Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wg55d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-05T19:57:26.279Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS ALONG THE COAST OF YUCATAN FROM THE EARLY TO LATE CLASSIC: A VIEW FROM XCAMBO, MEXICO

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 April 2018

Allan Ortega-Muñoz ,
Andrea Cucina ,
Vera Tiesler  and
Thelma N. Sierra-Sosa
Allan Ortega-Muñoz
Affiliation:
Centro INAH Quintana Roo, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Av. Insurgentes no. 974, Col. Forjadores, C.P.77025, Chetumal, Mexico, Tel. 01-983-83-7-24-11, ext. 318013 (allanortega@yahoo.com)
Andrea Cucina
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 1.00 Carretera Mérida Tizimín, tramo Cholul, Mérida C.P. 97305, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Vera Tiesler
Affiliation:
Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km 1.00 Carretera Mérida Tizimín, tramo Cholul, Mérida C.P. 97305, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Thelma N. Sierra-Sosa
Affiliation:
Centro INAH Yucatán, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, km 6.5, Antigua Carretera a Progreso s/n C.P. 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We take an archaeodemographic approach and provide new insights into the population and demographic shifts of the prehispanic site of Xcambo, Yucatan, Mexico. Located in the coastal marshlands, Xcambo functioned as a salt production locale, administration center, and port during the Early Classic (AD 250–550) and Late Classic (AD 550–750) periods. Sierra-Sosa extensively excavated the settlement, and more than 600 skeletons, representative of all age groups, were recovered. We apply growth simulation models that combine archaeo- and paleodemographic approaches. Our simulation specifically takes into account Wood's (1998) theorem. Results show that Xcambo grew slowly during the Early Classic, with estimated figures ranging from about 860 individuals at the onset of the period to some 1,073 at the end. During the Late Classic, populations ranged from about 1,103 to 1,728 people at its peak occupation (AD 625). Eventually population drastically declined due to out-migration. During this last stage, the settlement had to face the consequences of political and economic shifts in the area. Considered jointly, both approaches provide a new research venue, because their application documents the population profiles and growth of a typical Maya coastal site over its 500 years of occupation.

Este trabajo proporciona nuevas herramientas analíticas en materia de arqueo-demografía. Los estudios se realizaron en el asentamiento y puerto de Xcambo, localizado en una ciénaga costera del norte de Yucatán, México. Xcambo funcionó como lugar de producción de sal, centro administrativo y puerto de intercambio con otras regiones del área Maya y del Golfo de México durante el Clásico temprano (250-550 dC) y tardío (550-750 dC). Entre 1996 y 2000 el asentamiento fue objeto de excavaciones extensivas e intensivas bajo la dirección de Sierra-Sosa, durante las cuales se recuperaron más de 600 esqueletos que constituyen una muestra demográficamente representativa. Aplicamos modelos de simulación de crecimiento que combinan enfoques arqueo- y paleodemográficos. Nuestra simulación se basa específicamente en el teorema de Wood (1998) sobre modos de producción. Los resultados sugieren un crecimiento gradual durante el Clásico temprano, con una estimación poblacional de aproximadamente 860 individuos al inicio, ascendiendo a una estimación baja de 1.073 personas hacia fines de esta fase ocupacional. Posteriormente, se observa un crecimiento demográfico con un pico de 1.728 personas (estimación elevada) alrededor de 625 d.C. Finalmente, la población disminuye drásticamente debido a la emigración, lo cual se condice con la evidencia material del último siglo de ocupación que indica cambios político-económicos regionales previos al auge de Chichén Itzá. Considerando en conjunto los diferentes tipos de datos y perfiles de crecimiento poblacional en Xcambo, ofrecemos una visión sobre las dinámicas demográficas durante los 500 años de ocupación. De este modo, brindamos una nueva perspectiva metodológica aplicable a las dinámicas poblacionales mayas del Clásico.

Type
Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , September 2018 , pp. 591 - 609
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by the Society for American Archaeology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Andrews, Anthony P. 1983 Maya Salt Production and Trade. University of Arizona, Tucson.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P., Andrews, E. Wyllys, and Castellanos, Fernando Robles 2003 The Northern Maya Collapse and its Aftermath. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:151–156.Google Scholar
Armillas, Pedro 1971 Gardens on Swamps. Science 174:653–661.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy (editor) 1981 Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bautista, Francisco, Palacio-Aponte, Gerardo, Quintana, Patricia, and Zinck, Joseph Alfred 2011 Spatial Distribution and Development of Soils in Tropical Karst from the Peninsula of Yucatan, México. Geomorphology 135:308–321.Google Scholar
Bentley, Gillian R., Goldberg, Tony, and Jasienska, Grazyna 1993 The Fertility of Agricultural and Non-agricultural Traditional Societies. Population Studies 47 (2):269–281.Google Scholar
Borah, Woodrow, and Cook, Sherburne F. 1963 The Aboriginal Population of Central Mexico on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Boserup, Ester 1967 [1965] Las condiciones del desarrollo en la agricultura. La economía del cambio agrario bajo la presión demográfica. Editorial Tecnos, Madrid, España.Google Scholar
Brooks, Allison S., and Yellen, John E. 1987 The Preservation of Activity Areas in the Archaeological Work in Northwest Ngamiland, Botswana. In Method and Theory in Activity Area Research, edited by Kent, Susan, pp. 64–106. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Caldwell, John C., and Caldwell, Bruce K. 2003 Pretransitional Population Control and Equilibrium. Population Studies 57:199–215.Google Scholar
Carrillo Bastos, Alicia, Islebe, Gerald A., and Valle, Nuria Torrescano 2012 Geospatial Analysis of Pollen Records from the Yucatán Peninsula, México. Vegetation History Archaeobotany 21 (6):429–437.Google Scholar
Cowgill, George L. 2006 El urbanismo maya desde una perspectiva comparativa. In Nuevas ciudades, nuevas patrias, edited by María Josefa Iglesias Ponce de León, Rivera, Rogelio Valencia, and Ruiz, Andrés Ciudad, pp. 25–37. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea 2011 Maya Subadult Mortality and Individual Physiological Frailty: An Analysis of Infant Stress by Means of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia. Childhood in the Past 4:105–116.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Tiesler, Vera, and Sierra, Thelma 2003 Sex Differences in Oral Pathologies at the Late Classic Maya Site of Xcambo, Yucatán. Dental Anthropology 16 (2):45–51.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Carrillo, Cristina Perera, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, and Tiesler, Vera 2011 Carious Lesions and Maize Consumption among the Prehispanic Maya: An Analysis of a Costal Community in Northern Yucatan. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145:560–567.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Tiesler, Vera, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, and Neff, Hector 2011 Trace-Element Evidence for Foreigners at a Maya Port in Northern Yucatán. Journal of Archaeological Science 381:878–885.Google Scholar
Cucina, Andrea, Sierra, Thelma, and Tiesler, Vera 2016 The Bioarchaeology of Maya Population Mobility, Trade, and Settlement Growth during the Classic Maya Period: A View from the Yucatecan Coastal Port of Xcambo. In Ancient Mesoamerican Cities: Populations on the Move, edited by Charlotte Arnauld, M., Pereira, Gregory, and Beekman, Christopher. Elsevier, New York, in press.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick 1988 The Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization. In The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, edited by Yoffee, Norman and Cowgill, George L., pp. 69–101. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick, and Rice, Don S. (editors) 1990 Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick, Kosakowsky, Laura J., Fry, Robert E., and Haviland, William A. 1990 The Population of Tikal, Guatemala. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Patrick Culbert, T. and Rice, Don S., pp. 103–122. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Curtis, Jason H., Hodell, David A., and Brenner, Mark 1996 Climate Variability on the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) during the Past 3500 years and Implications for Maya Cultural Evolution. Quaternary Research 46:37–47.Google Scholar
Duncan, William N., and Hageman, Jon B. 2015 House or Lineage? How Intracemetery Kinship Analysis Contributes to the Debate in the Maya Area. In Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of Population Movement Among the Prehispanic Maya, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 133–142. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Eder, James F. 2005 Coastal Resource Management and Social Differences in Philippine Fishing Communities. Human Ecology 33 (2):147–169.Google Scholar
Fry, Robert E. 1990 Disjunctive Growth in the Maya Lowlands. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Patrick Culbert, T. and Rice, Don S., pp. 285–300. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Gaines, Sylvia W., and Gaines, Warren M. 1997 Simulating Success or Failure: Another Look at Small-Population Dynamics. American Antiquity 62 (4):683–697.Google Scholar
Galloway, Patrick R. 1986 Long-Term Fluctuations in Climate and Population in the Preindustrial Era. Population and Development Review 12 (1):1–24.Google Scholar
Garza Tarazona de González, Silvia, and Kurjack, Eduardo Barna 1984 Organización Social y Asentamientos Mayas Prehispánicos. Estudios de Cultura Maya 15:19–28.Google Scholar
Gómez Chávez, Sergio, and Gazzola, Julie 2004 Una Propuesta sobre el Proceso, Factores y Condiciones del Colapso de Teotihuacan. Dimensión Antropológica 11 (1):37–57.Google Scholar
Götz, Christopher M. 2008 Coastal and Inland Patterns of Faunal Exploitation in the Prehispanic Northern Maya Lowlands. Quaternary International 191:154–169.Google Scholar
Gurri, Francisco D., and Ortega-Muñoz, Allan 2015 Impact of Commercial Farming on Household Reproductive Strategies in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. American Journal of Human Biology 27 (6):758–766.Google Scholar
Hageman, Jon B. 2004 The Lineage Model and Archaeological Data in Northwestern Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 15: 63–74.Google Scholar
Harris, Marvin, and Ross, Eric B. 1987 Death, Sex, and Fertility. Population Regulation in Preindustrial and Developing Societies. Columbia University, New York.Google Scholar
Hassan, Fekri 1979 Demography and Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 8:137–160.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1989 Excavations in Residential Areas of Tikal: Non-elite Groups Without Shrines, Tikal Reports, No. 20, University Museum Monograph. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hendon, Julia A. 1991 Status and Power in Classic Maya Society: An Archaeological Study. American Anthropologist 93:894–918.Google Scholar
Hernández Espinoza, Patricia Olga, and Morfín, Lourdes Márquez 2015 Maya Paleodemographics: What Do We Know? American Journal of Human Biology 27 (6):747–757.Google Scholar
Hill, J. Brett, Clark, Jeffery J., Doelle, William H., and Lyons, Patrick D. 2004 Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence, and Hohokam Population Decline. American Antiquity 69:689–716.Google Scholar
Hodell, David A., Brenner, Mark, Curtis, Jason H., and Guilderson, Thomas 2001 Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya lowlands. Science 292:1367–1370.Google Scholar
Jiménez Álvarez, Socorro P. 2015 Cultural Interchange Regarding the Distribution of Fine Paste Ceramics Within Riverine Societies Along the Usumacinta's Mid to Low Basin and Various Gulf Coast's Communities. In Archaeology and Bioarchaeology of Population Movement among the Prehispanic Maya, edited by Cucina, Andrea, pp. 25–35. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
Komlos, John, and Nefedov, Sergey 2002 A Compact Macromodel of Pre-Industrial Population Growth. Historical Methods 35 (2):92–94.Google Scholar
Kuznets, Simon 1973 Population, Capital and Growth. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Leyden, Barbara W., Brenner, Mark, Whitemore, Tom, Curtis, Jason H., Piperno, Dolores R., and Dahlin, Bruce H. 1996 A Record of Long-and Short-Term Climatic Variation from Northwest Yucatán: Cenote San José Chulchacá. In The Managed Mosaic. Ancient Maya Agriculture and Resource Use, edited by Fedick, Scott L., pp. 30–50. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Livi-Bacci, Massimo 1993 Introducción a la demografía. Ariel, Barcelona.Google Scholar
Lobell, David B., and Field, Christopher B. 2007 Global Scale Climate-Crop Yield Relationships and the Impacts of Recent Warming. Environmental Research Letters 2 (1):1–7.Google Scholar
Lucero, Lisa J. 2002 The Collapse of the Classic Maya: A Case for the Role of Water Control. American Anthropologist 104:814–826.Google Scholar
Lynnerup, Niels 1996 Paleodemography of the Greenland Norse. Arctic Anthropology 33 (2):122–136.Google Scholar
Maggiano, Isabel S., Schultz, Michael, Kierdof, Horst, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma, Maggiano, Corey M., and Blos, Vera Tiesler 2008 Cross-Sectional Analysis of Long Bones, Occupational Activities and Long Distances Trades of the Classic Maya from Xcambo- Archaeological and Osteological Evidence. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136:470–477.Google Scholar
Malthus, Thomas Robert 1998 [1798] An Essay on the Principle of Population as it Affects the Future Improvement of Society. In The Economics of Population: Classic Writings, edited by Simon, Julian L., pp. 41–50. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Manahan, T. Kam, Ardren, Traci, and Olvera, Alejandra Alonso 2012 Household Organization and the Dynamics of State Expansion: The Late Classic-Terminal Classic Transformation at Xuenkal, Yucatán, México. Ancient American 23:345–364.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A., and Lope, Carlos Peraza 2008 Animal Use at the Postclassic Maya Center of Mayapán. Quaternary International 191:170–183.Google Scholar
McKeown, Thomas 1990 Alimentación, Infección y Población. In El Hambre en la Historia, edited by Rotberg, Robert I. and Rabb, Theodore K., pp. 31–53. Siglo XXI de España, Madrid.Google Scholar
Milner, George R., and Chaplin, George 2010 Eastern North American Population at ca. A.D. 1500. American Antiquity 75:707–727.Google Scholar
Netting, Robert McC. 1993 Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.Google Scholar
Parsons, Jeffrey R. 1968 Teotihuacan, Mexico, and its Impact on Regional Demography. Science 162:872–877.Google Scholar
Price, T. Douglas, Burton, James H., Fullager, Paul D., Wright, Lori E., Buikstra, Jane E., and Tiesler, Vera 2008 Strontium Isotopes and the Study of Human Mobility in Ancient Mesoamerica. Latin American Antiquity 19:167–180.Google Scholar
Pyburn, K. Anne 1990 Settlement Patterns at Nohmul: Preliminary Results of Four Excavations Seasons. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick and Rice, Don S., pp. 183–198. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rathje, William L. 1970 Socio-Political Implications of Lowland Maya Burials: Methodology and Tentative Hypothesis. World Archaeology 13:59–374.Google Scholar
Redfield, Robert, and Rojas, Alfonso Villa 1962 Chan Kom. A Maya Village. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Reher, David S. 1990 Coyunturas Económicas y Fluctuaciones Demográficas en México Durante el Siglo XVIII. In Historia e populacao, estudos sobre América Latina, edited by Nadalin, Sergio Odilon, Marcilio, Maria Luiza, and Balhana, Altiva Pillati, pp. 276–288. SEADE, Sao Paulo.Google Scholar
Robichaux, David 2005 ¿Dónde está el Hogar? Retos Metodológicos para el Estudio del Grupo Doméstico en la Mesoamérica Contemporánea. In Familia y parentesco en México y Mesoamérica, edited by Robichaux, David, pp. 295–329. Universidad Iberoamericana, México.Google Scholar
Rojas, José Luis de 1987 Reflexiones Sobre Algunas Cuantificaciones Referentes a la Ciudad de Tenochtitlan en 1519. Relaciones 32 (8):5–39.Google Scholar
Rosique, Javier, and Rebato, Esther 1997 La Adaptabilidad Humana en las Comunidades Pesqueras. Zainak, Cuadernos de Antropología-Etnografía 15:265–277.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1976 The Agricultural History of the Basin of México. In The Valley of México, edited by Wolf, Eric R., pp. 101–159. School of Advanced Research, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Santley, Robert S. 1990 Demographic Archaeology in the Maya Lowlands. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick and Rice, Don S., pp. 325–344. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Schacht, Robert M. 1981 Estimating Past Population Trends. Annual Review of Anthropology 10:119–140.Google Scholar
Schofield, Roger 1990 El Impacto de la Escasez y la Abundancia Sobre los Cambios de la Población en Inglaterra, 1541–1871. In El Hambre en la Historia, edited by Rotberg, Robert I. and Rabb, Theodore K., pp. 73–101. Siglo XXI de España, Madrid.Google Scholar
Schreiber, Katharina J., and Kintigh, Keith W. 1996 A Test of the Relationship between Site Size and Population. American Antiquity 61 (3):573–579.Google Scholar
Sierra-Sosa, Thelma N. 2004 La arqueología de Xcambo, Yucatán. Centro administrativo salinero y puerto comercial de importancia regional durante el Clásico. PhD dissertation in Estudios Mesoamericanos, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sierra-Sosa, Thelma N., Hernández, Concepción, Carrillo, Rosalía, Quintal, Ella, Euán, Gabriel, Osorio, José, and Martínez, Ángel 1996 Informe 1996. Proyecto Arqueológico Xcambo. Centro INAH Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán.Google Scholar
Sierra-Sosa, Thelma N., Andrea Cucina, T. Douglas Price, Burton, James H., and Tiesler, Vera 2014 Maya Coastal Production, Exchange, Life Style, and Population Mobility: A View from the Port of Xcambo, Yucatan, México. Ancient American 25 (1):221–238.Google Scholar
Spooner, Brian (editor) 1972 Population Growth: Anthropological Implications. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Steinmann, Gunter, and Komlos, John 1988 Population Growth and Economic Development in the Very Long Run: A Simulation Model of Three Revolutions. Mathematical Social Sciences 16:49–63.Google Scholar
Steinmann, Gunter, Prskawetz, Alexia, and Feichtinger, Gustav 1998 A Model on the Escape from the Malthusian Trap. Journal of Population Economics 11 (4):535–550.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Elizabeth G., Carr, David L., and Curtis, Siân L. 2004 Fertility and the Environment in a Natural Resource Dependent Economy: Evidence from Petén, Guatemala. Población y Salud en Mesoamérica 2 (1):1–14.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2005 Prácticas Bioculturales y Organización Social en los Sitios de Copán, Honduras y Xcambo, Yucatán. Estudios de Antropología Biológica 12: 635–659.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera 2014 The Bioarchaeology of Artificial Cranial Modifications. New Approaches to Head Shaping and its Meanings in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and Beyond. Springer Press, New York.Google Scholar
Tiesler, Vera, Cucina, Andrea, Sierra-Sosa, Thelma N., Falla, Marlene, and Meindl, Richard S. 2005 Comercio, Dinámicas Biosociales y Estructura Poblacional del Asentamiento Costero de Xcambo, Yucatán. Los Investigadores de la Cultura Maya 13:365–372.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair 1990 Population Estimates for Preclassic and Classic Seibal, Peten. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick and Rice, Don S., pp. 83–102. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair, Sabloff, Jeffrey A., and Smyth, Michael P. 1990 Room Counts and Population Estimation for Terminal Classic Sayil in the Puuc Region, Yucatan, Mexico. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick and Rice, Don S., pp. 245–262. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Turchin, Peter 2005 Dynamical Feedbacks between Population Growth and Sociopolitical Instability in Agrarian States. Structure and Dynamics 1 (1):1–19.Google Scholar
Turner II, B. L. 1983 Once Beneath the Forest: Prehistoric Terracing in the Rio Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands. Dellplain Latin American Studies No 13. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Turner II, B. L. 1990 Population Reconstruction for the Central Maya Lowlands: 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1500. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick and Rice, Don S., pp. 301–324. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Villa Rojas, Alfonso 1985 Estudios etnológicos. Los Mayas. UNAM-IIA, México.Google Scholar
Vogt, Evon Z. 1961 Some Aspects of Zinacatán Settlement Patterns and Ceremonial Organization. Estudios de Cultura Maya 11:31–146.Google Scholar
Watkins, Susan Cotts, and Van de Walle, Etienne 1990 Nutrición, Mortalidad y Tamaño de la Población: El Tribunal de Última Instancia de Malthus. In El Hambre en la Historia, edited by Rotberg, Robert I. and Rabb, Theodore K., pp. 7–30. Siglo XXI de España, Madrid.Google Scholar
Webster, David L., and Freter, Ann Corinne 1990 The Demography of Late Classic Copan. In Precolumbian Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick and Rice, Don S., pp. 37–62. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Weiss, Kenneth M., and Smouse, P. E. 1976 The Demographic Stability of Small Human Populations. Journal of Human Evolution 5:59–73.Google Scholar
Williams, Jocelyn S., White, Christine D., and Longstaffe, Fred J. 2009 Maya Marine Subsistence: Isotopic Evidence from Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 20:37–56.Google Scholar
Wood, James W. 1998 A Theory of Preindustrial Population Dynamics. Demography, Economy, and Well-Being in Mathusian System. Current Anthropology 39 (1):99–135.Google Scholar
Zetina Gutiérrez, María, and Faust, Betty 2011 De la Agroecología Maya a la Arqueología Demográfica ¿Cuántas Casas por Familia? Estudios de Cultura Maya 38:97–120.Google Scholar
Zhang, David D., Lee, Harry F., Cong, Wang, Li, Baosheng, Zhang, Jane, Pei, Qing, and Chen, Jingan 2011 Climate Change and Large-Scale Human Population Collapses in the Pre-Industrial Era. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20:520–531.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ortega-Muñoz et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Ortega-Muñoz et al. supplementary material(File)
File 78.8 KB