Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-01T01:19:46.042Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Demonstration of the Bacterial-Biomaterial Interface in Implant Specimens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2011

J. J. Dobbins ,
B. L. Giammara ,
J. S. Hanker ,
P. E. Yates  and
W. C. DeVries
J. J. Dobbins
Affiliation:
Dept. of Biology, Bellarmine College, Louisville, KY 40205
B. L. Giammara
Affiliation:
Grad. Programs & Res., University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
J. S. Hanker
Affiliation:
Biomed. Eng. and Dent. Res. Ctr., U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
P. E. Yates
Affiliation:
Biomed. Eng. and Dent. Res. Ctr., U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455
W. C. DeVries
Affiliation:
Humana Heart Institute International, Humana Hospital Audubon, Louisville, KY 40217
Get access

Abstract

Bacterial infection can be a problem associated with biomaterial implants especially with the total artificial heart or other cardiovascular prostheses such as ventricular assist devices, intravenous catheters, ventriculo-atrial shunts, pacemaker electrodes and, rarely, prosthetic heart valves. Bacterial commensals such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is ordinarily non-infective in human skin and mucous membranes, is now recognized as an opportunistic pathogen of biomaterial implants, particularly cardiovascular prostheses. In these implantations the S. epidermidis undergoes transformation to produce mucoid or polysaccharide extracellular coating substances. The latter promote bacterial adherence to biomaterial surfaces and protect the bacteria to some extent against antibiotics and host defense mechanisms. The result is increased virulence of the slime-producing strains. A number of techniques have been developed in our laboratories which facilitate identification of such bacterial pathogens on biopsy or postmortem specimens. These light and analytical electron microscopic methodologies include special cytochemical staining and rapid drying and embedding methods. Their efficacy and accuracy have been verified by studies on cultured and subcultured pathogens which are more time consuming. It is of interest that the microscopic methods showed the presence of macrophages as well as neutrophils on the specimens.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 110: Symposium M – Biomedical Materials and Devices , 1987 , 337
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Lawrie, G.M.. Implantation of the Jarvik-7 total artificial heart: A clinical perspective. JAMA 259: 892–892, 1988.Google Scholar
2. Mays, J.B., Williams, M.A. and Barker, L.E.. Diagnostic monitoring and drive system management of patients with total artificial heart. Heart Lung 15: 466–475, 1986.Google Scholar
3. DeVries, W.C.. The permanent artificial heart: Four case reports. JAMA 259: 849–859, 1988.Google Scholar
4. Dobbins, J.J., Johnson, G.S., Kunin, C.M. and DeVries, W.C.. Postmortem microbiological findings of two total artificial heart recipients. JAMA 259: 865–869, 1988.Google Scholar
5. Kunin, C.M., Dobbins, J.J., Melo, J.C., Levinson, M.M., Love, K., Joyce, L.D. and DeVries, W.C.. Infectious complications in four long-term recipients of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart. JAMA 259: 860–864, 1988.Google Scholar
6. Isenberg, H.D., Washington, J.A. II and Balows, A.. Collection, Handing and Processing of Specimens in Lennette EH (ed): Manual of Clinical Microbiology Ed4. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology, 1985. pp 73–98.Google Scholar
7. Giammara, B., Romaine, T., Ambrose, W., Hanker, J.. Periodic acidthiocarbohydrazide- silver methenamine(PATS) reaction: An improved silver methodology for light and electron microscopy. Proc. Ann. Meet. Electr. Microsc. Soc. Amer. 1984, 42: 264–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Hanker, J.S., Yates, P.E., Clapp, D.H. and Anderson, W.A.. New methods for the demonstration of lysosomal hydrolases by the formation of osmium blacks. Histochemie 30: 201–214, 1972.Google Scholar
9. Seligman, A.M., Wasserkrug, H.L., Seito, T., Plapinger, R.E. and Hanker, J.S.. Membraneous ultrastructural demonstration of aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities with a new diazonium salt that yields a lipophobic, osmiphilic azodye. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 18: 542–551, 1970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Giammara, B. and Hanker, J.. Ruthenium red-osmium bridging with TCH: New technique to stain biological specimens for light and TEM and to coat them for SEM. Proc. Ann. Meet. Electr. Microsc. Soc. Amer. 46: 20–21, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Giammara, B., DeVries, W., Baker, R., Dobbins, J. and Hanker, J.. Hexamethyldisilazane drying for rapid detection of bacteria in implant specimens. Proc. Ann. Meet. Electr. Microsc. Soc. Amer. 45: 878–879, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Giammara, B., Hanker, J., Crawford, J., Burkes, J., Jefferson, K., Broderius, C. and Shklair, I.. Positive staining of Gram(-) periodontal pathogens. J. Dent. Res. 66: 350, 1987.Google Scholar
13. Hanker, J., Burkes, E.J. Jr., Greco, G., Scruggs, R., Anderson, E. and Giammara, B.. Demofstration of activated macrophages in subgingival plaque and crevicular fluid samples from periodontal diseased sites. Proc. Ann. Meet. Electr. Microsoc. Soc. Amer. 47: 1989, in press.Google Scholar
14. Jarvik, R.K.. The total artificial heart. Sci. Am. 244: 74–80, 1981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Newbrun, E.. Sugar and dental caries: A review of human studies. Science 217: 418–423, 1982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Holmes, C.J. and Evans, R.. Biofilm and foreign body infection. The significance to CAPD-associated peritonitis. Perit. Dial. Bull. 6: 168–177, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Hanker, J., Giammara, B., Dobbins, J. and DeVries, W.. The cytochemical demonstration of bacteria in total artificial heart implant specimens. Proc. Ann. Meet. Electr. Microsc. Soc. Amer. 45: 778–789, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Gristina, A.G., Dobbins, J.J., Giammara, B.L., Lewis, J.C. and DeVries, W.C.. Biomaterial-centered sepsis and the total artificial heart. JAMA 259: 870–874, 1988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19. Hanker, J.S. and Giammara, B.L.. Biomaterials and biomedical devices. Science 242: 885–892, 1988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Diegelmann, R.F., Cohen, I.K. and Kaplan, A.M.. The role of macrophages in wound repair: A review. Plast. Reconstruct. Surg. 68: 107–113, 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Leibovich, S.J., and Ross, R.. The role of the macrophage in wound repair. Am. J. Pathol. 78: 71–100, 1975.Google ScholarPubMed