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Lecturas estratigráficas: arquitectura funeraria y depositación de residuos en el sambaquí Jabuticabeira II

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Ximena Suarez Villagran ,
Daniela Klokler ,
Paula Nishida ,
Maria Dulce Gaspar  and
Paulo DeBlasis
Ximena Suarez Villagran
Affiliation:
Instituto de Geociencias, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Lago 562, São Paulo, CEP: 05508-080 SP. Brasil (villagran@usp.br)
Daniela Klokler
Affiliation:
Museu Nacional, Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20940-040 RJ. Brasil (dklokler@email.arizona.edu)
Paula Nishida
Affiliation:
Museu de Arqueología e Etnología, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado 1466, São Paulo, CEP: 05508-900. Brasil (paulamiw@gmail.com)
Maria Dulce Gaspar
Affiliation:
Museu Nacional, Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro (madugaspar@terra.com.br)
Paulo DeBlasis
Affiliation:
Museu de Arqueología e Etnología, Universidade de São Paulo (deblasis@usp.br)
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Resumen

Sambaquís (concheros o shell mounds) son construcciones antrópicas que aperecen en la costa brasileña hace aproximada mente 8000 años erguidas a partir de la acumulación formal de valvas de moluscos. En el Estado de Santa Catarina, algunos sitios tienen la particularidad de presentar un depósito ictiológico superior con características estratigráficas y composicionales semejantes al depósito malacológico (conchero) subyacente. La aparición del depósito superior fue tradicionalmente asociada a cambios en la subsistencia de estos grupos, con el reemplazo del consumo de moluscos por peces. Sin embargo, análisis faunísticos indicaron que la pesca siempre fue una actividad de subsistencia predominante. Nuevas interpretaciones del fenómeno sugirieron que la substitución de valvas de molusco por huesos de pescado responde a alteraciones tardías en la funcionalidad de los sitios. En este trabajo, la micromorfología de depósitos arqueológicos fue aplicada como herramienta principal de análisis para descifrar la formación del sitio Jabuticabeira II. A partir de la combinación de estudios geoarqueológicos, microestratigráficos y arqueofaunísticos realizados en ambos depósitos, proponemos un modelo para la formación de este sambaquí como resultado de sucesivos procesos de depositación antrópicos asociados a actividades rituales. Estos procesos envolvieron la quema de materiales, acumulación y re-depositación como diferentes etapas en el ritual funerario del grupo constructor. El origen de los materiales constructivos es discutido desde un abordaje contextual a través de la valorización del papel simbólico que la depositación de residuos tuvo entre estas poblaciones.

Abstract

Abstract

Shell mounds (sambaquis) are anthropic constructions that appear on the Brazilian coast around 8000 B.P., built through the accumulation of mollusk valves. In Santa Catarina state, some sites have the unique feature of an overlying fish deposit, but with stratigraphic and compositional characteristics that are similar to the lower shell deposit. The development of upper deposits was traditionally attributed to subsistence changes, with the replacement of mollusk consumption with fish. However, faunal analyses demonstrate that fishing was always a predominant subsistence activity. New interpretations of the phenomenon suggested that the replacement of mollusk shells with fish bones represents changes in site function. In this study, the micromorphology of archaeological deposits is the primary analytical tool used to decode the formation of Jabuticabeira II. Based on a combination of geoarchaeological, microstratigraphical, and faunal studies completed in both deposits, we propose that the sambaqui"s formation was the result of successive processes of anthropic deposition associated with ritual activities. These processes involved the burning of materials and accumulation and redeposition as various stages of the funerary ritual of this group. The origin of the building materials is discussed using a contextual approach that incorporates the symbolic role of the deposition of remains by these populations.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , June 2010 , pp. 195 - 216
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 by the Society for American Archaeology.

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