 766, 736. ¹So EPP 3. ²So BGMT, m.g., for MS k. ³ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁴Virtue; BGA, p.n.

^5: AiW 998, 1490, 1651, 189, 1125. ¹ I have taken the prefix hu- as applying to the quality of the workmanship, and this is supported by Grassmann's definitions of the cognate and identical Skt. svápas, ‘ kunstvolles Werk bereitend, kunstreich’. Cf. EZ ‘artist’, and Gdn., SKPAW, ‘Künstler’, against BGA 'wohlwirkend ', and EPP 3 ' benignant'. ² Means.

^6: AiW 998, 1293, 760, 430, 1524. ¹ Virtue; object of dbązaitī; BGA, p.n., subject of same. ² Means. ³ Virtue; BGA, p.n. ⁴ Dat. for gen., Rt. §468. ⁵I.e., ‘the attainment of thy kingdom ‘; aspect, § 34; equivalent to Paradise; BGA, c.n. ⁶ Virtue; means; BGA, instr. used as subject, § 12.

^7: AiW 998, 645, 413, 978. ¹ Virtue; assoc., depending on mat; BGA, p.n. ²Virtue, cf. 34.9 ²; BGA, p. n. ³ Assoc. ⁴Means. ⁵ Adj., § 23. ⁶ Tech., §81. ⁷Tech., § 78; means.

^8: AiW 998, 1171, 1321 f., 998, 497. ¹ Aspect, §22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ² Logical object of mndāidyāi, attracted to nom. by its position in the relative clause. ³ Aspect, § 31; means. ⁴ Aspect, § 27; means. ⁵ I take as gen., depending on vaēdyāi, Rt. §488; BGA, as gen., modifying uxδā. ⁶NA has urvāšat.

^9: AiW 998, 1233, 211, 1757. ¹ Tech., §72; attracted into the relative clause, but logically the object of sahyāt. ² Articular use of relative, Rt. § 749. ³ Tech., § 83. ⁴ I take with xšaθrahyā as a title of Ah. under his aspect of dominion, § 33, therefore equivalent to xšaθrm. ⁵ Aspect, § 34; means; BGA, acc. pl. ⁶For mg., § 63; refers to phrase discussed in n. 4. ⁷ Aspect, § 22; voc., § 55. ⁸ Aspect, § 27; assoc.; BGA omits. ⁹ Aspect, § 34; assoc.

^10: AiW 998, 268, 1740, 724, 598, 405 f. ¹ Tech., § 72. ² Aspect, § 27; assoc. ³ Virtue; subjective gen. ⁴ Means. ⁵ Adj., § 23.

^11: AiW 998, 501, 662, 1319, 1614. ¹ Virtue. ²Adj., §23. ³Tech., § 72. ⁴I take as gen. of possession; BGA, as dat. of agent, apparently. ⁵ Cause, used adverbially; i. e., for preaching. ⁶ NA has pouruyō. ⁷ Posing as prophets; so BGA, Anm. ⁸ Non-tech., § 78. ⁹ Assoc.

^12: AiW 998, 998f., 104, 1305, 1309, 1561, 276 f. ¹ Tech., §26. ²Assoc. ³ Tech., § 80. ⁴čī, assoc., used adverbially.

^13: AiW 998, 1067, 223, 761, 1001. ¹Tech., § 26. ² Virtue; objective gen., depending on hačnā; BGA, p. n. ³ AiW 1753, hapaxlegomenon; NA has hačmnā. ⁴ AiW 1001, s.v. , calls this form instr., but 437, s.v. ¹ kan-, loc. I take as instr. of means. ⁵ Virtue; subjective gen., modifying frasayā; BGA, p.n.

^14: AiW 998, 1685, 1083 f., 737, 764. ¹ Virtue; dat. of advantage; BGA, p.n. ² Tech., §26. ³ Figurative. ⁴ Assoc. ⁵ BGMT, by typographical error, places caesura after sinąm, cf. AF 2.176. ⁶ Tech., § 26. ⁷ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55. ⁸ Cf. 34.8⁴.

^15: AiW 998, 552, 114, 1543, 1354. ¹I take as referring to dvajšng … astąsčā in preceding stanza. For an example of a sg. pronoun with a pl. antecedent in oP, cf. R. G. Kent, JAOS 35.344-50, and in Lat., ibid. 41.74-5. ² Aspect, §27; means. ³ Assoc. I see here an allusion to the prescriptions, described in 30.11, which provide salvation for the just. ⁴ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55.

^16: AiW 998, 898, 285, 1382. ¹ Means. ² I take as nom. pl. neu., subject of dąm, q. v., against BGA, instr. sg. ³I take as 3rd sg. imperative middle, Rt. § 268, used as passive, and with neu. pl. subject, čiθā, q.v., against AiW 745, s.v. dā-, infinitive, depending on čīždī. As EZ 369² remarks, the judge seems to be Z himself. Certainly, ahūm. biš is elsewhere, 31.19, 44.2, used only of him. Such a mg. seems to me to be better brought out by my interpretation of dąm, than by that of BGA. Cf. also 31.2, 33.1, 51.5. ⁴ A karmadhāraya compound, cf. WSG § 128od; cf. also 31.19 ³, 44.2 ⁸. ⁵ I.e., for the ratuš, as a result of his labors. ⁶ Non-tech., § 82. ⁷ Virtue; cause; BGA, assoc. ⁸ Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 55.

^17: AiW 998, 1670, 339, 32, 970, 164, 1522. ¹ Adj., § 23. ² For pl., § 52. ³I take as identical with [paUy]āstīm in 53.3, which AiW 841, s.v., takes as derived from dā-+ ā; cf. AiW 718 for mg., and WSG §1157 for formation. ⁴ For pl. stem-form, § 52. The possessive adj. here is equivalent to the gen. of the personal pronoun, used objectively, depending on āstīm. For this use in Lat., cf. Lucret., De Rer. Nat. 1 .91, aspectuque suo ‘ and at the sight of her’; Ter., Phorm. 1016, odio tuo ‘ from hatred of thee ‘. ⁵ BGA takes infinitive clause as modifying čarā[nī]. ⁶ Tech., § 66. Nom. in dual dvandva compound. BGA, p.n. ⁷ Cause; I see here an allusion to 31.21. ³ I.e., of yours; cf. n. 7 and urvaθō, l.c. ⁹ Virtue; BGA, p.n.

^18: AiW 998, 1769, 206, 745. ¹ Virtue; cause; BGA, p.n., voc., § 56. ² Aspect, § 22; means; BGA, voc., § 61. ³ Tech., §66; acc. in dual dvandva compound. ⁴ Dat. of possession.

^19: AiW 998, 1768, 356, 1108, 80. ¹This pronoun refers to the same person as yas- in pāda 3. ² Antecedent of yas- in pāda 3. ³ I.e., the present. ⁴Tech., § 79.

^20: AiW 1819, 406, 1492, 1108 f. ¹So Gdn., SKPAW. ² Adj., § 23. ³ Tech., §73; adj., as in 32.1, q.v. ⁴ I.e., the daēva-adherents. ⁵ So Bthl., KZ 28.11. ⁶ Assoc., used adverbially. ⁷ Tech., § 69. ⁸Meillet, BSL 24.196, quoting this passage as from 40.20 (sic), explains as dual active, against AiW 712 med., q.v., which takes as pl. middle. ⁹ Acc. sg. of enclitic pronoun, having gąm as antecedent, and used as object of mīzn. I have fully discussed my interpretation of the latter word in Language 4.178-80. ¹⁰ Virtue; assoc.; BGA, p.n., means.

^1: AiW486, 750, 1181, 754, 334. ¹ I take as Z himself, i.e., the soulhealing judge of 44.16-19; BGA, Anm., as Ah. With EZ 370⁴, I find here another indication of lost prose context, cf. 28.1 ¹. ² In answer to the prayer of 44.16 ³. ³ Means. ⁴ Tech., § 26. ⁵ Cause. Lit. : 'tongue ', cf. 28.5 ⁹, and so taken by BGA. NA has hizva. ⁶ I take as nom. sg. m. of perfect passive participle of ²var- ' choose ' + ā, cf. Skt. ²vrtá ' chosen ', MW 1007c. AiW 334, s.v. āvrtay-, hapaxlegomenon, takes as loc. sg., used in sense of instr. But -ā(i), not -ō (for -āu), is the normal loc. ending of i-stems. The latter, as an i-stem ending, is given by Rt. § 363 as patterned after the u-stems, and as occurring in LAv. I take this line to mean that the teacher of evil, from Z's point of view, has been chosen for his role by the daēva-worshippers because of his eloquence, which he devotes to the teaching of daēva-worship.

^2: AiW 106 f., 1612, 1371. ¹ Tech., § 78; cf. 30.3 fr. ² Tech., §81. ³ Articular use of relative, Rt. § 749. ⁴Tech., § 71. ⁵ Tech., § 72.

^3: AiW 108, 1316, 1375, 180. ¹ I take as adverbial acc., modifying fravaxšyā; BGA, as modifying vaočat. In stanza 1, Z urges his hearers to heed him and to ignore the teacher of evil. In stanza 2, he presents the contrast between good and evil in more general terms. In stanza 3, he enters upon the body of his discourse, hence my interpretation of paourvīm. I do not understand whether BGA means at the beginning of Z's life, or at the beginning of the present world. ² I follow the reading of NA, against AiW yąm, taking it as acc. pl. neu., with its antecedent, tā, to be supplied as the object of fravaxšyā, and modified by ahuš ahyā. ³ Non-tech., § 79. ⁴ Adj., §23. ⁵ Dat. of purpose.

^4: AiW 1400, 1314, 1378, 1841, 747. ¹ Virtue; means; BGA, p.n. ² Aspect, § 22; means; cf. 43 and 44, in which Z meditates upon Ah. under the aspect of wisdom, and, by such meditation, arrives at a knowledge of supernatural truths; cf., also, § 85. BGA takes as voc., § 55. Cf. suggestion of EZ 371 ², but my rendering gives practically the same sense, without alteration of the text. ³ I.e., justice; BGA, Anm., ‘das Leben’. ⁴ Figurative, as at 31.8⁴. ⁵ Virtue; objective gen., depending on patarm. ⁶ Virtue; cf. 44.7²; BGA, p.n.