Amaroli, Paul
1987
Informe preliminar de las excavaciones arqueológicas en Cara Sucia, Departamento de Ahuachapan, El Salvador. Ministerio de Cultura y Communicaciones, Directión de Patrimonio Cultural. San Salvador, El Salvador.
Amaroli, Paul, and Dull, Robert
1999
Milpas prehispánicas en El Salvador. In XII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1998, edited by Juan Pedro Laporte, Héctor L. Escobedo and Ana Claudia Monzón de Suasnáver, pp. 639–650. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología.
Anderson, T.
1908 The Volcanoes of Guatemala. Royal Geographical Society 473–489
Andrews, Anthony P.
1991
Las salinas de El Salvador: bosquejo histórico, etnográfico y arqueológico. Mesoamerica
12(21):71–93.
Andrews, E. Wyllys
1986
La arqueología de Quelepa. Direction de Publicaciones y Impresos, San Salvador.
Angell, J. K., and Korshover, J.
1985
Surface Temperature Changes Following Six Major Volcanic Episodes between 1780 and 1980. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology
24:937–951.
Antos, Joseph A., and Zobel, Donald B.
1987
How Plants Survive Burial: A Review and Initial Responses to Tephra from Mount St. Helens. In Mount St. Helens 1980: Botanical Consequences of the Explosive Eruptions, edited by David E. Bilderback, pp. 246–259. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Arroyo, Barbara
1993
Spindle Whorls from Balberta. In The Balberta Project, edited by Frederick J. Bove, Sonia Medrano, Brenda Lou, and Barbara Arroyo, pp. 137–144. University of Pittsburgh Department of Anthropology and Asociación Tikal, Pittsburgh.
Bergmann, John F.
1969
The Distribution of Cacao Cultivation in Pre-Columbian America. Annals of the Association of American Geographers
59:85–96.
Blong, R. J.
1984
Volcanic Hazards: A Sourcebook on the Effects of Eruptions. Academic Press Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales.
Bove, Frederick J.
1993a
Balberta in Perspective. In The Balberta Project, edited by Frederick J. Bove, Sonia Medrano, Brenda Lou, and Barbara Arroyo, pp. 1–14. University of Pittsburgh Department of Anthropology and Asociación Tikal, Pittsburgh.
Bove, Frederick J.
1993b
The Terminal Formative-Early Classic Transition. In The Balberta Project, edited by Frederick J. Bove, Sonia Medrano, Brenda Lou, and Barbara Arroyo, pp. 177–194. University of Pittsburgh Department of Anthropology and Asociación Tikal, Pittsburgh.
Brady, James E., Ball, Joseph W., Bishop, Ronald L., Pring, Duncan C., Hammond, Norman, and Housley, Rupert A.
1998
The Lowland Maya “Protoclassic.”
Ancient Mesoamerica
9:17–38.
Briffa, Keith R.
2000
Annual Climate Variability in the Holocene: Interpreting the Message of Ancient Trees. Quaternary Science Reviews
19:87–105.
Bryson, Reid A., and Goodman, Brian M.
1980
Volcanic Activity and Climatic Changes. Science
207:1041–1044.
Coe, Michael D., and Flannery, Kent V.
1967
Early Cultures and Human Ecology in South Coastal Guatemala. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 3. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
D’Arrigo, Rosanne D., and Jacoby, Gordon C.
1999
Northern North American Tree-Ring Evidence for Regional Temperature Changes after Major Volcanic Events. Climatic Change
41:1–15.
Daugherty, Howard E.
1969
Man-Induced Ecological Change in El Salvador. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Demarest, Arthur A.
1986
The Archaeology of Santa Leticia and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Tulane University Middle America Research Institute, New Orleans.
Demarest, Arthur A.
1988
Political Evolution in the Maya Borderlands: The Salvadoran Frontier. In The Southeast Classic Maya Zone, edited by Elizabeth H. Boone and Gordon R. Willey, pp. 335–394. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington, DC.
Demarest, Arthur A., and Sharer, Robert J.
1986
Late Preclassic Ceramic Spheres, Culture Areas, and Cultural Evolution in the Southeastern Highlands of Mesoamerica. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Patricia A. Urban and Edward M. Schortman, pp. 194–223. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Denevan, William M.
1992
Introduction. hiThe Native Population of the Americas in 1492. 2nd ed. Edited by William M. Denevan, pp. xv–xli. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Dull, Robert
1998
Late Holocene Human Ecology of the Chalchuapa Archaeological Zone: A 3700 Year Stratigraphic Record of Agriculture, Erosion, Fire and Vegetation Change from Laguna Cuzcachapa, Western El Salvador. Paper presented at the 15th Biennial Meeting of the American Quaternary Association, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico.
Earnest, Howard
1999
A Reappraisal of the Ilopango Volcanic Eruption in Central El Salvador. Doctoral Disseration, Harvard University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Eggler, Willis A.
1948
Plant Communities in the Vicinity of the Volcano El Parícutin, Mexico, after Two and a Half Years of Eruption. Ecology
29(4):415–436.
Eggler, Willis A.
1963
Plant Life of Parícutin Volcano, Mexico, Eight Years after Activity Ceased. American Midland Naturalist
69(1):38–68.
Estrada Belli, Francisco
1997
Survey in Jutiapa, Southeastern Guatemala. Mexicon
20(3):55–59.
Estrada Belli, Francisco
1998
The Evolution of Complex Societies in Southeastern Pacific Coastal Guatemala: A Regional GIS Archaeological Approach .Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Fash, William L. Jr.
1986
History and Characteristics of Settlement in the Copan Valley, and Some Comparisons with Quirigua. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Patricia A. Urban and Edward M. Schortman, pp. 72–93. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Feldman, Lawrence H.
1993
Mountains of Fire, Lands That Shake: Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in the Historic Past of Central America (1505–1899). Labyrinthos, Culver City, California.
Fisher, Richard V., Heiken, Grant, and Hulen, Jeffrey B.
1997
Volcanoes: Crucibles of Change. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
Fowler, William R., and Earnest, Howard H.
1985
Settlement Patterns and Prehistory of the Paraíso Basin of El Salvador. Journal of Filed Archaeology
12:19–32.
Fritz, Gayle J.
1994
Are the First American Farmers Getting Younger?
Current Anthropology
35(3):305–309.
Graham, John, and Heizer, Robert
1968
Notes on the Papalhuapa Site. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility
5:101–125.
Harrison, Kevin, Broecker, Wallace S., and Bonani, Georges
1993
A Strategy for Estimating the Impact of CO2 Fertilization on Soil Carbon Storage. Global Biogeochemical Cycles
7:69–78.
Hart, William, and Steen-Mclntyre, Virginia
1983
Tierra Blanca Joven Tephra from the AD 260 Eruption of Ilopango Caldera. In Archaeology and Volcanism in Central America., edited by Payson D. Sheets, pp. 14–34. Texas Pan American Series. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Henderson, John S.
1997
The World of the Ancient Maya. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Jenny, Hans
1941
Factors of Soil Formation. Dover Publications, New York.
Jones, P. D., Briffa, Keith R., and Schweingruber, F. H.
1995
Tree-Ring Evidence of the Widespread Effects of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions. Geophysical Research Letters
22(11):1333–1336.
Lardé, Jorge
1926
Cronología arqueológica de El Salvador. Revista de Etnología, Arqueología y Linguística
1(3–4):153–162.
Lardé y Larin, Jorge
1957
El Salvador: historia de sus pueblos, villas y ciudades. Departamento Editorial del Ministerio de Cultura, San Salvador.
Lawn, Barbara
1974
University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates XVII. Radiocarbon
16(2):219–237.
Leyden, Barbara W.
1987
Man and Climate in the Maya Lowlands. Quaternary Research
28:407–414.
Long, Austin, Benz, Bruce, Donohue, Douglas J., Timothy Jull, A.J., and Toolin, Larry
1989
First Direct AMS Dates on Early Maize from Tehuacán, Mexico. Radiocarbon
31:1035–1040.
Lothrop, Samuel K.
1927
Pottery Types and Their Sequence in El Salvador. Indian Notes and Monographs
1(4).
Lovell, W. George, and Lutz, Christopher H.
1995
Demography and Empire. Dellplain Latin American Studies, Number 33. Westview Press, Boulder.
Marcus, Joyce
1978
Archaeology and Religion: A Comparison of the Zapotec and Maya. World Archaeology
10(2):172–191.
Michael, Henry N., and Klein, Jeffrey
1979
An International Calibration for Radiocarbon Dates. MASCA Journal
1(2):56–57.
Michels, Joseph W.
1979
The Kaminaljuyu Chiefdom. The Pennsylvania State University Press Monograph Series on Kaminaljuyú. Pennsylvania State University.
Moholy-Nagy, Hattula
1999
Mexican Obsidian at Tikal, Guatemala. Latin American Antiquity
10(3):300–31l
Neff, Hector, Bove, Frederick J., Robinson, Eugenia J., and Arroyo, Barbara
1994
A Ceramic Compositional Perspective on the Formative to Classic Transition in Southern Mesoamerica. Latin American Antiquity
5:333–358.
Neff, Hector, Cogswell, James W., Kosakowsky, Laura J., Belli, Francisco Estrada, and Bove, Frederick J.
1999
A New Perspective on the Relationships among Cream Paste Ceramic Traditions of Southeastern Mesoamerica. Latin American Antiquity
10:281–299.
Parsons, Lee A.
1967
Bilbao, Guatemala: An Archeological Study of the Pacific Coast Cotzumalguapa Region. Publications in Anthropology, No. 11. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukeee.
Portig, W. H.
1965
Central American Rainfall. Geographical Review
55:68–90.
Rees, John D.
1979
Effects of the Eruption of Parícutin Volcano on Landforms, Vegetation and Human Occupancy. In Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology, edited by Payson D. Sheets and Donald K. Grayson, pp. 249–292. Academic Press, New York.
Rose, William I., Michael Conway, F., Pullinger, Carlos, Deino, Alan, and Mcintosh, William C.
1999
An Improved Age Framework for Late Quaternary Silicic Eruptions in Northern Central America. Bulletin of Volcanology
61:106–120
Sanders, William, and Michaels, Joseph
1977
Teotihuacan and Kaminaljuyu: A Study in Prehistoric Culture Contact. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.
Sapper, Carlos K. (Karl) 1925
Los volcánes de la América Central. Estudios sobre América Central. Verlag von Max Niemeyer, Halle.
Sapper, Karl
1927
Volkankunde. J. Engelhorns Nachf., Stuttgart.
Scarth, Alwyn
1999
Vulcan’s Fury: Man against the Volcano. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Schortman, Edward M., and Urban, Patricia A.
1991
Patterns of Late Preclassic Interaction and the Formation of Complex Society in the Southeast Maya Periphery. In The Formation of Complex Society in Southeastern Mesoamerica, edited by William R. Fowler, Jr., pp. 121–142. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.
Scheie, Linda, and Freidel, David
1990
The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya. Morrow, New York.
Scuderi, Louis A.
1990
Tree-Ring Evidence for Climatically Effective Volcanic Eruptions. Quaternary Research
34:67–85.
Sharer, Robert J.
1974
Prehistory of the Southeastern Maya Periphery. Current Anthropology
15(2): 165–176.
Sharer, Robert J.
1978a
The Prehistory of Chachuapa, El Salvador, vol. 1. The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Sharer, Robert J.
1978b
The Prehistory of Chachuapa, El Salvador, vol. 3. The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
Sharer, Robert J.
1994
The Ancient Maya. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto.
Sharer, Robert J., and Gifford, James C.
1970
Preclassic Ceramics from Chalchuapa, El Salvador, and Their Relationships With the Maya Lowlands. American Antiquity
35(4):441–462.
Sharer, Robert J., Traxler, Loa P., Sedat, David W, Bell, Ellen E., Canuto, Marcello A., and Powell, Christopher
1999
Early Classic Architecture beneath the Copan Acropolis. Ancient Mesoamerica
10(1999):3–23.
Sheets, Payson D.
1971
An Ancient Natural Disaster. Expedition
13(1):24–31.
Sheets, Payson D.
1979
Environmental and Cultural Effects of the Ilopango Eruption in Central America. In Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology, edited by Payson D. Sheets and Donald K. Grayson, pp. 525–564. Academic Press, New York.
Sheets, Payson D.
1981
Volcanoes and the Maya. Natural History
90(8):32–41.
Sheets, Payson D.
1983a
Archaeology and Volcanism in Central America. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Sheets, Payson D.
1983b
Introduction. In Archaeology and Volcanism in Central America., edited by Payson D. Sheets, pp. 1–13. Texas Pan American Series. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Sheets, Payson D.
1984
The Prehistory of El Salvador: An Interpretive Summary. In The Archaeology of Lower Central America, edited by Frederick W Lange and Doris Z. Stone, pp. 85–112. New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Sheets, Payson D.
1987
Possible Repercussions in Western Honduras of the Third-Century Eruption of Ilopango Volcano. In The Periphery of the Southeastern Maya Realm, edited by Gary Pahl, pp. 43–52. Vol. 61, UCLA Latin American Center Publications, Los Angeles.
Shook, Edwin M.
1965
Archaeological Survey of the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 2, edited by Gordon R. Willey, pp. 180–194. University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Shook, Edwin M., Hatch, Marion P., and Donaldson, Jamie K.
1979
Ruins of Semetabaj, Dept. Solola, Guatemala. In Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, edited by John A. Graham, pp. 7–142. Studies in Ancient Mesoamerica, IV. vol. 41. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.
Simkin, Tom, and Siebert, Lee
1994
Volcanoes of the World. 2nd ed. Geoscience Press, Tucson.
Smith, Keith
1992
Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster. Routledge Physical Environment Series. Routledge, London.
Squier, E. G.
1860
Nicaragua; Its People, Scenery, Monuments, Resources, Condition, and Proposed Canal; with One Hundred Original Maps and Illustrations. Harper & Brothers, New York.
Stevens, Rayfred L.
1964
The Soils of Middle America and Their Relation to Indian Peoples and Cultures. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1: Natural Environment and Early Cultures, edited by Robert C. West, pp. 265–315. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Stuiver, Minze, and Deevey, Edward S.
1961
Yale Natural Radiocarbon Measurements VI. Radiocarbon
3:126–140.
Stuiver, Minze, Reimer, Paula J., Bard, Eduard, Warren Beck, J., Burr, George S., Hughen, Konrad A., Kromer, Bernd, McCormac, Gerry, van der Plicht, Johannes, and Spurk, Marco
1998
INTCAL98 Radiocarbon Age Calibration 24,000-0 Cal BP. Radiocarbon
40:1041–1083.
Thompson, J. Eric S.
1970
Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
Thorarinsson, Sigurdur
1979
On the Damage Caused by Volcanic Eruptions with Special Reference to Tephra and Gasses. In Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology, edited by Payson D. Sheets and Donald K. Grayson, pp. 125–160. Academic Press, New York.
Thornton, Ian W.B.
1996
Krakatau: The Destruction and Reassembly of an Island Ecosystem. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Thornton, Ian W.B.
2000
The Ecology of Volcanoes: Recovery and Reassembly of Living Commumties. In Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, edited by Haraldur Sigurdsson, Bruce Houghton, Stephen R. McNutt, Hazel Rymer, and John Stix, pp. 1057–1081. Academic Press, San Diego.
Tilling, Robert I. (editor) 1989
Volcanic Hazards. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
Ugolini, F. C., and Zasoski, J.
1979
Soils Derived from Tephra. In Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology, edited by Payson D. Sheets and Donald K. Grayson, pp. 83–124. Academic Press, New York.
Vogel, John S., Cornell, Winton C., Earle Nelson, D., and Southon, John R.
1990
Vesuvius/Avellino, One Possible Source of Seventeenth Century BC Climatic Disturbances. Nature
344:534–537.
Wauchope, Robert, and Bond, Margaret
1989
Archaeological Investigations in the Department of Jutiapa, Guatemala. Middle American Research Institute, Publication 55. Tulane University, New Orleans.
Wilkie, James W., and Ortega, José Guadalupe (editors) 1997
Statistical Abstracts of Latin America. 33. The Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles.
Williams, Howel
1952
The Great Eruption of Coseguina, Nicaragua, in 1835. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences
29(2):21–46.
Williams, Howell, and McBirney, Alexander R.
1979
Volcanology. Freeman, Cooper & Co., San Francisco.
Wright, H. E., Mann, D. H., and Glasser, P. H.
1984
Piston Corers for Peat and Lake Sediments. Ecology
65:657–659.
Young, Allen M.
1994
The Chocolate Tree: A Natural History of Cacao. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Zielinski, Gregory A.
1995
Stratospheric Loading and Optical Depth Estimates of Explosive Volcanism over the Last 2100 Years Derived from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 Ice Core. Journal of Geophysical Research
100(D10):20,937–20,955.
Zielinski, Gregory A.
2000
Use of Paleo-Records in Determining Variability within theVolcanism-Climate System. Quaternary Science Reviews
19:417–438.
Zielinski, Gregory A., Mayewski, Paul A., Meeker, L.D., Whitlow, S., Twickler, M.S., Morrison, M., Meese, Deborah A., Gow, A. J., and Alley, Richard B.
1994
Record of Volcanism since 7000 B.C. From the Gisp2 Greenland Ice Core and Implications for the Volcano-Climate System. Science
264:948–957.