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³⁹ This is the name used by the community to refer to the language. Linguists call it Wutun/Wutunhua—see Janhunen, J., Peltomaa, M., Sandman, E., and Dongzhou, Xiawu, Wutun, Lincom Europa, München, 2008.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Ibid.

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⁵¹ Roche, ‘The Tibetanization of Henan's Mongols’.

⁵² In the various legal mechanisms that deal with language in China, no minority languages are formally recognized by name; in fact, only Putonghua, Modern Standard Chinese, is mentioned by name. However, in practice, each minzu is considered to have a single standard language that is protected by law.

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⁵⁵ For example, in Ninglang Yi Autonomous County in Lijiang Municipality.

⁵⁶ For the controversy surrounding this classification, see Wen Maotao, ‘The creation of the Qiang ethnicity, its relation to the Rme people and the preservation of Rme language’, MA thesis, Duke University, 2014.

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⁸⁸ However, we do not include the area claimed by China but controlled by India, which they refer to as Zangnan and Arunachal Pradesh, respectively.

⁸⁹ Although officially identified Tibetan towns and townships do exist (see Appendix 4), these have no role in terms of autonomy.

⁹⁰ Also within the TAA in Huangnan TAP.

⁹¹ Basum was described by Chinese scholars as a Tibetan dialect, but Tournadre (Tournadre, N., ‘L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes’, Lalies, vol. 25, 2005, pp. 7–56Google Scholar) re-analysed it as a non-Tibetic language that has been heavily influenced by the local Tibetic variety.

⁹² When this language name is written as it is here, it directly designate one language. However, if it is written in Chinese characters, the situation is confusable because there are two languages designated in one manner of writing.