page 397 note 1 See Weekly Chronicle, 4 Aug. 1855, p. 489; Leader, VI (4 Aug. 1855), 747; Court Jour., 11 Aug. 1855, p. 539; Oxford Univ. Herald, 18 Aug. 1855, p. 14; Blackwood's Edinburgh Mag., LXXVIII (Sept 1855), 311-312.

page 397 note 2 Edgar F. Shannon, Jr., Tennyson and the Reviewers . . . 1827-1851 (Cambridge, Mass., 1952).

page 397 note 3 Illustrated Times, 4 Aug. 1855, p. 142.

page 397 note 4 Moxon announced in the Athenaeum, 21 July 1855, p. 828, “On Saturday next will be published . . . MAUD; AND OTHER POEMS,” and 28 July 1855, p. 859, “Just published . . . MAUD; AND OTHER POEMS.”

page 397 note 5 See Richard Herne Shepherd, “The Genesis of Tennyson's ‘Maud’,” North Amer. Rev., CXXXIX (1884), 356; W. MacNeile Dixon, A Primer of Tennyson (London, 1896), p. 86; Hallam Tennyson, Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir (London and New York, 1897), I, 393—hereafter cited as Memoir; Robert F. Horton, Alfred Tennyson (London and New York, 1900), pp. 158-159; Andrew Lang, Alfred Tennyson, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh and London, 1901), pp. 87-88, 94; Arthur C. Benson, Alfred Tonnyson (London, 1904), p. 187; Hugh IA. Fausset, Tennyson: A Modern Portrait (London, 1923), p. 188; Harold Nicolson, Alfred Tennyson: Aspects of His Life, Character, and Poetry (London, 1923), p. 223; Harold G. Merriam, Edward Moxon, Publisher of Poets (New York, 1939), p. 180; Victorian Poetry, ed. E. K. Brown (New York, 1942), p. 772.

page 397 note 6 Alfred Tennyson (London and New York, 1949), p. 286.

page 397 note 7 Tennyson in America (Athena, Ga., 1943), p. 248, n. 61.

page 397 note 8 The Victorians and Their Reading (Boston and New York, 1935), pp. 193-194.

page 398 note 9 For a complete list of the published criticism, see the Appendix to this article. Several journals discussed “Maud” more than once. I have also included in my study one article that appeared in pamphlet form and two articles that were published in collections of essays. Since the Appendix furnishes full references for all the reviews and articles on “Maud,” I have not duplicated this information in the footnotes.

page 398 note 10 For identification of Dixon's authorship, see Leslie A. Marchand, The Athenaeum: A Mirror of Victorian Culture (Chapel Hill, 1941), p. 278.

page 398 note 11 For Dallas' authorship, see The History of the Times, II: The Tradition Established (London, 1939), p. 482.

page 398 note 12 1 Sept. 1855, p. 6. This squib was printed under the heading “A Criticism Compre-hensive and Suggestive” and was signed “J. H.”

page 398 note 13 (Sept. 1855). For Aytoun's authorship, see Charles L. Graves, Life and Letters of Alexander Macmillan (London, 1910), p. 86.

page 399 note 14 Although this review was unsigned, it was reprinted under Massey's name by the Dundee, Perth, and Cupar Advertiser, 31 July 1855.

page 399 note 15 For Forster's authorship, see Tennyson's letter to Dr. Robert Mann in Hallam Tenny-son, Materials fer a Life of A. T. (n. p., n. d.), II, 137. There is a copy of this work in the Brit. Mus. and in the Bodleian.

page 399 note 16 Lewes was the literary editor of the paper; and, as Prof. Gordon Haight has graciously informed me, Lewes' private journal records payments for writing for the Leader during Aug. 1855. In style and attitude toward Tennyson's work, this critique is manifestly similar to the review of In Memoriam that Lewes wrote for the Leader. His marked file of the Leader, 1850-54, is in the Yale Univ. Lib.

page 400 note 17 On 28 Nov. 1855 Tennyson wrote to Brimley, “I wish to assure yon that I quite close with your commentary on 'MaUd.' I may have agreed with portions of other critiques on the same poem, which have been tent to me; but when I saw your notice I laid my finger upon it and said, 'There, that if my meaning.' Poor little 'Maud,' after having run the gauntlet of to much brainless abuse and anonymous spite, has found a critic” (Memoir, I.408).

page 400 note 18 For Fulford's authorship, see Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti to William Allingham, 1854-1870, ed. George Birkbeck Hill (London, 1897), pp. 177-178.

page 400 note 19 Tennyson saw the proofs of the pamphlet and made some suggestions to the author (see Materials for a Life of A. T., II, 139). After its publication he wrote to Mann, “No one with this essay before him can in future pretend to misunderstand my dramatic poem, ‘Maud’: your commentary is as true as it is full” (Memoir, I, 405).

page 400 note 20 For Stirling's authorship, see Amelia Hutchison Stirling, James Hutchison Stirling: His Life and Work (London sad Leipsic, 1912), pp. 145-150.

page 401 note 21 Essays: Critizal, Biographical, tand Misc.

page 401 note 22 For Patmore's authorship, see Courage in Politics and Other Essays, ed. Frederick Page (London, 1921), p. 205.

page 401 note 23 Edinburgh Rev., National Rev., and Quarterly Rev.

page 401 note 24 See Fraser's Mag. (July, 1856) and Alexander Macmillan, Macmillan's Mag., who was the most ardent exponent of the dramatic interpretation. For identification of Mac-millan a. the author of this article, signed “A. Y” (for Amos Yates), see Graves, Life.and Letters of Alexander Macmillan, pp. 44, 151.

page 402 note 25 The Manchester Examiner was founded in 1846 with Bright, Dr. McKerrow, and Edward Watkin as its proprietors. Bright sold his interest in 1847 when he became M. P. (or Manchester. See Frederick Leary, “History of the Manchester Periodical Press,” pp. 240, 246-a MS. volume in the Manchester Pub. Lib., press mark MS/F/052/L161.

page 402 note 26 For Smith's authorship, see Merle M. Bevington, The Saturday Review, 1855-1868 (New York, 1941), p. 373.

page 402 note 27 See also “The Laureate's View of War,” Punch, XXIX (18 Aug. 1855), 69, a doggerel poem, and William Cox Bennett's parody Anti-Maud (London, 1855).

page 402 note 28 Concerning Miller's editorship of the Witness, see Peter Bayne, Essays in Biography and Criticism, Second Series (Boston, 1858), pp. iii, v-vi.

page 402 note 28a For Fox's authorship, from 1846 to 1856, of the tetters signed “Publicola” in the Weekly Dispatch, see Richard Garnett, The Life of W. J. Fox, (London and New York, 1910), p. 325.

page 403 note 29 Arthur Hill Hassall's analyses of adulterated food and drags were published in the Lancet between 1851 and 1854 and appeared in book form in 1855. See his Adulterations Detected (London, 1857).

page 404 note 30 See, e.g., Saturday Rev. and Monthly Rev. of list, Science, and Art.

page 404 note 31 Daily News, John Bull, Era, and London Quarterly Rev.

page 404 note 32 Blackwood's (Sept. 1853) and British Quarterly Rev.

page 404 note 33 Daily Express, (Edinburgh), Tait's, and Fraser's (Sept 1855).

page 404 note 34 Leader, Literary Gozette, Spectator, Weekly Chronicle, Court Jour., Daily Express (Edinburgh), Daily News, The Times, Family Friend, Ecclesiastic, Irish Quarterly Rev., British Quarterly Rev., Christian Reformer, Edinburgh Rev., Scottish Rev., Brimley, Cam-bridge Essaye, Monthly Rev., and Bayne, Essays: Biographical, Critical, ami Misc.

page 404 note 35 Literary Gazette, Spectator, Court Jouw., The Times, Fraser's, (Sept 1855), Irish Quar-terly Rev., Tait's, Brimley, Cambridge Essays, and Quarterly Rev.

page 404 note 36 Oxford and Cambridge Mag. For diacuaaion of the hero's character, see Athenaeum, Literary Gazette, The Times, Fraser's (Sept 1855), Rambler, Tait's, British Quarterly Rev., Scottish Rev., Brimley, Cambridge Essays, Mann, “Maud” Vindicated, Bayne, Essays: Biographical, Critical, and Misc., and Quarterly Rev.

page 404 note 37 Examiner, Literary Gazette, Tablet, The Times, Fraser's (Sept. 1855), British Quarterly Rev., London Quarterly Rev., Eclectic Rev., Brimley, Cambridge Essays, and London Univ. Mag.

page 405 note 38 Bucknill was head of the Devon County Lunatic Asylum, near Exeter, and editor of the Asylum Journal. Later, along with Tennyson, he was a member of the Metaphysical Society. He was knighted in 1894. Concerning Bucknill's essay, Tennyson wrote to Mann: “I seem to have the doctors on my side if no one else. I have just received an article by a mad-house doctor giving his testimony as to the truth to nature in the delineation of the hero's madness. Valuable testimony it seems to me” (Materials, II, 138).

page 405 note 39 Eclectic Rev. See also Inverness Courier, Leader, Guardian, Blackwood's (Sept. 1855), Tait's, and Edinburgh Rev.

page 405 note 40 Probably written early in August: The Letter, of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, ed. Frederic G. Kenyan (London. 1897), II, 209.

page 405 note 41 Dated 3 Oct 1855: Margaret F. Thorp, Charles Kingsley (Princeton, N. J., and Lon-don, 1937), pp. 94-95. Kingsley continued, “I have said all that can be said ior Maud in a late no. of Frsaer's Mag. I love and honour the man, as a private friend ... and am in no humour to hit him aa I would Balders, Baileys and other presumptuous windbags.”

page 405 note 42 Paull F. Baum, Tennyson's latest critic reaches much the same conclusion in Tenny-son Sixty YearS After (Chapel Hill, 1948), p. 142.

page 405 note 43 Press, National Rev., New Quarterly Rev., Scottish Rev., Westminster Rev., and Monthly Rev.

page 406 note 44 Publisher's Circular, XVIII (1 Aug. 1855), 305.

page 406 note 45 Athenaeum, 13 Oct. 1855, p. 1195. See also Publishers' Circular, XVIII (15 Oct 1855), 385—“Upwards of eight thousand copies of Tennyson's ‘Maud’ bave already been sold.” The unfavorable review* may eventually have affected the sales of “Maud,” since Moxon advertised the ninth thousand in the Athenaeum, 24 Nov. 1855 (p. 1377) and was still advertising the tenth thousand on 20 Dec 1856 (p. 1560). But with the phenomenal consumption of the volume in the first three months after its publication, the sales may simply have reached sa early saturation point. The critic for the Christian Remembrancer thought nine thousand “a vast number, when we consider how very small s part of the world reads poetry, and how few of these buy it”

page 406 note 46 Thomas J. Wise (A Bibliography of the Writings ef Alfred, Lord Tennyson [London, privately printed, 1908], I 133) calls the 1859 edition of Maud, and Other Poem, (described on the title page as “A New Edition”) the sixth edition, since he maintains (I, 131) that a second edition appeared in 1855. The available evidence casts extreme doubt upon the existence of the “Second Edition”; and among authorities on Tennyson, Wise alone mentions it I consider the “New Edition” of 1856, which contained ten additional pages, the second edition and accordingly number as the fifth the edition of 1859. Throughout this article I refer to English editions only.

page 407 note 47 See Shannon, Tennyson and the Reviewers... 1827-1851.

page 407 note 48 Undated letter to Mann: Materials, II, 137.

page 407 note 49 Another undated letter to Mann: Materials, II, 137.

page 407 note 50 The Morning Post said, “... her brother [is] a 'dandy-despot,' a 'jewell'd mass of millinery,' and—no offence to Mr. Layard!—an oil'd and curl'd Assyrian Bull, smelling of musk and of insolence' ”; and Tennyson wrote to Mann, “... you are not aware, perhaps, that another wiseacre accused me of calling Mr Layard an ‘Assyrian Bull‘” (Memoir, I, 405). Austen Henry Layard, the archeologist, had become famous as the discoverer of Nineveh. See DNB.

page 407 note 51 See Tennyson's explanatory notes on “Maud,” Memoir, I, 403. This review was by George Eliot She recorded in her journal at the end of the entry tor 31 Dee. 1855 the amount paid her for the section in the Westminster headed “Belles-Lettres,” in which the review of “Maud” appeared. I am grateful to Prof. Gordon Height for pointing out to me George Eliot's authorship of this review.

page 407 note 52 See Charles Tennyson, Alfred Tennyson, p. 290.

page 407 note 53 See Letters of Dante Gabriel Rossetti to William Allingham, ed. Hill, p. 178.

page 407 note 54 In the letter to Mann mentioning Forster's review in the Examiner (Materials, II, 137), he says that it and those in two Edinburgh newspapers are “the best notices I have seen,” and in the letter to Brimley (see n. 17) he refers to “other critiques on the same subject, which have been sent to me.”

page 407 note 55 Goldwin Smith, Reminiscences, ed. Arnold Haultain (New York, 1910), p. 142.

page 407 note 56 M. L. Howe, “Dante Gabriel Rossetti's Comments on Maud,” MLN, XLIX (1934), 292. W. Holman Hunt records Tennyson's speaking “with lively pain of a review of one of his recent poems in an important journal” (probably The Times review of “Maud”) and comments further, “He looked upon perverse criticism as a constant discouragement to writing” (Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, 2nd and rev. ed. [New York and London, 1913], II, 174-175).

page 408 note 57 Letter, to William Allingham, ed. Helen Allinghem and E. Beumer Williams (London, 1911), p. 144. Apropos of Tennyson, Mrs. Carlyle continued, “Dear Mr. Allingham, be a Poet by all means, for you have a real gift that way; but (or God's sake beware of becoming too caring about whether your gift is appreciated by ‘the million‘—of Jackasses.”

page 408 note 58 The entire lyric “Go not happy day” was bitterly ridiculed by several critics.

page 409 note 59 Peter Bayne, in “The Two Versions of Maud,” Literary World [London], N.S.‘ XVIII (18 Oct. 1878), 248-251, republished in Lessons from My Masters, (London, 1879)‘ pp. 232-245, and (New York, 1879), pp. 241-254, notes the connection between criticism and Tennyson's revisions here and in one or two other instances, but he fails to develop the subject thoroughly or systematically.

page 409 note 60 The Leader, Press, and Witness also identified Bright as the peace orator. The British Quarterly Rev. anticipated Tennyson's defense by saying that the lines on the peace orator were not specifically an attack on Bright but a “denunciation of that mode of thinking of which Mr. Bright is the most distinguished representative in this country.”

page 410 note 61 A rough draft of these lines, followed by the fair copy, both in Tennyson's autograph, appear on the blank half of p 106 in the Brit Mua. copy of the American first edition of Maud, and Other Poems, (press mark C. 60. f. 1).

page 410 note 62 E. Morin in the National Mag. (Oct. 1856) maintained “Maud” was deficient because Tennyson had failed to insist upon the truth that war “can only rightly exist for ends of peace and brotherhood”; but the new lines may have been conceived before the publication of this notice.

page 411 note 63 See Bayne's remarks (“The Two Versions of Maud,” Lessons from My Masters [New York, 1879), pp. 251-252) on the contribution to the poem of this addition.

page 412 note 64 See also Literary Gasette, Edinburgh Advertiser, end Eclectic Rev.

page 412 note 65 Essays: Biographical, Critical, and Misc. The poem was divided into two parts in 1859 sod into three in 1865.

page 412 note 66 The reviewer (or the Critic said, “Maud, as a title, may be a little too unadorned and concise; it is hardly Tennysonian, and scarcely suggestive ”

page 412 note 67 “. . . after 1850 the inner impulse flags, the quest (or subjects begins, the urge to compose comes from without”—Baum, Tennyson Sixty Tiers After, p. 236. See Benjamin Jowett's letter of Dec. 1858: Memoir, I, 432.

page 412 note 68 William Bodham Donne and His Friends, ed. Catharine B. Johnson (London, 1905). p. 213.

page 414 note 69 At least ten other journals praised “The Brook.”

page 414 note 70 J. W. Mackail, The Life of William Morris (London, New York, and Bombay, 1899), I, 44.

page 414 note 71 For several reviews I am indebted to the unpubl. diss, of Miss Helen Pearce, “The Criticism of Tennyson's Poetry: A Summary with Special Emphasis upon Tennyson's Response to Criticism as a Factor in the Development of His Reputation” (Univ. of Calif., 1930), and of Walter B. Scott, “Tennyson and His Age, 1850-1875” (Princeton Univ., 1934).