Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-16T19:00:24.495Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Extraterritorial Political Rights and Dual Citizenship in Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

Cristina Escobar
Cristina Escobar*
Affiliation:
Princeton University
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

There is variation among the Latin American sending countries in the timing, sequence, and form by which they have approved retention-of-nationality laws (dual-citizenship laws) and have extended political rights to their migrants abroad. This variation is the product not only of the characteristics of the migration in each country but also of the specificity of their political and electoral systems and of the historical relationship between the state and its citizens. I focus my analysis on Latin American migration to the United States, which, although not the only destination, has attracted the majority of Latin American migrants and has significantly influenced, with its immigration policies, the policies of Latin American sending countries towards their émigrés.

Resumen

Resumen

Existe una gran variedad en la forma, el momento y la secuencia en las cuales los países latinoamericanos expulsores de población han aprobado leyes de retención de nacionalidad (doble ciudadanía) y han extendido derechos políticos a sus nacionales en el exterior. Esta variación es el producto no sólo de las características de la migración de cada uno de los países sino también de la especificidad de sus sistemas político y electoral, y de la relación histórica que el estado ha tenido con sus ciudadanos. Enfoco mi análisis en la migración latinoamericana hacia los Estados Unidos, país el cual, si bien no ha sido el único destino de la migración latinoamericana, ha atraído una gran mayoría de ella y ha influido significativamente, con su política de inmigración, la política de los países latinoamericanos expulsores para con sus emigrados.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 42 , Issue 3 , October 2007 , pp. 43 - 75
Copyright
Copyright © 2007 by the University of Texas Press

Footnotes

*

I would like to thank the International Migration Program of the Social Science Research Council and the Program for Latin American Studies at Princeton University for their generous support in the initial stages of this research, and to the Center for Migration and Development of the same University for their support thereafter. I also want to thank the anonymous LARR reviewers for all their insightful comments.

References

Aleinikoff, Alexander 2000 “Between Principles and Politics: U.S. Citizenhip Policy.” In From Migrants to Citizens, edited by Aleinikoff, Alexander and Klusmeyer, Douglas, 119–172. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Migration Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Aleinikoff, Alexander, and Klusmeyer, Douglas 2001 “Plural Nationality: Facing the Future in a Migratory World” in Citizenship Today: Global Perspectives and Practices, 63–88. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Migration Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Aleinikoff, Alexander, and Klusmeyer, Douglas 2002 Citizenship Policies for an Age of Migration. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Migration Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Basch Linda, Nina Glick-Schiller, and Blanc, Cristina Szanton, eds. 1994 Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Langhorne, PA: Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar
Bauböck, Rainer 2000 “Introduction.” In From Migrants to Citizens: Membership in a Changing World, edited by Aleinikoff, Alexander and Klusmeyer, Douglas, 1–2. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Migration Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Bauböck, Rainer 2003 “Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism.” International Migration Review 37 (2): 700–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauböck, Rainer 2005 “Expansive Citizenship: Voting beyond Territory and Membership.” Political Science and Politics 35 (4): 683–87.Google Scholar
Bauböck, Rainer 2007 “Citizenship and Migration: Concepts and Controversies.” In Migration and Citizenship: Legal Status, Rights and Political Participation, edited by Bauböck, Rainer, 15–31. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Benhabib, Seyla 2005 “Borders, Boundaries, and Citizenship.” Political Science and Politics 38 (4): 673–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, F. S., and Berry, William D. “Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research.” In Theories of the Policy Process, edited by Sabatier, Paula A., 169–200. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Blanco, Carlos 2006 “¿Revolución o Neo-autoritarianismo en Venezuela?” In Venezuelan Politics and Society in times of Chavismo, edited by Lander, Richard O., 66–83. Stockholm: Institute of Latin American Studies. Universite Stockholms.Google Scholar
Bloemraad, Irene 2004 “Who Claims Dual Citizenship?: The Limits of Postnationalism, the Possibilities of Transnationalism, and the Persistence of Traditional Citizenship.” International Migration Review 38 (1): 389–426.Google Scholar
Calderón Chelius, Leticia 2003a Votar en la distancia: La extensión de los derechos políticos a migrantes, experiencias comparadas. Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Calderón Chelius, Leticia 2003b “Oh, qué será, qué será, del voto de los brasileños en el exterior.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón, 84–114. Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Calderón Chelius, Leticia, and Saldaña, Jesús Martínez 2002 La dimensión política de la migración mexicana. México, DF: Instituto Mora. Calderón Chelius, Leticia, and Noyamín Martínez CossíoGoogle Scholar
Calderón Chelius, Leticia, and Saldaña, Jesús Martínez 2003 “‘La democracia incompleta’: La lucha de los mexicanos por el voto en el exterior.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón, 217–67. Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Castles, Stephen 1998 The Age of Migration: International Migration. New York: The Guilford Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castles, Stephen 2004 “The Factors that Make and Unmake Migration Policies.” International Migration Review 38 (3): 852–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chávez Ramos, Edith 2003 “La experiencia argentina del voto en el exterior: Los ciudadanos migrantes.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón. México, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Colombian American National Coalition [CANCO] 1988 Documents and Correspondence (February 14, March 2, April 13, May 13).Google Scholar
De la Garza, Rodolfo, and Hazan, Myriam 2003 Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Mexican Organizations in the U.S. as Agents of Incorporation and Dissociation. Claremont, CA: The Tomás Rivera Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística-Colombia 2006 Censo Nacional 2005. Bogotá: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística.Google Scholar
Dirección General de Asuntos Consulares e Instituto del Servicio Exterior de la Nación 2002 Primera jornada sobre el régimen jurídico de la nacionalidad argentina. Conference proceedings. Buenos Aires: Cancillería Argentina, Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. November 19–20.Google Scholar
Durand, Jorge 2003 “Fatalidad democrática o democracia fatal: Las elecciones Peruanas y el voto en el exterior.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón, 168–79. Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora:Google Scholar
Escobar, Cristina 2004 “Dual Citizenship and Political Participation: Migrants in the Interplay of United States and Colombian Politics.” Latino Studies 2 (1): 45–69.Google Scholar
Escobar, Cristina 2006 “Migration and Citizen Rights: The Mexican Case.” Citizenship Studies 10 (5): 505–23.Google Scholar
Espinal, Rosario 2005 “Reformas electorales y los desafíos de la gobernabilidad democrática en la República Dominicana.” Paper presented at Seminario Internacional “Reformas Electorales Pendientes: Fortalecimiento del Sistema Electoral” Participación Ciudadana, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, March 3–4, 2005.Google Scholar
Faist, Thomas, Gerdes, Jürgen, and Rieple, Beate 2004 “Dual Citizenship as a Path Dependent Process.” International Migration Review 38 (3): 913–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, David 2000 Negotiating Extra-Territorial Citizenship: Mexican Migration and the Transnational Politics of Community. San Diego, CA: San Diego Center for Comparative and Immigration Studies.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, David 2005 “Nationality and Migration in Modern Mexico.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (1): 171–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez Calcaño, Luis 1964 Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gómez Calcaño, Luis 2005 “Redefinición de la democracia y la ciudadanía en Venezuela: Nuevas relaciones entre estado y sociedad civil. Caracas, Venezuela: Seminario Venezuela Visión Plural.Google Scholar
Gordon, Milton M. 1964 Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Graham, Pamela 1997 “Reimagining the Nation and Defining the District: Dominican Migration and Transnational Politics.” Caribbean Circuits: New Directions in the Study of Caribbean Migration, edited by Pessar, Patricia, 91–125. New York: Center for Migration Studies.Google Scholar
Graham, Pamela 2001 “Political Incorporation and Re-incorporation: Simultaneity in the Dominican Migrant Experience.” In Migration, Transnationalization, and Race in a Changing New York, edited by Cordero-Guzman, Hector R., Smith, Robert and Grosfoguel, Ramon, 87–108. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Guarnizo, Luis 1998 “The Rise of Transnational Social Formation: Mexican and Dominican State Responses to Transnational Migration.” Political Power and Social Theory 12:45–94.Google Scholar
Guarnizo, Luis 2001 “On the Political Participation of Transnational Migrants: Old Practices and New Trends.” In E Pluribus Unum?, edited by Gerstle, Gary and Mollenkopf, John, 213–63. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Guarnizo, Luis 2003 “The Economics of Transnational Living.” International Migration Review 37 (3): 666–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guarnizo, Luis, Portes, Alejandro, and Haller, Willliam 2003 “Assimilation and Transnationalism: Political Action among Contemporary Migrants.” American Journal of Sociology 108:1211–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guarnizo, Luis, Sánchez, Arturo, and Rocha, Elizabeth M. 1999 “Mistrust, Fragmented Solidarity and Transnational Migration.” Special Issue, Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 367–96.Google Scholar
Hartlyn, Jonathan 1998 The Struggle for Democratic Politics in the Dominican Republic. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Hernández Juárez, Melba Georgina 2003 “El Derecho al voto de los ciudadanos hondureños en el exterior: La cultura democrática más allá de las fronteras.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón, 145–67. México, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel 2004 Who are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Inter-American Development Bank 2006 Press Release. October 18.Google Scholar
Itzigsohn, José 2000 “Immigration and the Boundaries of Citizenship: The Institutions of Immigrants' Political Transnationalism.” International Migration Review 34 (4): 1126–154.Google Scholar
Itzigsohn, José 2003 “La migración y los límites de la ciudadanía: El voto de los dominicanos en el exterior.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón, 268–88. Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Jachimowicz, Maia 2003 “Argentina's Economic Woes Spur Emigration.” Migration Policy Institute. July. Available at http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=146 (accessed May 2007).Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael 2003 “Under Two Flags: Dual Nationality in Latin America and Its Consequences for Naturalization in the United States.” In Rights and Duties of dual Nationals: Evolution and Prospects, edited by Martin, David and Hailbronner, Kay, 303–33. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Landolt, Patricia, Autler, Lilian, and Baires, Sonia 1999 “From Hermano Lejano to Hermano Mayor: The Dialectics of Salvadorian Transnationalism.” Special Issue, Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 290–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitt, Peggy 2002 “Variations in Transnational Belonging: Lessons from Brazil and the Dominican Republic.” In Dual Nationality, Social Rights and Federal Citizenship in the U.S. and Europe: The Reinvention of Citizenship, editedby Randall Hansen and Patarick Weil, 264–89. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Mahler, Sarah 2002 “Suburban Transnational Migrants: Long Island's Salvadorans.” In Migration, Transnationalization, and Race in a Changing New York, edited by Cordero-Guzman, Hector R., Smith, Robert and Grosfoguel, Ramon, 109–30. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, David 2000 “Introduction to Part I.” In From Migrants to Citizens, edited by Aleinikoff, Alexander and Klusmeyer, Douglas, 25–31. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Migration Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Martin, David 2003 “Introduction: The Trend Toward Dual Nationality.” In Rights and Duties of Dual Nationals: Evolution and Prospects, edited by Martin, David and Hailbronner, Kay, 3–18. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, Philip, and Midgley, Elizabeth 1999 “Immigration to the United States.” Population Bulletin 51: 2.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S., Durand, Jorge, and Malone, Nolan J. 2002 Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in Era of Economic Integration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S., Arango, Joaquin, Hugo, Graeme, Kouaouci, Ali, Pellegrino, Adela, and Taylor, J. Edward 1998 Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mazzolari, Francesca 2005 “Determinants of Naturalization: The Role of Dual Citizenship Laws.” Working Paper 117. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Pellegrino, Adela 2000 “Trends in International Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean.” International Social Science Journal 52 (165): 395–408.Google Scholar
Pellegrino, Adela 2002 Skilled Labor Migration from Developing Countries: Study on Argentina and Uruguay. Geneva: International Migration Programme/International Labour Office.Google Scholar
Pellegrino, Adela 2003 “Uruguay y la ciudadanía dispersa.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón, 387–98. Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Perchinig, Bernhard 2006 “EU Citizenship and the Status of Third Country Nationals.” In Migration and Citizenship: Legal Status, Rights and Political Participation, edited by Bauböck, Reiner, 67–82. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Pereyra, Benda 2003 “Los que quieren votar y no votan: El debate y la lucha por el voto chileno en el exterior.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón, 181–89. México, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Pizarro, Eduardo 2002 “La atomización partidista en Colombia: El fenómeno de las micro-empresas electorales.” Working Paper no. 292 (January). The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, Escobar, Cristina, and Radford, Alexandra Walton 2007 “Immigrant Transnacional Organizations and Development: A Comparative.” International Migration Review 41 (1): 242–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, Guarnizo, Luis E., and Landolt, Patricia 1999 “Introduction: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field.” Special Issue, Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 217–37.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, Haller, William, and Guarnizo, Luis 2002 “Transnational Entrepreneurs: The Emergence and Determinants of a Novel Form of Immigrant Adaptation.” American Sociological Review 67 (2): 278–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Registraduría Nacional del Estado Civil [RNEC] 2002 Estadístico Elecciones 2002. Available at http://www.registraduria.gov.co/ (accessed March 2007).Google Scholar
República Bolivariana de Venezuela 1999 Constitución República Bolivariana de Venezuela.Google Scholar
República de Colombia, Asamblea Nacional Constituyente 1991 Gaceta Constitucional.Google Scholar
Republica de Colombia. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 2004 Colombia nos une: Memorias sobre migración internacional colombiana y la conformación de comunidades transnacionales. Colombia: Republica de Colombia Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores-Organización Internacional para las Migraciones, United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
Renshon, Stanley 2001 “A Dual Citizenship and American National Identity.” Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies.Google Scholar
Roberts, Bryan, Frank, Rearme, and Lozano-Ascencio, Fernando 1999 “A Transnational Migrant Communities and Mexican Migration to the U.S.” Special Issue, Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 238–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Stephens, Evelyne, and Stephens, John 1992 Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sagás, Ernesto 2004 “From Ausentes to Dual Nationals.” In Dominican Migration: Transnational Perspectives, edited by Sagás, Ernesto and Molina, Silvia, 53–73. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.Google Scholar
SER-IME (Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores and Instituto de los Mexicanos en el Exterior) 2005 Reporte de actividades 2003–2004.Google Scholar
Serrano Carrasco, Angela Lucia 2003 “Colombia, la posibilidad de una ciudadanía sin fronteras. In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón, 115–44. Mexico, DF: Instituto Mora.Google Scholar
Shugart, Mathew S., Moreno, Erika, and Fajardo, Luís 2001 “Deepening Democracy by Renovating Political Practices: The Struggle for Electoral Reform in Colombia.” http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/Deepening_democ_Col.pdf. Revision of a paper originally prepared for the conference, “Democracy, Human Rights, and Peace in Colombia.” Kellogg Institute, Notre Dame University. Notre Dame, March 26–27.Google Scholar
Silva, Eduardo 2002 “Chile.” In Politics of Latin America: The Power Game, Harry E. Vanden and Gary Prevost, 437–81. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert 2003 “Diasporic Membership in Historical Perspective: Comparative Insights from the Mexican and Italian Cases.” International Migration Review 37 (2): 297–343.Google Scholar
Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoğlu 1994 Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Spiro, Peter 1997 “Dual Nationality and the Meaning of Citizenship. Emory Law Journal 46:1411–85.Google Scholar
Suro, Roberto, and Escobar, Gabriel 2006 Pew Hispanic Center Survey of Mexicans Living in the U.S. on Absentee Voting in Mexican Elections. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center. Available at http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=60 (accessed March 2007).Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau 2000 Population Census.Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau 2004 Current Population Census.Google Scholar
Weyland, Kurt G. 2005 “Theories of Policy Diffusion: Lessons from Latin American Pension Reform.” World Politics 57 (2): 262–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zapata, Patricia 2003 “El voto en el exterior de los guatemaltecos: Reivindicación de los migrantes y promesa presidencial.” In Votar en la distancia, edited by Chelius, Leticia Calderón. Mexico, DF Instituto Mora.Google Scholar