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Emerson's Early Impact on England: A Study in British Periodicals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

William J. Sowder
William J. Sowder*
Affiliation:
Longwood College, Farmville, Va.
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Extract

The years 1840–50 were important ones in Anglo-American cultural and intellectual relations, for during this period American writers began to be widely read in England. Before that time books had been too expensive for almost everyone except the great readers or the greatly prosperous; in the 1840's, however, a combination of circumstances led to a revolution in English reading habits. Circulating libraries had been in operation in England for some years, but it was in 1842 that Mudie's began to make available for the first time literature of the world to all literate Englishmen. More important perhaps than the libraries were the cheap reprints which, at first, were sold mainly in the newly built and overflowing railway stations but which were later found in book stalls throughout the country. Commenting on Slater's shilling edition of Emerson's Orations, Lectures, and Addresses, The Critic wrote, for example, that “the work itself must be familiar by name to all our readers, but probably it has been out of the reach of many of them. It is not so now. The poorest may possess it.” That Emerson and many other American authors appeared in these cheap reprints was due, ironically enough, as much to defective international copyright laws as to a demand for their books. British publishers discovered that under certain conditions they could bring out the works of foreign writers without remuneration, and after 1839 they took full advantage of this knowledge. Emerson tried to outwit these pirates by sending the manuscripts of Essays, Second Series and of Poems to England prior to bringing the volumes out in America, and Carlyle used the Preface to the Second Essays to draw and quarter them. Emerson's precautions and Carlyle's strictures were of little avail: at about the same time that Poems came out, Orr and Company was issuing a pirated edition of Essays, Lectures, and Orations. Although evasion of copyright laws cannot be condoned on ethical grounds, it was fortuitous in one respect: the pirated editions were dirt cheap, and their wide sale along with legitimate reprints and the circulating library made accessible for the first time large quantities of American books to a wide British public. From 1840 to the end of the century, England read more books by American writers than by all of Europe combined and, fortunately for this study, all of the major works received critical appraisal in British periodicals.

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 77 , Issue 5 , December 1962 , pp. 561 - 576
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1962

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References

Note 1 in page 561 Richard D. Altick, The English Common Reader (Chicago, 1957), pp. 295–296. Francis Espinasse borrowed Emerson's works from Mudie's, and the first work which Mudie published on his own was “Emerson's Essay, which he called Man Thinking.” Amy Cruse, The Victorians and Their Reading (Boston, 1936), p. 310.

Note 2 in page 561 The Critic, 15 November 1849, p. 526. For more on the cheap press, see The Critic, 15 December 1849, p. 573. The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Edward Waldo Emerson, 12 vols. (Boston, 1903), iv, 196—hereafter cited as Works. Altick, pp. 277–293 passim.

Note 3 in page 561 Clarence L. Gohdes, American Literature in Nineteenth-Century England (New York, 1944), pp. 16–18.

Note 4 in page 561 Ralph L. Rusk, The Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York, 1949), pp. 300, 312.

Note 5 in page 561 George W. Cooke, A Bibliography of Ralph Waldo Emerson (Boston, 1908), p. 101. This piracy was reviewed by The Critic, 18 December 1847, pp. 386–388. Gohdes, Literature, p. 25, does not estimate the number of pirated editions of American authors, but says that “it was large.” Chapman, writes Gohdes (p. 35), brought out cheap editions of Emerson but rarely made payments. Doubtless other publishers did too. Rusk, Life, p. 285.

Note 6 in page 561 Gohdes, Literature, pp. 20, 46.

Note 7 in page 561 Ibid., pp. 138, 139.

Note 8 in page 561 The London and Westminster Review, xxxvi (October 1841), 239.

Note 9 in page 562 The London and Westminster Review, vi and xxviii (January 1838), 500.

Note 10 in page 562 H. M., “Literary Lionism,” The London and Westminster Review, xxxii (April 1839), 280. The initials “H. M.” are Miss Martineau's. J. E. Haynes, Pseudonyms of Authors (New York, 1882), p. 44.

Note 11 in page 562 R[ichard] M. M[ilnes], “American Philosophy—Emerson's Works,” The London and Westminster Review, xxxii (March 1840), 186–201. This article included everything of importance which Emerson had published up to that time, except for a few poems in the Western Messenger. The long-lived Westminster (1824-1914) was the most important liberal journal of the Victorian Era. Herodotus Smith, “The Periodical and Newspaper Press,” The Critic, 15 August 1851, pp. 371–372. George L. Nesbitt, Benthamite Reviewing (New York, 1934), p. 168.

Note 12 in page 562 Clarence Gohdes, “The Reception of Some Nineteenth-Century American Authors in Europe,” Margaret Denny and William H. Gilman, eds., The American Writer and the European Tradition (Minneapolis, 1950), p. 107.

Note 13 in page 562 Works, ii, 54.

Note 14 in page 562 The Monthly Review, n.s. iii (October 1941), 275. This once important literary journal, begun in 1749, expired in 1845. The Spectator, 28 August 1841, p. 834. According to Walter Graham, English Literary Periodicals (New York, 1930), p. 324, “The policies of the Spectator [5 July 1828-in progress] have been singularly uniform throughout its long history.” It has endeavored to be “a truthful and attractive record of all social movements, and of all that was accomplished in art, science, or literature.” Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, n.s. viii (October 1841), 670. Lasting from 1832–64, this liberal magazine was influential politically but “contained little fiction and poetry, and no very important criticism.” Graham, p. 291. An exception to the last part of this statement can be found in Gilfillan's article on Emerson. The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, p. 803. The Athenaeum remained throughout its long life (1828-1921) “an important journal of belleslettres.” Graham, p. 318. E. M. Everett, The Party of Humanity (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1939), p. 14, also testifies to the high quality of The Athenaeum.

Note 15 in page 562 George Gilfillan, “Ralph Waldo Emerson; Or, The ‘Coming Man’,” Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, xv (January 1848), 22. For the unsteady Emerson-Gilfillan relationship see Rusk, Life, p. 337, and Townsend Scudder, The Lonely Wayfaring Man (London, 1936), pp. 96–105. The Critic, 2 January 1847, p. 9. The Spectator, 23 November 1844, p. 1122. [G. Prentice],

“Emerson,” The Dublin Review, xxvi (March 1849), 168-Cooke, p. 288, credits this article to Prentice with no further explanation.

Note 16 in page 563 The Athenaeum, 6 February 1847, p. 144. [G. Prentice], “Emerson,” Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, lxii (December 1847), 648. Cooke, p. 288, credits this article also to Prentice and with no further explanation.

Note 17 in page 563 The Biblical Review and Congregational Magazine, i (February 1846), 149. See “The Poet,” “leaps and frisks.” Works, iii, 12.

Note 18 in page 563 Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 47.

Note 19 in page 563 Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, i (February 1845), 184, 185.

Note 20 in page 563 The Early Lectures of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Stephen E. Whicher and Robert E. Spiller (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), i, v.

Note 21 in page 563 Clarence L. F. Gohdes, The Periodicals of American Transcendentalism (Durham, N. C., 1931), p. 76. Milnes, p. 191.

Note 22 in page 563 The Spectator, 23 November 1844, p. 1122. Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, n.s. viii (October 1841), 667.

Note 23 in page 563 Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 47. Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, n.s. viii (October 1841), 666, made a like observation.

Note 24 in page 563 Gohdes, Periodicals, p. 76.

Note 25 in page 563 [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, p. 656.

Note 26 in page 563 The Critic, 2 January 1847, p. 9. This journal (1844-63) was—writes Graham, p. 326—“a well-intentioned but undistinguished weekly.” Yet it carried a few articles which have lived. Scudder, p. 216, draws freely from one of them, and I have used The Critic's fine series of articles on current periodicals in this paper. The Athenaeum, 6 February 1847, p. 145. Gilfillan, p. 20.

Note 27 in page 563 [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 176. [George Cupples], A Student, “Emerson and His Visit to Scotland,” Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, vii (April 1848), 326, 330. Cooke, p. 211, identifies the Student as George Cupples.

Note 28 in page 564 Gilfillan, p. 17. [Parke Godwin], “Letters from America,” The People's Journal, 28 [?] November 1847, p. 307. Cooke, p. 260, identifies Godwin as the author.

Note 29 in page 564 Gohdes, Literature, p. 129.

Note 30 in page 564 The Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review, xlvii (April 1847), 250. The Examiner, 8 May 1847, p. 292. “The Poets and Poetry of America …,” The Foreign Quarterly Review, xxxii (January 1844), 311.

Note 31 in page 564 Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, i (February 1845), 186.

Note 32 in page 564 The Biblical Review and Congregational Magazine, i (February 1846), 150. [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 168.

Note 33 in page 564 Works, iii, 7–11.

Note 34 in page 564 The Critic, 2 January 1847, pp. 9–10.

Note 35 in page 564 The Christian Remembrancer, xv (April 1848), 347, 348.

Note 36 in page 564 Gilfillan, pp. 17, 18.

Note 37 in page 564 The Athenaeum, 6 February 1847, pp. 145, 146, 145.

Note 38 in page 564 Rusk, Life, p. 322.

Note 39 in page 565 Rusk, Life, p. 322. Gohdes, Periodicals, p. 184. Rusk, Life, p. 323.

Note 40 in page 565 Gilfillan, p. 18. Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 36, 39.

Note 41 in page 565 J. B., “Nature,” The Intellectual Repository and New Jerusalem Magazine, n.s. i (April 1840), 188–190. Established in 1830 as the official journal of the Swedenborgians, this periodical has since 1881 been called the New Church Magazine and is still being published. For Emerson's comparison of Nature to the Swedenborgian Sampson Reed's Observations on the Growth of the Mind, see The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Ralph L. Rusk, 6 vols. (New York, 1939), ii, 26—hereafter cited as Letters.

Note 42 in page 565 Rusk, Life, p. 204.

Note 43 in page 565 “The Great Claims of Swedenborg … as Advocated by R. W. Emerson … ,” The Intellectual Repository and New Jerusalem Magazine, n.s. viii (December 1847), 464, 465, 466.

Note 44 in page 565 “Swedenborg's Claims … as a Theological Writer,” The Intellectual Repository and New Jerusalem Magazine, n. s. viii (December 1847), 468–470 passim. The Swedenborgians' quarrel with Emerson continues. See Clarence Hotson, “Emerson and the Doctrine of Correspondence,” New-Church Review, xxxvi (January 1929), 47–60; (April 1929), 173–187; (July 1929), 304–317; (October 1929), 435–449.

Note 45 in page 565 The Biblical Review and Congregational Magazine, i (February 1846), 151. This organ (1818-50) of the Congregational church carried many articles on theology, a few on history and science, and reviews of important publications. The Eclectic Review, lxxvi (December 1842), 675, 683, 687. The Eclectic (1805-68), “probably the ablest orthodox Dissenting periodical,” was “widely circulated.” Francis E. Mineka, The Dissidence of Dissent: The Monthly Repository (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1944), pp. 67, 27.

Note 46 in page 566 The Spectator, 28 August, 1841, p. 834. Gilfillan, pp. 22, 23. Rusk, Life, pp. 337–338, gives a good account of the anxiety felt by Scotsmen at Emerson's approach.

Note 47 in page 566 Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 34, 42–46 passim, 53.

Note 48 in page 566 The Christian Remembrancer, xv (April 1848), 351, 349, 351. The Remembrancer (1819-68) was one of the chief organs of the Establishment. Mineka, pp. 59–60.

Note 49 in page 566 “The Emerson Mania,” The English Review, xii (Sepbember 1849), 139, 141, 146, 139, 145, 147. Nearly all of this short-lived review (1844-53) was written from the Anglican bias.

Note 50 in page 566 Ibid., pp. 139, 140, 151.

Note 51 in page 566 The English Review, x (December 1848), 379. [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, pp. 154, 179. This important Roman Catholic organ was begun in 1836 and is still in progress.

Note 52 in page 566 [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, p. 657. This long-lived, prosperous Tory journal (1817-in progress) was (writes Graham, p. 280) “liberal in literature.” The review on Emerson, though scarcely reactionary, can hardly be termed liberal.

Note 53 in page 566 Rusk, Life, p. 333.

Note 54 in page 566 [George Cupples], Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, p. 323.

Note 55 in page 566 Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Edward Waldo Emerson and Waldo Emerson Forbes, 10 vols. (Boston, 1914), vii, 428—hereafter cited as Journals.

Note 56 in page 566 Letters, iii, 444. Howitt's Journal, 11 December 1847, p. 370, also noted Swedenborgian activity against Emerson.

Note 57 in page 567 Journals, x, 195.

Note 58 in page 567 Elie Halevy, A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century, 6 vols. (London, 1951), iv, 380, 381, 401. Albert Post, Popular Freethought in America, 1825–1850 (New York, 1943), p. 197.

Note 59 in page 567 [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, p. 657.

Note 60 in page 567 The Transcendentalists (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), p. 129.

Note 61 in page 567 Miller, p. 211.

Note 62 in page 567 Miller, p. 220.

Note 63 in page 567 Miller, pp. 107, 192, 303–315, 294–299, 259–283.

Note 64 in page 567 Miller, pp. 159, 158, 193–196, 210–213, 205.

Note 65 in page 567 [Parke Godwin], p. 306. Post, p. 185.

Note 66 in page 567 Gohdes, Literature, pp. 146–147.

Note 67 in page 567 The Prospective Review, i (May 1845), 260, 261, 262. This journal of the Unitarians was from 1835 to 1844 called the Christian Teacher and from 1855 to 1864, the National Review. “Its literary merit, its high scholarship, and, above all, its broad and bold, yet reverent treatment of all religious questions, won the respectful attention of men of thought and letters far outside any denominational circles.” “The Story of Nineteenth Century Reviewing,” The Modern Review, i (January 1880), 30.

The Review was one of two journals to take note of Emerson's antislavery activity. In Volume i (No month, 1845), 158–162, it printed an excerpt from Emerson's pamphlet, An Address … on the Anniversary of the Emancipation of the Negro in the West Indies; and The British and Foreign Antislavery Reporter, 16 October 1844, pp. 197–198, and 30 October 1844, p. 203 also published extracts from the speech. English periodicals were not disposed at this time or even later (as I plan to show in another paper) to make much of Emerson's protests against slavery.

Note 68 in page 567 Rusk, Letters, iii, 288.

Note 69 in page 568 Works, vii, 95.

Note 70 in page 568 Halevy, iv, 398, 399, 400.

Note 71 in page 568 Gohdes, Periodicals, p. 254.

Note 72 in page 568 The Reasoner, 30 [?] November 1847, pp. 639, 640. At the time of Emerson's visit, The Reasoner was the most important journal of Secularist propaganda. It lasted under one name or another from 1846 to 1872. Other comments on Emerson appear in The Reasoner for 1 December 1847, pp. 8–11; 7 December 1847, pp. 17–19; 15 December 1847, pp. 38–40; 22 December 1847, pp. 45–48; 29 December 1947, pp. 63–66; 5 January 1847 [sic], pp. 80–82; 12 January 1847 [sic], pp. 85–89; 26 January 1847 [sic], pp. 117–120; 2 February 1847 [sic], pp. 138–140; 7 June 1848, p. 31; 21 June 1848, p. 63; 5 July 1848, p. 95.

Note 73 in page 568 [George Cupples], Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, pp. 326, 327.

Note 74 in page 568 [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 165.

Note 75 in page 568 Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Magazine, i (February 1845), 184.

Note 76 in page 568 Gohdes, Periodicals, pp. 6, 7, 8.

Note 77 in page 568 [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 158. The Spectator, 28 August 1841, p. 834. [Parke Godwin], p. 306. [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, p. 649. The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, p. 804. The Athenaeum, 28 December 1844, p. 1197. [G. Prentice],

Blackwood's, p. 650. Goodwyn Barmby, “Emerson and His Writings,” Howitt's Journal, 13 November 1847, p. 316.

Note 78 in page 569 The Athenaeum, 28 December 1844, p. 1197. The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, p. 803. “‘It is in bad taste,‘ is the most formidable word an Englishman can pronounce,” wrote Emerson in the Journals, v, 176.

Note 79 in page 569 [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 161. The Critic, 2 January 1847, p. 9.

Note 80 in page 569 [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, pp. 644–645.

Note 81 in page 569 [Parke Godwin], p. 306. The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, p. 804. Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 46.

Note 82 in page 569 The Examiner, 8 May 1847, p. 292. The Examiner, 30 November 1844, p. 757. This independent weekly remained over the years (1808-81) liberal in politics and, depending upon the editors, offered “careful and scholarly” literary criticism. Herodotus Smith, “The Periodical and Newspaper Press,” The Critic, 3 January 1852, pp. 441, 442. Edmund Blunden, Leigh Hunt's “Examiner” Examined (London, 1928), p. 122, writes substantially the same thing. For a somewhat different opinion on the literary value of the journal, see Graham, pp. 311–315 passim.

Note 83 in page 569 Rusk, Life, p. 283.

Note 84 in page 569 [George Cupples], p. 330.

Note 85 in page 569 [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, pp. 158, 156. See Works, ii, 51.

Note 86 in page 569 “The Emerson Mania,” The English Review, xii (September 1849), 145.

Note 87 in page 569 The Eclectic Review, lxxvi (December 1842), 669.

Note 88 in page 569 Rusk, Life, p. 287.

Note 89 in page 569 Stephen E. Whicher, Freedom and Fate (Philadelphia, 1953), p. 141.

Note 90 in page 569 Works, i, 331.

Note 91 in page 569 The Eclectic Review, lxxvi (December 1842), 685. [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 162. The Christian Remembrancer, xv (April 1848), 315.

Note 92 in page 570 [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 165.

Note 93 in page 570 The Eclectic Review, lxxvi (December 1842), 667. Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 42. Gilfillan, p. 19.

Note 94 in page 570 The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, p. 804. Barmby, p. 315.

Note 95 in page 570 “The Emerson Mania,” The English Review, xii (September 1849), 146, 147.

Note 96 in page 570 Gilfillan, pp. 18, 19.

Note 97 in page 570 [George Cupples], p. 327.

Note 98 in page 570 The Eclectic Review, lxxvi (December 1842), 667. Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, n.s. viii (October 1841), 667. The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, pp. 804, 803. See Love's Labors Lost, v.i.40.

Note 99 in page 570 Denny and Gilman, p. v.

Note 100 in page 570 Gohdes, Periodicals, p. 92.

Note 101 in page 571 “A Response from America,” The Monthly Magazine, n.s. ii (September 1839), 344, 346, 347, 348–351 passim, 352. From 1839 to 1842, this journal (1796–1843) was edited by the transcendentalist John Heraud.

Note 102 in page 571 Milnes, pp. 201, 195, 196, 187.

Note 103 in page 571 Gilfillan, pp. 17, 21.

Note 104 in page 571 The Foreign Quarterly Review, xxxii (January 1844), 291.

Note 105 in page 571 Ibid., pp. 291, 292. [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, p. 643.

Note 106 in page 571 The Christian Remembrancer, xv (April 1848), 301, 302.

Note 107 in page 571 The Biblical Review and Congregational Magazine, i (April 1846), 318, 322, 323.

Note 108 in page 571 Milnes, p. 189.

Note 109 in page 571 Ibid., p. 188.

Note 110 in page 571 Rusk, Life, pp. 164–165.

Note 111 in page 572 The Prospective Review, i (May 1845), 256. The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, pp. 803–804 passim.

Note 112 in page 572 The London and Westminster Review, xxxvi (October 1841), 239–240.

Note 113 in page 572 The Literary Gazette, 25 September 1841, p. 620. In this weekly (1817-58), writes Graham, p. 316, can be found “a cross-section of the literary activity of three decades.”

Note 114 in page 572 The Biblical Review and Congregational Magazine, i (February 1846), 149, 153.

Note 115 in page 572 The Monthly Review, n.s. iii (October 1841), 275. The Spectator, 28 August 1841, p. 834.

Note 116 in page 572 Gohdes, Periodicals, p. 92.

Note 117 in page 572 The Spectator, 28 August 1841, p. 834.

Note 118 in page 572 Barmby, p. 315.

Note 119 in page 572 Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 31, 35, 37, 41.

Note 120 in page 572 James Russell Lowell, “A Fable for Critics,” Major American Writers, ed. Howard Mumford Jones, et al., (New York, 1952), pp. 958–959. “The Emerson Mania,” The English Review, xii (September 1849), 141.

Note 121 in page 572 Denny and Gilman, p. v.

Note 122 in page 572 The Eclectic Review, lxxvi (December 1842), 685. [Parke Godwin], p. 306. [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, pp. 647, 648. The Athenaeum, 24 June 1848, p. 630. The Foreign Quarterly Review, xxxii (January 1844), 311. Tail's Edinburgh Magazine, n.s. viii (October 1841), 667, 668. Gilfillan, p. 17.

Note 123 in page 573 The Prospective Review, i (May 1845), 262.

Note 124 in page 573 Robert E. Spiller, “Benjamin Franklin: Promoter of Useful Knowledge,” Denny and Gilman, pp. 29–44 passim, especially pp. 39, 43. Stanley T. Williams, “Cosmopolitanism in American Literature before 1880,” Denny and Gilman, pp. 45–62 passim, especially pp. 45, 49, 51, 56. Leon Howard, “Americanization of the European Heritage,” Denny and Gilman, pp. 78–89 passim.

Note 125 in page 573 Milnes, p. 186.

Note 126 in page 573 The People's Journal, 21 [?] April 1848, p. 210.

Note 127 in page 573 Works, iii, 207, 213, 214, 219, 210. John C. Gerber, “Emerson and the Political Economists,” New England Quarterly, xxii (September 1949), 336–357, especially 341, 355. Works, iii, 235. Percy H. Boynton, “Emerson in his Period,” International Journal of Ethics, xxxix (January 1929), 187. Works, iii, 199, 215. A. I. Ladu, “Emerson: Whig or Democrat,” New England Quarterly, xiii (September 1940) 419–441, especially 423.

Note 128 in page 573 Gohdes, Periodicals, pp. 123, 75.

Note 129 in page 573 [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, 166. “The Emerson Mania,” The English Review, xii (September 1849), 141.

Note 130 in page 573 [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, p. 645. Milnes, p. 196.

Note 131 in page 573 Works, iii, 210. Frederick I. Carpenter, “William James and Emerson,” American Literature, xi (March 1939), 57. Rusk, Life, p. 304. Frederick I. Carpenter, Emerson Handbook (New York, 1953), p. 191.

Note 132 in page 573 [Parke Godwin], pp. 306, 308.

Note 133 in page 573 Barmby, p. 315. This penny magazine lasted only a year, 1847–48, at which time it merged with People's Journal. Frederick Boase, Modern English Biography, 6 vols. (Truro, England, 1892), i, 169.

Note 134 in page 574 L. E. Elliott-Binns, Religion in the Victorian Era (London, 1953), pp. 329–330. Henry Richard Tedder, “Periodicals,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Ed., xxi, 153. Scudder, pp. 53, 75.

Note 135 in page 574 Rusk, Life, p. 325.

Note 136 in page 574 Leon Howard, “Americanization of the European Heritage,” Denny and Gilman, p. 81.

Note 137 in page 574 Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 34.

Note 138 in page 574 Barmby, p. 316. The People's Journal, 21 April [?] 1848, p. 210. The chief goal of this short-lived organ (1846-51) was the emancipation of labor. John Saunders, “Combining Amusement, General Literature, and Instruction …,” 3 January 1846, p. 1.

Note 139 in page 574 Douglas Jerrold's Skilling Magazine, i (February 1845), 185. Playwright, humorist, journalist, and life-long champion of the under-privileged, Jerrold managed to keep his penny journal alive from 1845 to 1848.

Note 140 in page 574 The Spectator, 28 August 1841, p. 834. Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, n.s. viii (October 1841), 667–668 passim. The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, p. 804.

Note 141 in page 574 Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 35, 48–53.

Note 142 in page 574 The Examiner, 17 June 1848, p. 388.

Note 143 in page 574 [G. Prentice], Blackwood's, p. 657.

Note 144 in page 574 Works, iv, 284.

Note 145 in page 574 Milnes, p. 200.

Note 146 in page 574 The Monthly Review, iii (October 1841), 276. The Examiner, 30 November 1844, p. 757. The Athenaeum, 6 February 1847, p. 145.

Note 147 in page 574 [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 175. The Eclectic Review, lxxvi (December 1842), 676. Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 36.

Note 148 in page 575 The Literary Gazette, 28 June 1845, p. 423. Douglas Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper, 10 June 1848, p. 750.

Note 149 in page 575 The Critic, 18 December 1847, p. 386. Gilfillan, p. 23.

Note 150 in page 575 The Reasoner, 30 [?] November 1847, p. 639. Barmby, p. 316. [George Cupples], p. 329.

Note 151 in page 575 The Examiner, 24 June 1848, p. 405.

Note 152 in page 575 See Gohdes, Literature, pp. 145, 146, 147. Rusk. Life, pp. 343, 344, 352–353, 357. Scudder, p. v.

Note 153 in page 575 Rusk, Letters, iii, 454.

Note 154 in page 575 Rusk, Life, pp. 353, 354.

Note 155 in page 575 Rusk, Life, p. 354.

Note 156 in page 575 The Reasoner, 5 July 1848, p. 95. Sophia D. Collet signs the article “Panthea.” Moncure D. Conway, Emerson at Home and Abroad (Boston, 1882), p. 324.

Note 157 in page 575 The Literary Gazette, 28 June 1845, p. 423. The Intellectual Repository and New Jerusalem Magazine, n.s. viii (December 1847), 455. The Westminster Review and Foreign Quarterly, xlix (July 1848), 338. Douglas Jerrold's Weekly Newspaper, 10 June 1848, p. 750. Macphail's Edinburgh Ecclesiastical Journal and Literary Review, xv (February 1848), 34.

Note 158 in page 575 Gohdes, Periodicals, pp. 78, 183.

Note 159 in page 575 Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, n.s. viii (October 1841), 667. [Parke Godwin], p. 306. [G. Prentice], The Dublin Review, p. 154.

Note 160 in page 575 Gilfillan, p. 22.

Note 161 in page 575 The Athenaeum, 23 October 1841, p. 804. The Biblical Review and Congregational Magazine, i (February 1846), 151. The Eclectic Review, lxxvi (December 1842), 677. “The Emerson Mania,” The English Review, xii (September 1849), 139.

Note 162 in page 575 Gohdes, Periodicals, p. 240.

Note 163 in page 576 [George Cupplesl, p. 325.

Note 164 in page 576 Rusk, Life, p. 329.

Note 165 in page 576 Janet E. Courtney, Freethinkers of the Nineteenth Century (London, 1920), p. 54. Eliot-Binns, p. 138.