Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T09:40:27.826Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reconstructing the Firing and Pigment Processing Technologies of Corinthian Polychrome Ceramics, 8-6th Centuries B.C.E.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2017

Catherine Klesner ,
Jay A. Stephens ,
Emilio Rodriguez-Alvarez  and
Pamela B. Vandiver
Catherine Klesner*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, U.S.A.
Jay A. Stephens
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, U.S.A.
Emilio Rodriguez-Alvarez
Affiliation:
School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, U.S.A.
Pamela B. Vandiver
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, U.S.A.
*
†(Email: klesnerc@email.arizona.edu)
Get access

Abstract

Decorative, polychrome ceramics from Corinth, Greece, produced during the 8th-6th centuries B.C.E. were luxury goods widely traded throughout Greece and the Mediterranean. Corinthian pottery is the first 5-color polychrome ceramic technology, having slip-glazes in distinctive white, black, red, yellow, and purple colors, and in a variety of surface finishes from glossy, to semi-matte, to matte. The firing temperature range, 925-1075°C, was determined experimentally to be to be higher than previously reported, similar to the Corinthian amphorae and other ceramic products. This firing range is higher than that of the better known, more prestigious Athenian Black-figure and Red-figure ceramics. In this study three examples of Corinthian and one example of Athenian Black-figure ceramics from the Marie Farnsworth collection at the University of Arizona were tested and compared to thirteen clays from Corinth. Analytical techniques included Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning-electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe (EPMA with BSE-SEM).

Artisans in Corinthian workshops experimented to change the colors of the slips by varying the type and amount of iron-rich raw material, as well as the composition of the clay used as a binder and the amount of flux used as a sintering aid to promote glass formation. Corinthian artisans developed not only different recipes to produce the various colors, but also they were able to control raw-material particle size and composition to produce variations in surface luster (matte, semi-matte and glossy). This research suggests that Corinthian polychrome-slip technology was based on careful control of particle processing, of compositional control of raw materials and their admixtures, and of firing temperature. The behavior or practice of adding different ratios of pigments and glass-forming fluxes to form various optical effects implies a detailed knowledge of what happens when these are heated and fired. This is a process of experimentation focused on developing a distinctive craft practice, which produced a distinctive and highly valued material. The Corinthians developed a more complex, easily recognizable, and culturally distinctive ceramic technology that was intentionally established as a cultural brand, and probably as a luxury brand of high socio-economic value. This research deepens our understanding of the complex pigment processing and firing technologies employed in the production of Corinthian ceramics.

Keywords

archaeologyceramicelectron microprobe
Type
Articles
Information
MRS Advances , Volume 2 , Issue 35-36: Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology XI , 2017 , pp. 1889 - 1909
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Author's name has been added since original publication. A corrigendum notice detailing this change was also published (DOI: 10.1557/adv.2017.377).

References

REFERENCES

Biers, W., The Archaeology of Greece: An Introduction (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1996) pp. 132–193.Google Scholar
Vickers, M. and Gill, D., Artful Crafts: Ancient Greek Silverware and Pottery (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994) pp. 105–153.Google Scholar
Beazley, J.D., The Development of Attic Black-Figure (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1986) pp. 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binns, C.F. and Fraser, A. D., “The Genesis of the Greek Black Glaze,” Am. Jour. Arch., 33, 1–9 (1929).Google Scholar
Cook, R.M., Greek Painted Pottery (Methuen, London, 1972) pp. 42–56.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, T., “Corinth and the Orientalizing Phenomenon” in Looking at Greek Vases, eds. Rasmussen, T., Spivey, N. J. (Cambridge University Press, 1991) pp. 58–67.Google Scholar
Stephens, J.A., Vandiver, P.B. et al. . “The Technological Development of Decorated Corinthian Pottery, 8th to 6th Centuries B.C.E.,” Mat. Res. Soc. Proc. 1656, online (2013).Google Scholar
Whitbread, I.K., Greek Transport Amphorae: A Petrological and Archaeological Study (The British School, Athens, 1995) pp. 255 – 333.Google Scholar
Farnesworth, M., “Corinthian Pottery: Technical Studies,” Am. J. of Arch.,74, 9–20 (1970).Google Scholar
Farnesworth, M., Simmons, I., “Coloring Agents for Greek Glazes,” Am. Jour. of Arch., 67, 89–96 (1963).Google Scholar
Vandiver, P.B., Koehler, C.G., "Structure, Processing, Properties, and Style of Corinthian Transport Amphoras," in Technology and Style, ed. , W. D., Ceramics and Civilization, vol. II, (Am. Ceram. Soc., Columbus, OH 1986) pp. 173–215.Google Scholar
Weiner, S., Microarchaeology (Cambridge University Press, 2010) pp. 275–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, C.M., Gurnick, M., “Structural Collapse in Kaolinite, Montmorillonite and Illite Clay and Its Role in the Ceramic Rehydroxylation Dating of Low-fired Earthenware,” Jour. of Arch. Sci. 69, 54–63 (2016).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tite, M.S., Bimson, M., Freestone, I. C., “An Examination of the High Gloss Surface Finishes on Greek Attic and Roman Samian Wares,” Archaeometry 24, 117–126 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medeghini, L. et al. ., “Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Ancient Ceramics: Applications and Problems,” J. Raman Spec. 45 1244–1250 (2014).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaviara, A., Aloupi, E., “The Story of a Soil That Became a Glaze: Chemical and Microscopic Fingerprints on the Attic Vases,” Jour. of Arch. Sci. 7, 510–516 (2016).Google Scholar
Walton, M. S., Trentelman, K, et al. . “Material Evidence for Multiple Firing of Ancient Athenian Red Figure Pottery” Jour. Am. Cers. Soc. 96, 2031–2035 (2013).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muan, A., Osborne, E. F., “Phase Equilibria among Oxides in Steelmaking,” (Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, Inc, 1965) pp. 25–29.Google Scholar