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⁸¹ A high official in the Ming dynasty wrote, ‘Since the Huai River scours into the Yellow River, it greatly damages Taoyuan, Suqian, and Pizhou counties. . . the boatmen there call farmland “hu”.’ See Han, Zhang 张 瀚, Songchuang mengyu 松 窗 梦 语 (Somniloquy of Songchuang), Zhonghua shuju, Beijing, 1997, p. 30Google Scholar. A Republican-era official also stated: ‘During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Suining was an area prone to flooding. When farmers headed out to the fields, it was known as “xia hu” (going down to the lake).’ See Jiangsu dang'an 江 苏 档 案, Suining xianzhang Zhu Bohong, canyihui yizhang Yao Yunfan zhi Jiangsusheng shuizai jizhen weiyuanhui (6 April 1948) 睢 宁 县 长 朱 伯 鸿 参 议 会 议 长 姚 云 帆 致 江 苏 省 水 灾 急 赈 委 员 会 (Telegrams from Magistrate Zhu Bohong and the Head of the Consultative Council of Suining County Yao Yunfan to the Relief Council of Jiangsu Province), Quanzhong 1009, juan 乙 –1918, microfilm 000292. The local dialect native to Shuyang, the hometown of the one of the authors of this paper, also refers to farmland as ‘lake’ or ‘marsh’.

⁸² Gu, Tianxia junguo libing shu, 43: 8a.

⁸³ Ma, ‘Jituan liyi yu guoyun shuaibian’, pp. 114–126. (Note that p. 116 of this source gave an incorrect date—1697—for the loss of 170 ships on the Huai River. The date should be 1083.)

⁸⁴ Gu, Tianxia junguo libing shu, 43: 7a.

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⁸⁶ Pietz, Engineering the State, p. 3.

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