Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T06:50:08.362Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Repoliticization of Collective Action After Neoliberalism in Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Moisés Arce
Moisés Arce*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Missouri. arcem@missouri.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Examining the popular uprising against the privatization of electric service in Arequipa and other revolts against foreign direct investment in Peru, this article explores the changing basis of antigovernment mobilizations against economic liberalization. It suggests that the transition from Fujimori to Toledo led to a major shift in the political opportunity structure, creating a more conducive environment for greater levels of mobilization while increasing the leverage of challengers, along with their chances to achieve positive goals. These new forms of collective resistance are geographically segmented or territorialized; they present concrete demands; and they often involve unexpected actors, yet they resonate at the national level. These results confirm the expectations from recent repoliticization literature insofar as collective actors remain acutely responsive to market reforms in more democratic settings.

Type
Research
Information
Latin American Politics and Society , Volume 50 , Issue 3 , Fall 2008 , pp. 37 - 62
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Apoyo, S.A. 2002a. Informe de opinión. July.Google Scholar
Apoyo, S.A. 2002b. Informe de opinión. August.Google Scholar
Apoyo, S.A. 2002c. Informe de opinión. December.Google Scholar
Apoyo, S.A. 2003. Informe de opinión. May.Google Scholar
Arce, Moisés, and Bellinger, Paul T. Jr., 2007. Low-Intensity Democracy Revisited: the Effects of Economic Liberalization on Political Activity in Latin America. World Politics 60, 1 (October): 97–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arce, Moisés, and Rice, Roberta. Forthcoming. Societal Protest in Poststabilization Bolivia. Latin American Research Review 44, 1 (2009).Google Scholar
Assies, Willem. 2003. David versus Goliath in Cochabamba: Water Rights, Neoliberalism, and the Revival of Social Protest in Bolivia. Latin American Perspectives 30, 3 (May): 14–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auyero, Javier. 2002. Los cambios en el repertorio de la protesta social en la Argentina. Desarrollo Económico 42, 166 (July-September): 187–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballón, Eduardo. 2002. El toledismo y el movimiento social. In Perú hoy, Toledo: a un año de gobierno, ed. Ballón, . Lima: Centro de Estudios y Promocion del Desarrollo DESCO.Google Scholar
Ballón, Eduardo. 2003. Desco investigator. Author interview. Lima, November 7.Google Scholar
Barr, Robert. 2005. Bolivia: Another Uncompleted Revolution. Latin American Politics and Society 47, 3 (Fall): 69–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bury, Jeffrey. 2002. Livelihoods, Mining, and Peasant Protests in the Peruvian Andes. Journal of Latin American Geography 1, 1: 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calderón, Fernando, and Szmukler, Alicia. 2000. Lapolítica en las calles: política, urbanizadón y desarrollo. La Paz: CERES/Universidad Andina.Google Scholar
Caravedo Molinari, Baltazar. 1978. Desarrollo desigualy lucha política en el Perú 1948–1956: la burguesía arequipeña y el estadoperuano. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Caravedo Molinari, Baltazar. 1988. Ciudad y región: los límites del nuevo descentralismo. Lima: M. J. Bustamante de la Fuente. Caretas (Lima). 2001. En octubre no hay milagros. October 4.Google Scholar
Caravedo Molinari, Baltazar. 2002a. ¿ El que no flora no mama? December 5.Google Scholar
Caravedo Molinari, Baltazar. 2002b. El volcán Characato. June 27.Google Scholar
Caravedo Molinari, Baltazar. 2002c. !Qué calor hace en Tarapoto! August 2.Google Scholar
Caravedo Molinari, Baltazar. 2003. Huelgan comentarios. May 22.Google Scholar
Carrión, Julio R, ed. 2006. The Fujimori Legacy: The Rise of Electoral Authoritarianism in Peru. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Comercio. (Lima). 2003a. Involucran a 6 presidentes de región en hechos irregulares. July 14.Google Scholar
El Comercio. (Lima). 2003b. Juzgado cita a ex gerente Unzueta. July 9.Google Scholar
El Comercio. (Lima). 2003c. Mufarech ofrecio “favores” antes de ganar electión. July 10.Google Scholar
El Comercio. (Lima). 2004. Imputan a Daniño la pérdida de autoridad. May 10.Google Scholar
El Comercio. (Lima). 2007. Las protestas ocasionan al país 200 millones de soles diarios en pérdidas. July 12.Google Scholar
Conaghan, Catherine M. 2005. Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Contreras, Carlos. 2000. Centralismo y descentralismo en la historia del Perú independiente. Working Paper no. 127. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Correo (Lima). 2003. Nueve presidentes regionales involucrados en actos irregulares. November 10.Google Scholar
Debate (Lima). 1997. Obtener poder para resolver problemas. October-November: 6–10.Google Scholar
del Pueblo, Defensoría. 2007a. Informe extraordinario: Los conflictos socioam-bientales por actividades extractivas en el Perú. Lima: Defensoría del Pueblo.Google Scholar
Defensoría del Pueblo. Unidad de Conflictos Sociales. 2007b. Conflictos sociales conocidos por la Defensoría del Pueblo al 30 de agosto del 2007. Informe No. 42. Lima: Defensoría del Pueblo.Google Scholar
Delamata, Gabriela. 2002. De los “estallidos” provinciales a la generalizatión de las protestas en Argentina. Nueva Sodedad 182 (November-December): 121–38.Google Scholar
Delamata, Gabriela. 2004. The Organizations of Unemployed Workers in Greater Buenos Aires. Working Paper no. 8. Center for Latin American Studies, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Durand, Francisco. 1982. Arequipa: clases sociales, regionalismo e industrializatión. Working Paper. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2005. Halting the Rush against Gold. February 5.Google Scholar
Finnegan, William. 2002. Leasing the Rain. The New Yorker, April 8.Google Scholar
Fraser Institute. 20012007. Annual Survey of Mining Companies. Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute.Google Scholar
Garay, Candelaria. 2007. Social Policy and Collective Action: Unemployed Workers, Community Associations, and Protest in Argentina. Politics and Society 35, 2 (June): 301–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gestión (Lima). 2003a. Mandatario: se duplicará sueldos de maestros al término de mi gobierno. May 14.Google Scholar
Gestión (Lima). 2003b. Silva Ruete reitera: “no hay dinero” para aumento de sueldos a maestros. May 16.Google Scholar
Gonzáles de Olarte, Efraín. 2000. Neocentralismo y neoliberalismo en el Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos-Consorcio de Investigatión Económica.Google Scholar
Gonzáles de Olarte, Efraín. 2002. Descentralización a la peruana. Debate 118 (December): 16–20.Google Scholar
Griffin, Greg. 2006a. Newmont Mining Begins to Close Peru Site over Protests. Denver Post, August 29.Google Scholar
Griffin, Greg. 2006b. Newmont Mine in Peru Set to Reopen. Denver Post, August 30.Google Scholar
Grindle, Merilee S. 2000. Audacious Reforms: Institutional Invention and Democracy in Latin America. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Guillén, Juan Manuel. 2003. Former provincial mayor, Arequipa. Author interview. Arequipa, June 4.Google Scholar
Hammergren, Linn. 1974. Politics in the Periphery: a Study of National Integration and the Development of Local Political Organization. Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hochstetler, Kathryn. 2006. Rethinking Presidentialism: Challenges and Presidential Falls in South America. Comparative Politics 38, 4: 401–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntingdon, Samuel P. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). 2005. The Politics of Policies: Economic and Social Progress in Latin America, 2006 Report. Washington, DC: IDB.Google Scholar
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). 2002. Perú: compendio Estadístico 2002. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.Google Scholar
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI). 2005. Perú: Compendio estadístico 2005. Lima: INEI.Google Scholar
Kohl, Benjamin. 2002. Stabilizing Neoliberalism in Bolivia: Popular Participation and Privatization. Political Geography 21: 449–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurtz, Marcus J. 2004. The Dilemmas of Democracy in the Open Economy: Lessons from Latin America. World Politics 56, 2 (January): 262–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laserna, Roberto, and Ortego, Jesús. 2003. Reflexiones sobre violencia, conflicto y diálogo social en Bolivia. Boletín 8. Cochabamba: Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Económica y Social (CERES).Google Scholar
Llosa, Eleana. 2003. La batalla por la carretera interoceánica en el sur peruano: ¿localismo o descentralismo? Working Paper no. 129. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
López-Maya, Margarita. 2002. Venezuela after the Caracazo: Forms of Protest in a Deinstitutionalized Context. Bulletin of Latin American Research 21, 2: 199–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Maya, Margarita, and Lander, Luis E.. 2004. The Struggle for Hegemony in Venezuela: Poverty, Protest, and the Future of Democracy. In Politics in the Andes: Identity, Conflict, Reform, ed. Burt, Jo-Marie and Mauceri, Philip. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 207–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucero, José Antonio. 2001. Crisis and Contention in Ecuador. Journal of Democracy 12, 2 (April): 59–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott, and Scully, Timothy R.. 1995. Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America. In Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, ed. Mainwaring, and Scully, . Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1–34.Google Scholar
Manzetti, Luigi. 1999. Privatization South American Style. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maxfield, Sylvia. 1997. Gatekeepers of Growth: The International Political Economy of Central Banking in Developing Countries. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney, and Tilly, Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ministerio del Interior. 2002. Memoria del Servicio Nacional de Inteligenda del Ministerio del Interior. Lima: Ministerio del Interior.Google Scholar
Muradian, Roldan, Martínez-Alier, Joan, and Correa, Humberto. 2003. International Capital versus Local Population: the Environmental Conflict of the Tambo-grande Mining Project, Peru. Society and Natural Resources 16: 775–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murillo, María Victoria, and Ronconi, Lucas. 2004. Teachers' Strikes in Argentina: Partisan Alignments and Public-sector Labor Relations. Studies in Comparative International Development 39, 1 (Spring): 77–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
New York Times. 2000. Bolivia Makes Key Concessions to Indians. October 7: A8.Google Scholar
New York Times 2003. Unrest Clouds Bolivian Leader's Future. March 10: A6.Google Scholar
Nickson, Andrew, and Vargas, Claudia. 2002. The Limitations of Water Regulation: the Failure of the Cochabamba Concession in Bolivia. Bulletin of Latin American Research 21, 1: 99–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paredes, Fernando. 2002. Gobernabilidad regional: preguntas desde Arequipa. Economía y Sociedad 46 (October): 44–48.Google Scholar
Perlez, Jane, and Bergman, Lowell. 2005. Tangled Strands in Fight over Peru Gold Mine. New York Times, October 25.Google Scholar
Perú Económico. 2001. La “nevada”arequipena. June. 19–20, 23.Google Scholar
Perú Económico. 2002a. Lima = Peru. April. 7–8.Google Scholar
Perú Económico. 2002b. Regionalización: un circo de múltiples pistas. November.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. New York: Farrar and Rinehart.Google Scholar
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD, United Nations Development Program). 2002. Informe sobre el desarrollo humano Perú 2002: aprovechando laspotendalidades. Lima: PNUD.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La República (Lima). 2003. Ustedes no van a dejar que el APRA tenga el poder. June 26.Google Scholar
Roberts, Kenneth M. 1996. Economic Crisis and the Demise of the Legal Left in Peru. Comparative Politics 29, 1 (October): 69–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semana Económica (Lima). 2001. ¿El que no llora no mama? September 30: 3–4.Google Scholar
Slater, David. 1991. Regionalización en una época de crisis social: perú, 1985–1990. EURE (Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Urbano-Regionales) 17, 51: 33–41.Google Scholar
Superintendencia de Banca y Seguros. 2003. Data on regional credit allocation. <http://www.sbs.gob.pe> Accessed September 2004.+Accessed+September+2004.>Google Scholar
Tanaka, Martín. 2002. La dinámica de los actores regionales y el proceso de decentralizatión: ¿el despertar del letargo? Working Paper no. 125. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teh-White, Katherine. 2005. A Tale of Two Mines. The Age, July 14: 3.Google Scholar
Vargas Gutiérrez, José Luis. 2002. ¡Erupcionó Arequipa!Quehacer 136 (May-June): 72–77.Google Scholar
Weitzman, Hal. 2005. Mining Groups Struggle to Obtain “Social License” for Their Operations in Peru. Financial Times (London), June 4: 10.Google Scholar
Weitzman, Hal. 2006. Roof Caves in for Mining Groups in Peru. Financial Times, August 31: 21.Google Scholar
Wolff, Jonas. 2005. Ambivalent Consequences of Social Exclusion for Real-Existing Democracy in Latin America. Journal of International Relations and Developments, 1: 58–87.Google Scholar
Wolff, Jonas. 2007. (De-)Mobilising the Marginalised: a Comparison of the Argentine Piqueteros and Ecuador's Indigenous Movement. Journal of Latin American Studies 39, 1 (February): 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2003. Restoring Fiscal Discipline for Poverty Reduction in Peru: A Public Expenditure Review. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Yashar, Deborah J. 1998. Contesting Citizenship: Indigenous Movements and Democracy in Latin America. Comparative Politics 31, 1 (October): 23–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zermeño, Sergio. 1990. Crisis, Neoliberalism, and Disorder. In Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico, ed. Foweraker, Joe and Craig, Ann L.. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar