Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T14:25:57.664Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Psychopathy and Culpability: How Responsible Is the Psychopath for Criminal Wrongdoing?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Recent research into the psychological and neurobiological underpinnings of psychopathy has raised the question of whether, or to what degree, psychopaths should be considered morally and criminally responsible for their actions. In this article, we review the current empirical literature on psychopathy, focusing particularly on deficits in moral reasoning, and consider several potential conclusions that could be drawn based on this evidence. Our analysis of the empirical evidence on psychopathy suggests that while psychopaths do not meet the criteria for full criminal responsibility, they nonetheless retain some criminal responsibility. We conclude, by introducing the notion of rights as correlative, that even if psychopaths were to be fully nonresponsible, imposing some form of civil commitment would still be warranted.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

American Law Institute. 1985. Model Penal Code and Commentaries. Philadelphia, PA: American Law Institute.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Arrigo, Bruce. A., and Shipley, Stacey. 2001. The Confusion over Psychopathy (I): Historical Considerations. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 45:325–44.Google Scholar
Bandura, Albert. 2002. Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency. Journal of Moral Education 31 (2): 101–19.Google Scholar
Bandura, Albert. 2006. Toward a Psychology of Human Agency. Perspectives on Psychological Science 1 (2): 164–80.Google Scholar
Blair, James R. 1995. A Cognitive Developmental Approach to Morality: Investigating the Psychopath. Cognition 57:129.Google Scholar
Blair, James R. 1996. Brief Report: Morality in the Autistic child. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 26:571–79.Google Scholar
Blair, James R. 1997. Moral Reasoning in the Child with Psychopathic Tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences 22:731–39.Google Scholar
Blair, James R. 2004. The Roles of Orbital Frontal Cortex in the Modulation of Antisocial Behavior. Brain and Cognition 55:198208.Google Scholar
Blair, James R. 2005. Applying a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective to the Disorder of Psychopathy. Developmental Psychopathology 17:865–91.Google Scholar
Blair, James R. 2007. Aggression, Psychopathy and Free Will from a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 25:321–31.Google Scholar
Blair, James R., and Cipolotti, L. 2000. Impaired Social Response Reversal: A Case of “Acquired Sociopathy.” Brain 123:1122–41.Google Scholar
Blair, James R., Jones, L., Clark, F., and Smith, M. 1995. Is the Psychopath Morally Insane? Personality and Individual Differences 19 (5): 741–52.Google Scholar
Blair, James R., Mitchell, D., Leonard, A., Budhani, S., Peschardt, K. S., and Newman, C. 2004. Passive Avoidance Learning in Psychopathic Individuals: Modulation by Reward but Not by Punishment. Personality and Individual Differences 37 (6): 1179–92.Google Scholar
Blair, James R., Mitchell, D., Peschardt, K. S., Colledge, E., Leonard, R. A., Shine, J. H., Murray, L. K., and Perrett, D. I. 2004. Reduced Sensitivity to Others' Fearful Expressions in Psychopathic Individuals. Personality and Individual Differences 37 (6): 1111–22.Google Scholar
Blair, K. S., Richell, R. A., Mitchell, Derek, Leonard, A., Morton, J., and Blair, James R. 2006. They Know the Words, but Not the Music: Affective and Semantic Priming in Individuals with Psychopathy. Biological Psychology 73:114–23.Google Scholar
Cima, Maaike, Tonnaer, Franca, and Hauser, Marc D. 2010. Psychopaths Know Right from Wrong but Don't Care. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 5 (1): 5967.Google Scholar
Cleckley, Hervey. 1941. The Mask of Sanity. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.Google Scholar
Cushman, Fiery, Young, Liane, and Greene, Joshua. 2008. “Our Multi‐System Moral Psychology: Towards a Consensus View.” In The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology, ed. Doris, J., Harman, G., Nichols, S., Prinz, J., Sinnott‐Armstrong, W., and Stich, S., 4771. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
DeMatteo, D., and Edens, J. F. 2006. The Role and Relevance of the Psychopathy Checklist‐Revised in Court: A Case‐law Survey of U.S. Courts (1991–2004). Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 12:214–41.Google Scholar
De Oliveira‐Souza, R., Ignácio, F. A., and Moll, J. 2008. “The Antisocial Amid Us.” In Moral Psychology, ed. Sinnott‐Armstrong, W., 151–58. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
De Oliveira‐Souza, R., Ignácio, F. A., Moll, J., and Hare, R. D. 2008. Psychopathy in a Civil Psychiatric Outpatient Sample. Criminal Justice and Behavior 35 (4): 427–37.Google Scholar
Flor, Herta, Birbaumer, Niels, Hermann, Christiane, Ziegler, Silvio, and Patrick, Christopher. 2002. Aversive Pavlovian Conditioning in Psychopaths: Peripheral and Central Correlates. Psychophysiology 394:505–18.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Reid Griffith. 2007. Disentangling the Psychology and Law of Instrumental and Reactive Subtypes of Aggression. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 143 (13): 143–65.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Reid Griffith. 2009a. Adequate (Non) Provocation and Heat of Passion as Excuse, Not Justification. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 43 (1): 2751.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Reid Griffith. 2009b. On Passion's Potential to Undermine Rationality: A Reply. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 43:207–44.Google Scholar
Fontaine, Reid Griffith. 2010. An Attack on Self‐Defense. American Criminal Law Review 47:5789.Google Scholar
Goldberg, John C. P., and Zipursky, Benjamin C. 2007. Tort Law and Moral Luck. Cornell Law Review 92:1123–76.Google Scholar
Gordon, H. L. 2004. Functional Differences among Those High and Low on a Trait Measure of Psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry 56:516–21.Google Scholar
Greene, Joshua. 2005. “Cognitive Neuroscience and the Structure of the Moral Mind.” In The Innate Mind: Structure and Contents, ed. Laurence, S., Carruthers, P., and Stich, S., 338–52. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Greene, Joshua, and Haidt, Jonathan. 2002. How (and Where) Does Moral Judgment Work? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6 (12): 517–23.Google Scholar
Greene, Joshua, Nystrom, Leigh, Engell, A. D., Darley, John, and Cohen, Jonathan. 2004. The Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment. Neuron 44 (2): 389400.Google Scholar
Greene, Joshua, Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, Leigh, Darley, John, and Cohen, J. D. 2001. An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment. Science 293 (5537): 2105–8.Google Scholar
Hare, Robert D. 1980. A Research Scale for the Assessment of Psychopathy in Criminal Populations. Personality and Individual Differences 12:111–19.Google Scholar
Hare, Robert D. 1996. Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Case of Diagnostic Confusion. Psychiatric Times 13 (2): 3940.Google Scholar
Hare, Robert D. 2003. Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist—Revised, 2d ed. Toronto: Multi‐Health Systems.Google Scholar
Hare, Robert D. 2006. Psychopathy: A Clinical and Forensic Overview. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 29:709–24.Google Scholar
Hare, Robert D., and Jutai, Jeffrey. 1988. Psychopathy and Cerebral Asymmetry in Semantic Processing. Personality and Individual Differences 9 (2): 329–37.Google Scholar
Harpur, Timothy, Hakstian, Ralph, and Hare, Robert D. 1989. Two‐Factor Conceptualization of Psychopathy: Construct Validity and Assessment Implications. Psychological Assessment 11:617.Google Scholar
Hart, S. D., and Hare, R. D. 1996. Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 9:129–32.Google Scholar
Ishikawa, S. S., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrl, S., and Lacasse, L. 2001. Autonomic Stress Reactivity and Executive Functions in Successful and Unsuccessful Criminal Psychopaths from the Community. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110:423–32.Google Scholar
Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., and Liddle, P. F. 2001. Limbic Abnormalities in Affective Processing by Criminal Psychopaths as Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biological Psychiatry 50:677–84.Google Scholar
Koenigs, Michael, Young, Liane, Adolphs, Ralph, Tranel, Daniel, Cushman, Fiery, Hauser, Marc, and Damasio, Antonio. 2007. Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex Increases Utilitarian Moral Judgments. Nature 446 (7138): 908–11.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. 1998. The Emotional Brain. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Levenston, G. K., Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M., and Lang, P. J. 2000. The Psychopath as Observer: Emotion and Attention in Picture Processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109:373–86.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Derek, Avny, Shelley, and Blair, James R. 2006. Divergent Patterns of Aggressive and Neurocognitive Characteristics in Acquired versus Developmental Psychopathy. Neurocase 12:164–78.Google Scholar
Morse, Stephen. 2003. Diminished Rationality, Diminished Responsibility. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 1:289308.Google Scholar
Morse, Stephen. 2004. Reason, Results, and Criminal Responsibility. University of Illinois Law Review 2:363444.Google Scholar
Morse, Stephen. 2008. Psychopathy and Criminal Responsibility. Neuroethics 1:205–12.Google Scholar
Mullins‐Nelson, J. L., Salekin, R. T., and Leistico, A. R. 2006. Psychopathy, Empathy, and Perspective‐Taking Ability in a Community Sample: Implications for the Successful Psychopathy Concept. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 5:133–49.Google Scholar
Prichard, J. C. 1835. A Treatise on Insanity and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind. London: Sherwood, Gilbert, & Piper.Google Scholar
Ray, James V., Poythress, Norman G., Weir, John M., and Rickelm, Angela. 2009. Relationships between Psychopathy and Impulsivity in the Domain of Self‐Reported Personality Features. Personality and Individual Differences 46 (2): 8387.Google Scholar
Rilling, James, Glenn, Andrea, Jairam, Meeta, Pagnoni, Giuseppe, Goldsmith, David, Elfenbein, Hanie, and Lilienfeld, Scott. 2007. Neural Correlates of Social Cooperation and Noncooperation as a Function of Psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry 61 (11): 1260–71.Google Scholar
Scott, Elizabeth S., and Steinberg, Laurence. 2003. Blaming Youth. Texas Law Review 81 (3): 799840.Google Scholar
Smetana, J. G., and Braeges, L. J. 1990. The Development of Toddlers' Moral and Conventional Judgments. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 36:329–46.Google Scholar
Turiel, Elliot. 1983. The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Elst, Van, Tebartz, L., Woermann, F. G., Lemieux, L., Thompson, P. J., and Trimble, M. R. 2000. Affective Aggression in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Quantitative MRI Study of the Amygdala. Brain 123:234–43.Google Scholar
Vitacco, M. J., and Rogers, R. 2001. Predictors of Adolescent Psychopathy: The Role of Impulsivity, Hyperactivity, and Sensation Seeking. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law 29 (4): 374–82.Google Scholar

Cases Cited

Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002).Google Scholar
Jacobsen v. Massachusetts, 521 U.S. 346 (1997).Google Scholar
Kansas v. Hendricks, 197 U.S. 26 (1905).Google Scholar