Hostname: page-component-546b4f848f-fhndm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-06-04T18:30:27.299Z Has data issue: false Feature Flags: { "useRatesEcommerce": true } hasContentIssue false

From atoms to grains: Transmission electron microscopy of graphene

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 November 2012

Pinshane Y. Huang
Affiliation:
School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University; ph269@cornell.edu
Jannik C. Meyer
Affiliation:
Physics Department, University of Vienna, Austria; jannik.meyer@univie.ac.at
David A. Muller
Affiliation:
School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University; dm24@cornell.edu
Get access

Abstract

Recently, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and related techniques have brought unique insights to graphene research, demonstrating remarkable flexibility in characterizations ranging from atomic ordering to charge distribution. Such TEM studies have helped advance areas including the understanding of graphene growth and the effects of defects and dopants on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphene. Electron microscopy has proved particularly useful in determining the structure of crystals and grain boundaries across six orders of magnitude—from the shapes, arrangements, and stacking sequences of grains to the atomic arrangements at grain boundaries. Meanwhile, graphene is becoming a promising two-dimensional laboratory bench for electron microscopy, for example, turning graphene into a medium for nanosculpting by transforming buckyballs into graphene and vice versa. Finally, graphene has been used as an ultrathin support membrane for TEM, enabling studies of the motion of single atoms, direct imaging of two-dimensional amorphous materials, and even formation of nano-aquaria for imaging bacteria or nanoparticles in liquid media. Rapid developments in the fields of both electron microscopy and graphene will continue to provide a rich ground for future insights.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Moran, H. Fernandez, J. Appl. Phys. 31, 1840 (1960).
Johansen, B.V., Micron 6, 165 (1975).
Mitsuishi, T., Nagasaki, H., Uyeda, R., Proc. Jpn. Acad. 27, 86 (1951).
Hashimoto, H., Uyeda, R., Acta Crystallogr. 10, 143 (1957).CrossRef
Dawson, I.M., Follett, E.A.C., Proc. R. Soc. London 253, 390 (1959).CrossRef
Hedley, J., Nature 188, 44 (1960).CrossRef
Beer, M., Highton, P., J. Cell Biol. 14, 499 (1962).CrossRef
Hernandez, Y., Nicolosi, V., Lotya, M., Blighe, F.M., Sun, Z., De, S., McGovern, I.T., Holland, B., Byrne, M., Gun’Ko, Y.K., Boland, J.J., Niraj, P., Duesberg, G., Krishnamurthy, S., Goodhue, R., Hutchison, J., Scardaci, V., Ferrari, A.C., Coleman, J.N., Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 563 (2008).CrossRef
Meyer, J.C., Girit, Ç.Ö.Crommie, M., Zettl, A., Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 123110 (2008).CrossRef
Huang, P.Y., Ruiz-Vargas, C.S., van der Zande, A.M., Whitney, W.S., Levendorf, M.P., Kevek, J.W., Garg, S., Alden, J.S., Hustedt, C.J., Zhu, Y., Park, J., McEuen, P.L., Muller, D.A., Nature 469, 389 (2011).CrossRef
Pantelic, R.S., Suk, J.W., Magnuson, C.W., Meyer, J.C., Wachsmuth, P., Kaiser, U., Ruoff, R.S., Stahlberg, H., J. Struct. Biol. 174, 234 (2011).CrossRef
Regan, W., Alem, N., Alemán, B., Geng, B., Girit, Ç., Maserati, L., Wang, F., Crommie, M., Zettl, A., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 113102 (2010).CrossRef
Meyer, J.C., Kisielowski, C., Erni, R., Rossell, M.D., Crommie, M.F., Zettl, A., Nano Lett. 8, 3582 (2008).CrossRef
Urban, K.W., Nat. Mater. 8, 260 (2009).CrossRef
Muller, D.A., Nat. Mater. 8, 263 (2009).CrossRef
Spence, J.C.H., High-Resolution Electron Microscopy (Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2009).Google Scholar
Buseck, P., Cowley, J.M., Eyring, L., High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques (Oxford University Press, New York, 1992).Google Scholar
Williams, D.B., Carter, C.B., Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (Springer, New York, ed. 2, 2009), vols. 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B.W., Luzzi, D.E., J. Appl. Phys. 90, 3509 (2001).CrossRef
Meyer, J.C., Eder, F., Kurasch, S., Skakalova, V., Kotakoski, J., Park, H.J., Roth, S., Chuvilin, A., Eyhusen, S., Benner, G., Krasheninnikov, A.V., Kaiser, U., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 196102 (2012).CrossRef
Lahiri, J., Lin, Y., Bozkurt, P., Oleynik, I.I., Batzill, M., Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 326 (2010).CrossRef
Nakada, K., Fujita, M., Dresselhaus, G., Dresselhaus, M.S., Phys. Rev. B 54, 17954 (1996).CrossRef
Banhart, F., Kotakoski, J., Krasheninnikov, A.V., ACS Nano 5, 26 (2011).CrossRef
Kotakoski, J., Meyer, J.C., Kurasch, S., Santos-Cottin, D., Kaiser, U., Krasheninnikov, A.V., Phys. Rev. B 83, 245420 (2011).CrossRef
Kim, K., Lee, Z., Regan, W., Kisielowski, C., Crommie, M.F., Zettl, A., ACS Nano 5, 2142 (2011).CrossRef
Warner, J.H., Rummeli, M.H., Gemming, T., Buchner, B., Briggs, G.A., Nano Lett. 9, 102 (2009).CrossRef
Park, H.J., Meyer, J., Roth, S., Skákalová, V., Carbon 48, 1088 (2010).CrossRef
Girit, Ç.Ö., Meyer, J.C., Erni, R., Rossell, M.D., Kisielowski, C., Yang, L., Park, C.-H., Crommie, M.F., Cohen, M.L., Louie, S.G., Zettl, A., Science 323, 1705 (2009).CrossRef
Jia, X., Hofmann, M., Meunier, V., Sumpter, B.G., Campos-Delgado, J., Romo-Herrera, J.M., Son, H., Hsieh, Y.-P., Reina, A., Kong, J., Terrones, M., Dresselhaus, M.S., Science 323, 1701 (2009).CrossRef
Huang, J.Y., Qi, L., Li, J., Nano Res. 3, 43 (2010).CrossRef
Chuvilin, A., Meyer, J.C., Algara-Siller, G., Kaiser, U., New J. Phys. 11, 083019 (2009).CrossRef
Krivanek, O.L., Chisholm, M.F., Nicolosi, V., Pennycook, T.J., Corbin, G.J., Dellby, N., Murfitt, M.F., Own, C.S., Szilagyi, Z.S., Oxley, M.P., Pantelides, S.T., Pennycook, S.J., Nature 464, 571 (2010).CrossRef
Meyer, J.C., Kurasch, S., Park, H.J., Skakalova, V., Künzel, D., Groß, A., Chuvilin, A., Algara-Siller, G., Roth, S., Iwasaki, T., Starke, U., Smet, J.H., Kaiser, U., Nat. Mater. 10, 209 (2011).CrossRef
Wang, H., Wang, Q., Cheng, Y., Li, K., Yao, Y., Zhang, Q., Dong, C., Wang, P., Schwingenschlögl, U., Yang, W., Zhang, X.X., Nano Lett. 12, 141 (2012).CrossRef
Suenaga, K., Tencé, M., Mory, C., Colliex, C., Kato, H., Okazaki, T., Shinohara, H., Hirahara, K., Bandow, S., Iijima, S., Science 290, 2280 (2000).CrossRef
Suenaga, K., Kobayashi, H., Koshino, M., MRS Bull. 37, 36 (2012).CrossRef
Ci, L., Song, L., Jin, C., Jariwala, D., Wu, D., Li, Y., Srivastava, A., Wang, Z.F., Storr, K., Balicas, L., Liu, F., Ajayan, P.M., Nat. Mater. 9, 430 (2010).CrossRef
Mkhoyan, K.A., Contryman, A.W., Silcox, J., Stewart, D.A., Eda, G., Mattevi, C., Miller, S., and Chhowalla, M., Nano Lett. 9, 1058 (2009).CrossRef
Jeon, K.-J., Lee, Z., Pollak, E., Moreschini, L., Bostwick, A., Park, C.M., Mendelsberg, R., Radmilovic, V., Kostecki, R., Richardson, T.J., Rotenberg, E., ACS Nano 5, 1042 (2011).CrossRef
Nair, R.R., Ren, W., Jalil, R., Riaz, I., Kravets, V.G., Britnell, L., Blake, P., Schedin, F., Mayorov, A.S., Yuan, S., Katsnelson, M.I., Cheng, H.-M., Strupinski, W., Bulusheva, L.G., Okotrub, A.V., Grigorieva, I.V., Grigorenko, A.N., Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A.K., Small 6, 2877 (2010).CrossRef
Yazyev, O.V., Louie, S.G., Nat. Mater. 9, 806 (2010).CrossRef
Ohta, T., Bostwick, A., Seyller, T., Horn, K., Rotenberg, E., Science 313, 951 (2006).CrossRef
Lopes dos Santos, J.M.B., Peres, N.M.R., Castro Neto, A.H., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 256802 (2007).CrossRef
Norimatsu, W., Kusunoki, M., Phys. Rev. B 81, 161410 (2010).CrossRef
Gass, M.H., Bangert, U., Bleloch, A.L., Wang, P., Nair, R.R., Geim, A.K., Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 676 (2008).CrossRef
Nelson, F., Diebold, A.C., Hull, R., Microsc. Microanal. 16, 194 (2010).CrossRef
Weng, X., Robinson, J.A., Trumbull, K., Cavalero, R., Fanton, M.A., Snyder, D.W., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 201905 (2010).CrossRef
Norimatsu, W., Kusunoki, M., Chem. Phys. Lett. 468, 52 (2009).CrossRef
Norimatsu, W., Kusunoki, M., Physica E 42, 691 (2010).CrossRef
Nagase, M., Hibino, H., Kageshima, H., Yamaguchi, H., Nanotechnology 20, 445704 (2009).CrossRef
Handa, H., Takahashi, R., Abe, S., Imaizumi, K., Saito, E., Jung, M.-H., Ito, S., Fukidome, H., Suemitsu, M., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 50, 04DH02 (2011).CrossRef
Colby, R., Yu, Q., Cao, H., Pei, S.S., Stach, E.A., Chen, Y.P., Diamond Relat. Mater. 19, 143 (2010).CrossRef
Brown, L., Hovden, R., Huang, P., Wojcik, M., Muller, D.A., Park, J., Nano Lett. 12, 1609 (2012).CrossRef
Kim, K., Lee, Z., Malone, B.D., Chan, K.T., Alemán, B., Regan, W., Gannett, W., Crommie, M.F., Cohen, M.L., Zettl, A., Phys. Rev. B 83, 245433 (2011).CrossRef
Meyer, J.C., Geim, A.K., Katsnelson, M.I., Novoselov, K.S., Booth, T.J., Roth, S., Nature 446, 60 (2007).CrossRef
Yu, Q., Jauregui, L.A., Wu, W., Colby, R., Tian, J., Su, Z., Cao, H., Liu, Z., Pandey, D., Wei, D., Chung, T.F., Peng, P., Guisinger, N.P., Stach, E.A., Bao, J., Pei, S.S., Chen, Y.P., Nat. Mater. 10, 443 (2011).CrossRef
Tsen, A.W., Brown, L., Levendorf, M.P., Ghahari, F., Huang, P.Y., Havener, R.W., Ruiz-Vargas, C.S., Muller, D.A., Kim, P., Park, J., Science 336, 1143 (2012).CrossRef
Ruiz-Vargas, C.S., Zhuang, H., Garg, S., Huang, P., van der Zande, A.M., McEuen, P.L., Muller, D.A., Hennig, R., Park, J., Nano Lett. 11, 2259 (2011).CrossRef
Jauregui, L.A., Cao, H., Wu, W., Yu, Q., Chen, Y. P., Solid State Commun. 151, 1100 (2011).CrossRef
Li, X., Magnuson, C.W., Venugopal, A., An, J., Suk, J.W., Han, B., Borysiak, M., Cai, W., Velamakanni, A., Zhu, Y., Fu, L., Vogel, E.M., Voelkl, E., Colombo, L., Ruoff, R.S., Nano Lett. 10, 4328 (2010).CrossRef
Robertson, A.W., Bachmatiuk, A., Wu, Y.A., Schaffel, F., Rellinghaus, B., Buchner, B., Rummeli, M.H., Warner, J.H., ACS Nano 5, 6610 (2011).CrossRef
Hillier, J., Baker, R.F., J. Appl. Phys. 15, 663 (1944).CrossRef
Rez, P., Muller, D.A., Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 38, 535 (2008).CrossRef
Batson, P.E., Phys. Rev. B 48, 2608 (1993).CrossRef
Muller, D.A., Kourkoutis, L.F., Murfitt, M., Song, J.H., Hwang, H.Y., Silcox, J., Dellby, N., Krivanek, O.L., Science 319, 1073 (2008).CrossRef
Chen, C.H., Silcox, J., Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 390 (1975).CrossRef
Chen, C.H., Silcox, J., Phys. Rev. B 20, 3605 (1979).CrossRef
Leapman, R., Fejes, P., Silcox, J., Phys. Rev. B 28, 2361 (1983).CrossRef
Egerton, R., Whelan, M., J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 3, 232 (1974).CrossRef
Eberlein, T., Bangert, U., Nair, R.R., Jones, R., Gass, M., Bleloch, A.L., Novoselov, K.S., Geim, A., Briddon, P.R., Phys. Rev. B 77, 233406 (2008).CrossRef
Stephan, O., Ajayan, P.M., Colliex, C., Cyrot-Lackmann, F., Sandre, E., Phys. Rev. B 53, 13824 (1996).CrossRef
Suenaga, K., Koshino, M., Nature 468, 1088 (2011).CrossRef
Gemming, T., Mobus, G., Exner, M., Ernst, F., Ruhle, M., J. Microsc. 190, 89 (1998).CrossRef
Deng, B., Marks, L.D., Acta Crystallogr. A 62, 208 (2006).CrossRef
Zhao, L., He, R., Rim, K.T., Schiros, T., Kim, K.S., Zhou, H., Gutiérrez, C., Chockalingam, S.P., Arguello, C.J., Pálová, L., Nordlund, D., Hybertsen, M.S., Reichman, D.R., Heinz, T.F., Kim, P., Pinczuk, A., Flynn, G.W., Pasupathy, A.N., Science 333, 999 (2011).CrossRef
Hashimoto, A., Suenaga, K., Gloter, A., Urita, K., Iijima, S., Nature 430, 870 (2004).CrossRef
Kotakoski, J., Krasheninnikov, A.V., Kaiser, U., Meyer, J. C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 105505 (2011).CrossRef
Jin, C., Lan, H., Peng, L., Suenaga, K., Iijima, S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 205501 (2009).CrossRef
Fischbein, M.D., Drndić, M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 113107 (2008).CrossRef
Warner, J.H., Rümmeli, M.H., Ge, L., Gemming, T., Montanari, B., Harrison, N.M., Büchner, B., Briggs, G.A., Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 500 (2009).CrossRef
Rodriguez-Manzo, J.A., Cretu, O., Banhart, F., ACS Nano 4, 3422 (2010).CrossRef
Song, B., Schneider, G.F., Xu, Q., Pandraud, G., Dekker, C., Zandbergen, H., Nano Lett. 11, 2247 (2011).CrossRef
Chuvilin, A., Kaiser, U., Bichoutskaia, E., Besley, N.A., Khlobystov, A.N., Nat. Chem. 2, 450 (2010).CrossRef
Chuvilin, A., Bichoutskaia, E., Gimenez-Lopez, M.C., Chamberlain, T.W., Rance, G.A., Kuganathan, N., Biskupek, J., Kaiser, U., Khlobystov, A.N., Nat. Mater. 10, 687 (2011).CrossRef
Krasheninnikov, A.V., Banhart, F., Nat. Mater. 6, 723 (2007).CrossRef
Kim, K., Regan, W., Geng, B., Alemán, B., Kessler, B.M., Wang, F., Crommie, M.F., Zettl, A., Phys. Status Solidi RRL 4, 302 (2010).CrossRef
Huang, J., Ding, F., Yakobson, B.I., Lu, P., Qi, L., Li, J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 10103 (2009).CrossRef
Westenfelder, B., Meyer, J.C., Biskupek, J., Algara-Siller, G., Lechner, L.G., Kusterer, J., Kaiser, U., Krill, C.E. III, Kohn, E., Scholz, F., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44, 055502 (2011).CrossRef
Westenfelder, B., Meyer, J.C., Biskupek, J., Kurasch, S., Scholz, F., Krill, C.E. III, Kaiser, U., Nano Lett. 11, 5123 (2011).CrossRef
Huang, P.Y., Kurasch, S., Srivastava, A., Skakalova, V., Kotakoski, J., Krasheninnikov, A.V., Hovden, R., Mao, Q., Meyer, J.C., Smet, J., Muller, D.A., Kaiser, U., Nano Lett. 12, 1081 (2012).CrossRef
Lebeau, J.M., Findlay, S., Allen, L., Stemmer, S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 206101 (2008).CrossRef
Lebeau, J.M., Findlay, S.D., Allen, L.J., Stemmer, S., Nano Lett. 10, 4405 (2010).CrossRef
Dobelle, W., Beer, M., J. Cell Biol. 39, 733 (1968).CrossRef
Iijima, S., Micron (1969–1983) 8, 41 (1977).CrossRef
Mohanty, N., Fahrenholtz, M., Nagaraja, A., Boyle, D., Berry, V., Nano Lett. 11, 1270 (2011).CrossRef
Pantelic, R.S., Meyer, J.C., Kaiser, U., Stahlberg, H., Solid State Commun. (2012).
Yuk, J.M., Park, J., Ercius, P., Kim, K., Hellebusch, D.J., Crommie, M.F., Lee, J.Y., Zettl, A., Alivisatos, A.P., Science 336, 61 (2012).CrossRef
Pantelic, R.S., Suk, J.W., Hao, Y., Ruoff, R.S., Stahlberg, H., Nano Lett. 11, 4319 (2011).CrossRef
Cerf, A., Alava, T., Barton, R.A., Craighead, H.G., Nano Lett. 11, 4232 (2011).CrossRef
Nair, R.R., Blake, P., Blake, J.R., Zan, R., Anissimova, S., Bangert, U., Golovanov, A.P., Morozov, S.V., Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S., Latychevskaia, T., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 153102 (2010).CrossRef
Lee, Z., Jeon, K.J., Dato, A., Erni, R., Richardson, T.J., Frenklach, M., Radmilovic, V., Nano Lett. 9, 3365 (2009).CrossRef
Meyer, J.C., Girit, Ç.Ö., Crommie, M., Zettl, A., Nature 454, 319 (2008).CrossRef
Schaeffel, F., Wilson, M., Warner, J.H., ACS Nano 5, 9428 (2011).CrossRef
Cretu, O., Krasheninnikov, A.V., Rodríguez-Manzo, J.A., Sun, L., Nieminen, R.M., Banhart, F., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 196102 (2010).CrossRef
Gan, Y., Sun, L., Banhart, F., Small 4, 587 (2008).CrossRef
Erni, R., Rossell, M.D., Hartel, P., Phys. Rev. B 82, 165443 (2010).CrossRef
Zan, R., Bangert, U., Ramasse, Q., Novoselov, K.S., Nano Lett. 11, 1087 (2011).CrossRef
Bunch, J.S., Verbridge, S.S., Alden, J.S., van der Zande, A.M., Parpia, J.M., Craighead, H.G., McEuen, P.L., Nano Lett. 8, 2458 (2008).CrossRef
Novoselov, K.S., Jiang, D., Schedin, F., Booth, T.J., Khotkevich, V.V., Morozov, S.V., Geim, A.K., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 10451 (2005).CrossRef