Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T01:31:05.244Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Changing Landscape of Civil Society in Niterói, Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

Abigail Friendly
Abigail Friendly*
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In the context of urban poverty in Brazil, this article considers the national context of civil society starting in the 1950s through to the approval of the Statute of the City in 2001. Focusing on a case study of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, I unpack the perception of a declining civil society in that city. Rather than taking a retraction of civil society at face value, I make the case for alterations within civil society and the role of the political context.

Resumo

Resumo

No contexto da pobreza urbana no Brasil, este artigo considera o contexto nacional da sociedade civil, a partir dos anos 50 até a aprovação do Estatuto da Cidade em 2001. Com foco em um estudo de caso de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, eu revelo a percepção de uma sociedade civil em declínio nessa cidade. No entanto, ao invés de tomar uma retração da sociedade civil a primeira vista, eu sugiro alterações no seio da sociedade civil e no papel do contexto político.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 51 , Issue 1 , 2016 , pp. 218 - 241
Copyright
Copyright © 2016 by the Latin American Studies Association

References

Abers, Rebecca Neaera 2000 Inventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil. London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Sonia 1993 “‘Deepening’ Democracy: Popular Movement Networks, Constitutional Reform, and Radical Urban Regimes in Contemporary Brazil.” In Mobilizing the Community: Local Politics in the Era of the Global City, edited by Fisher, Robert and Kling, Joseph, 191–219. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Arias, Enrique D., and Rodrigues, Corinne D. 2006 “The Myth of Personal Security: Criminal Gangs, Dispute Resolution and Identity in Rio's Favelas.” Latin American Politics and Society 48 (4): 53–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auyero, Javier 2000 “The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina: An Ethnographic Account.” Latin American Research Review 35 (3): 55–81.Google Scholar
Avritzer, Leonardo 1997 “Introduction: The Meaning and Employment of ‘Civil Society’ in Latin America.” Constellations 4 (1): 88–93.Google Scholar
Avritzer, Leonardo 2007 Urban Reform, Participation and the Right to the City in Brazil. Sussex, UK: Institute of Development Studies.Google Scholar
Avritzer, Leonardo 2009 Participatory Institutions in Democratic Brazil. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Baiocchi, Gianpaolo 2002 “Synergizing Civil Society: State-Civil Society Regimes in Porto Alegre, Brazil.” Political Power and Social Theory 15:3–52.Google Scholar
Baiocchi, Gianpaolo, Heller, Patrick, and Silva, Marcelo K. 2011 Bootstrapping Democracy: Transforming Local Governance and Civil Society in Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bassul, José R. 2005 Estatuto da Cidade: Quem ganhou? Quem perdeu? Brasília: Sendado Federal.Google Scholar
Biasotto, Rosane 1995 “A territorialidade dos pescadores de Itaipú no contexto da expansão urbana de Niterói/RJ.” Master's thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Bienenstein, Regina 2001 “Redesenho urbanístico e participação social em processos de regularização fundiária.” PhD diss., Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Bienenstein, Regina 2010 “The Right to the (Brazilian) City: Democratic Urbanization in an Extremely Uneven Society”. Paper presented at the conference “Everyday Life in the Segmented City,” Florence, Italy, July 22–25.Google Scholar
Caldeira, Teresa, and Holston, James 2005 “State and Urban Space in Brazil: From Modernist Planning to Democratic Interventions.” In Global Anthropology: Technology, Governmentality, Ethics, edited by Ong, Aihwa and Collier, Stephen J., 393–416. London: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig 1993 “Civil Society and the Public Sphere.” Public Culture 5 (2): 267–280.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Ruth C. L. 1990 “Participação política e democracia.” Novos Estudos CEBRAP 26:15–24.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Maria A. J., de A. Comarú, Francisco, and Teixeira, Ana Cláudia C. 2009 “Plano diretor de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro: Desafios da construção de um sistema de planejamento e gestão urbana.” In Planos diretores: Processos e aprendizados, edited by Cymbalista, Renato and Santoro, Paula F., 91–112. São Paulo: Instituto Pólis.Google Scholar
Castells, Manuel 1983 The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Jean L., and Arato, Andrew 1992 Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Conselho Communitário da Orla da Baía n.d. Estatuto do Conselho Comunitário da Orla da Baía. Niterói, Brazil.Google Scholar
Dagnino, Evelina 2010 “Civil Society in Latin America: Participatory Citizens or Service Providers?” In Power to the People? (Con-)Tested Civil Society in Search of Democracy, edited by Moksnes, H. and Melin, M., 23–39. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Diniz, Eli 1982 Voto e maquina política: Patronagem e clientelismo no Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra.Google Scholar
Donaghy, Maureen 2013 Civil Society and Participatory Governance: Municipal Councils and Social Housing Programs in Brazil. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Edelman, Marc 2001 “Social Movements: Changing Paradigms and Forms of Politics.” Annual Review of Anthropology 20:285–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Encarnación, Omar G. 2003 The Myth of Civil Society: Social Capital and Democratic Consolidation in Spain and Brazil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Encarnación, Omar G. 2006 “Civil Society Reconsidered.” Comparative Politics 38 (3): 357–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Peter 1997 “Government Action, Social Capital and Development: Reviewing the Evidence on Synergy.” World Development 24 (5): 1119–1132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faoro, Raymundo 1975 Os donos do poder: Formação do patronato político brasileiro. Porto Alegre: Editora Globo.Google Scholar
Fernandes, Edesio 2011 “Implementing the Urban Reform Agenda in Brazil: Possibilities, Challenges, and Lessons.” Urban Forum 22 (3): 229–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, Marieta de Moraes 2006 “A fusão do Rio de Janeiro, a ditadura militar e a transição política.” In A democratização no Brasil: Atores e contextos, edited by de Abreu, Alzira Alves, 163–203. Rio de Janeiro: Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil.Google Scholar
Figueiredo, Antônio 2009 “Movimento de bairros está morrendo em Niterói.” A Tribuna, July 4. http://www.atribunarj.com.br/noticia.php?id=932&titulo=Movimento%20de%20bairros%20est%El%20morrendo%20em%20Niter%F3i.Google Scholar
Foweraker, Joe 1995 Theorizing Social Movements. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Foweraker, Joe 2001 “Grassroots Movements and Political Activism in Latin America: A Critical Comparison of Chile and Brazil.” Journal of Latin American Studies 33 (4): 839–865.Google Scholar
Friedman, Elisabeth J., and Hochstetler, Kathryn 2002 “Assessing the Third Transition in Latin American Democratization: Representational Regimes and Civil Society in Argentina and Brazil.” Comparative Politics 35 (1): 21–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friendly, Abigail 2013 “The Right to the City: Theory and Practice in Brazil.” Planning Theory and Practice 14 (2): 158–179.Google Scholar
Gay, Robert 1990 “Community Organization and Clientelist Politics in Contemporary Brazil: A Case Study from Suburban Rio de Janeiro.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 14 (4): 648–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gay, Robert 1994 Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Gay, Robert 1999 “The Broker and the Thief: A Parable (Reflections on Popular Politics in Brazil).” Luso-Brazilian Review 36 (1): 49–70.Google Scholar
Giugni, Marco G. 1998 “Was It Worth the Effort? The Outcomes and Consequences of Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:371–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gramsci, Antonio 1995 Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Translated by Boothman, D. London: Lawrence and Wishart.Google Scholar
Grazia, Grazia de 2003 “Reforma urbana e Estatuto da Cidade.” In Reforma urbana e gestão democrática: Promessas e desafios do Estatuto da Cidade, edited by de Q. Ribeiro, Luiz C. and Lucio, Adauto, 53–70. Rio de Janeiro: Rivan.Google Scholar
Hagopian, Frances 1996 Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hipsher, Patricia L. 1996 “Democratization and the Decline of Urban Social Movements in Chile and Spain.” Comparative Politics 28 (3): 273–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochstetler, Kathryn 2000 “Democratizing Pressures from Below? Social Movements in the New Brazilian Democracy.” In Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions, and Processes, edited by Kingstone, Peter R. and Power, Timothy J., 167–182. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) 2004 As fundações privadas e associações sem fins lucrativos no Brasil 2002. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.Google Scholar
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) 2008 As fundações privadas e associações sem fins lucrativos no Brasil 2005. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.Google Scholar
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) 2010 “Censo demográfico 2010.” http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/.Google Scholar
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) 2012 As fundações privadas e associações sem fins lucrativos no Brasil 2010. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística.Google Scholar
Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies 2010 Nonprofit Organizations in Brazil: A Pilot Satellite Account with International Comparisons, 2002. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies.Google Scholar
Krantz, Rebecca S. 2003 “Cycles of Reform in Porto Alegre and Madison.” In Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, edited by Fung, Archon and Wright, Erik Olin, 225–236. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Kumar, Krishan 1993 “Civil Society: An Inquiry into the Usefulness of an Historical Term.” British Journal of Sociology 44 (3): 375–395.Google Scholar
Landim, Leilah 1993a Defining the Nonprofit Sector: Brazil. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies.Google Scholar
Landim, Leilah 1993b Para além do mercado e do estado? Filantropia e cidadania no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Superior de Estudos da Religião and Núcleo de Pesquisa.Google Scholar
Lavalle, Adrián G., and Bueno, Natália S. 2011 “Waves of Change within Civil Society in Latin America: Mexico City and São Paulo.” Politics and Society 39 (3): 415–450.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott 1987 “Urban Popular Movements, Identity, and Democratization in Brazil.” Comparative Political Studies 20 (2): 131–159.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott 1989 “Grassroots Popular Movements and the Struggle for Democracy: Novo Iguaçu.” In Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation, edited by Stepan, Alfred, 168–204. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Maricato, Ermínia 1996 Metrópole na periferia do capitalismo: Ilegalidade, desigualdade e violência. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec.Google Scholar
Maricato, Ermínia 2009 “Fighting for Just Cities in Capitalism's Periphery.” In Searching for the Just City: Debates in Urban Theory and Practice, edited by Marcuse, P., Connolly, J., Novy, J., Olivo, I., Potter, C., and Steil, J., 194–213. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Marinho, Lilliandayse 2010 “Moradores denunciam migração de traficantes para a região Oceânica.” A Tribuna, November 27.Google Scholar
Mascarenhas, Mônica T. M., and Almeida, Celia 2002 “O Programa Médico de Família de Niterói (PMFN): Uma agenda para reflexão.” Saúde em Debate 26 (60): 82–102.Google Scholar
McCarney, Patricia 2003 “Confronting Critical Disjunctures in the Governance of Cities.” In Governance on the Ground: Innovations and Discontinuities in Cities of the Developing World, edited by McCarney, P. and Stren, R., 31–55. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Menezes, Isabela M. 2011 “A atuação do conselho comunitário da Orla da Baía, quando a cidade Sorriso Chorou ...” Unpublished monograph, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Meyer, David S. 2004 “Protest and Political Opportunities.” Annual Review of Sociology 30:125–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miranda, Maria A. S. de 2004 “A dinâmica da configuração sócio espacial na cidade de Niterói: Um estudo da mobilidade residencial.” Master's thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Mische, Ann 2008 Partisan Publics: Communication and Contention across Brazilian Youth Activist Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mizubuti, Satie 1986 “O movimento associativo de bairro em Niterói (RJ).” PhD diss., Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Monte-Mór, Roberto L. 2007 “Planejamento urbano no Brasil: Emergência e consolidação.” Etc..., Espaço, Tempo e Crítico 1 (1): 71–96.Google Scholar
Moura, Primavera de L. da S. 1993 “Um movimento em busca do poder: As associações de moradores do Rio de Janeiro e a sua relação com o Estado (1970-1990).” Master's thesis, Universidade Federal Fluminense.Google Scholar
Nascimento, Sueli do 2006 “Gestão participativo? Atuação dos lideranças das associações de moradores cogestores do Programa Médico de Família—Niterói.” Master's thesis, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Neri, Marcelo C. 2011 Os emergentes dos emergentes: Reflexões globais e ações locais para a nova classe média brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: FGV/CPS.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Schmitter, Philippe C. 1986 Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Oliveira, Márcio Piñon de, and Mizubuti, Satie 2009 “Niterói: O jogo político e sua repercussão na paisagem, cultura e representações.” Espaço e Cultura 25:69–83.Google Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor 1996 “Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and Development.” World Development 24 (6): 1037–1088.Google Scholar
Paiva, Maria A. P. 2000 Espaço público e representação política. Niterói: Editora da UFF.Google Scholar
Pateman, Carole 1970 Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pickvance, Christopher G. 1999 “Democratisation and the Decline of Social Movements: The Effects of Regime Change on Collective Action in Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and Latin America.” Sociology 33 (2): 353–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PNUD (Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento) 2000 “Atlas do desenvolvimento humano.” http://www.pnud.org.br/atlas.Google Scholar
Prefeitura Municipal de Niterói 2006 Plano estratégico municipal para assentamentos informais urbanos de Niterói. Niterói: Prefeitura Municipal de Niterói.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, Luiz C. de Q., and Junior, Orlando A. Santos 2001 “Challenges of Urban Reform, Urban Political Monitoring and Urban Management.” DisP: The Planning Review 147 (4): 61–66.Google Scholar
Salandía, Luis F. V. 2001 “O papel da da estrutura fundiária, das normativas urbanas e dos paradigmas urbanísticos na configuração espacial da região oceânica de Niterói, RJ.” Master's thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Santos Junior, Orlando Alves dos, and Montandon, Daniel T., eds. 2011 Os planos diretores municipais pós-estatuto da cidade: Balanço crítico e perspectivas. Rio de Janeiro: Letra Capital and Observatório das Metrópoles.Google Scholar
Schwartzman, Simon 1973 “Regional Cleavages and Political Patrimonialism in Brazil.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Schwartzman, Simon 1975 São Paulo e o estado nacional. São Paulo: Difel.Google Scholar
Silva, Suellem H. de 2011 “Democracia e representação política: Um estudo sobre a representação da sociedade civil no conselho do orçamento participativo de Niterói.” PhD diss., Universidade Federal Fluminense.Google Scholar
Soares, Luiz E., and Sento-Sé, João T. 2000 Estado e segurança pública no Rio de Janeiro: Dilemas de um aprendizado difícil. Rio de Janeiro: Projeto MARE-CAPES and Reforma o Estado e Proteção Social.Google Scholar
Sorj, Bernardo 2000 A nova sociedade brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar.Google Scholar
Souza, Marcelo Lopes de 2005 “Urban Planning in an Age of Fear: The Case of Rio de Janeiro.” International Development Planning Review 27 (1): 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, Marcelo Lopes de 2006 “Social Movements as ‘Critical Urban Planning’ Agents.” City 10 (3): 327–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sprejer, Pedro 2013 “Raquel Rolnik: A conquista do direito à cidade.” O Globo, June 22.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney 1994 Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tendler, Judith 1997 Good Government in the Tropics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Vianna, Luis W. 1976 Liberalismo e sindicato no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, Nina, Mendes, Rosilda, Minkler, Meredith, and Akerman, Marco 2011 “Reclaiming the Social in Community Movements: Perspectives from the USA and Brazil/South America: 25 Years after Ottawa.” Health Promotion International 26 (2): ii226–ii236.Google ScholarPubMed
Weffort, Francisco C. 1984 Por que democracia? São Paulo: Brasiliense.Google Scholar