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Consumo de fauna y funcionalidad de sitios: Testeando hipótesis en los Andes meridionales

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2020

Gustavo A. Neme ,
Clara Otaola ,
Miguel A. Giardina ,
Adolfo F. Gil  and
Fernando R. Franchetti
Gustavo A. Neme
Affiliation:
Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEVEA - CONICET), Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional San Rafael, Centro Tecnológico Regional Los Reyunos, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
Clara Otaola*
Affiliation:
Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEVEA - CONICET), Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional San Rafael, Centro Tecnológico Regional Los Reyunos, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
Miguel A. Giardina
Affiliation:
Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEVEA - CONICET), Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional San Rafael, Centro Tecnológico Regional Los Reyunos, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
Adolfo F. Gil
Affiliation:
Instituto de Evolución, Ecología Histórica y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEVEA - CONICET), Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional San Rafael, Centro Tecnológico Regional Los Reyunos, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina
Fernando R. Franchetti
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Mendoza, Argentina
*
(claraotaola@gmail.com, autor de contacto)
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Abstract

El registro arqueológico de cazadores-recolectores localizado en ambientes de altura ha sido ampliamente debatido en la literatura mundial. Las discusiones se han centrado en su funcionalidad, cronología, complementariedad con ambientes bajos y significado en los procesos de poblamiento de distintas regiones. Los Andes meridionales cuentan con un amplio espacio cordillerano dentro del cual se emplazan una serie de sitios arqueológicos localizados a aproximadamente 3.000 m snm. Las duras condiciones climáticas de estos ambientes, así como la presencia de estructuras habitacionales, despertó el interés de los investigadores en relación con su funcionalidad, tiempo de permanencia y manejo de los recursos locales. En este trabajo se presenta la información zooarqueológica de cuatro sitios de altura localizados en un sector de los Andes meridionales, en el sur de la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina: El Indígeno, Los Peuquenes, Laguna del Diamante S-4 y Risco de los Indios. El material arqueofaunístico analizado es evaluado a la luz de las características ambientales, los costos de transporte y la funcionalidad de estas locaciones en relación con los circuitos de explotación anual. Los resultados muestran un uso de taxones restringido, con un fuerte énfasis en el guanaco, y un escaso transporte de fauna desde y hacia pisos ecológicos localizados a menor altitud. Todo esto sugiere el uso de los sitios de manera residencial y no como lugares de obtención de presas para su procesamiento y traslado hacia localizaciones más bajas.

The archaeological record of hunter-gatherers located in high-altitude environments has been widely debated in the world literature. Regarding the Andes, these discussions have focused on the accuracy of the chronologies of particular regions and their compatability with those of lower environments and how highland archaeology can shed light on to the processes of settlement of different regions. The southern Andes have a wide cordilleran area to the west, within which a series of archaeological sites are located at approximately 3,000 m asl. Despite the harsh climatic conditions of this region, it exhibits evidence of housing structures. This aroused our interest regarding the function of these structures, when they were occupied, and how the inhabitants of the region managed local resources. In this article, we present the zooarchaeological data from four high-altitude sites located in southern Andes, in southern Mendoza Province (Argentina). These sites are El Indígeno, Los Peuquenes, Laguna el Diamante S-4, and Risco de los Indios. We analyzed zooarchaeological material in light of the environmental characteristics, prey transport costs, and the functionality of these locations in relation to the annual mobility organization. The results show a restricted use of taxa, with a strong emphasis on guanaco consumption and a limited transport of fauna to and from ecological floors located at lower altitudes. All this suggests that the sites were permanent residences rather than temporary camps from which to obtain prey for processing and transfer to lower locations.

Keywords

sitios de alturaarqueofaunacazadores-recolectoresAndes meridionalesMendozaHoloceno tardíohigh-elevation siteszooarchaeologyhunter-gathererssouthern AndesMendozaLate Holocene
Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 31 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 163 - 179
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 by the Society for American Archaeology

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