In an earlier article, tracing the development of commercial tourism in the Antarctic (Reich, 1980), I presented the currently available information on the scale and concentration of tourist activities. From this examination the broad conclusion was that over a 24-year period since tourism began, numbers of visitors landing, primarily from ships but also from aircraft, averaged less than 840 a year. Roughly three-quarters of these visits were concentrated on about nine places, all of which were occupied scientific research stations. In this paper an attempt is made, partly based on first-hand experience of a tourist cruise, to gauge the impact of sea-borne tourism. A description of the cruise precedes consideration of tourism in relation to the Antarctic Treaty. Planning issues are raised in certain recommendations on tourism adopted by the Antarctic Treaty nations, and these are examined. There are more questions than answers, partly due to lack of data, but I hope that by drawing attention to these issues further consideration will be given to them.

Northern Canadian natives wish to continue their traditional lifestyle by hunting, fishing and trapping. These feelings have, for example, been expressed at the recent Lancaster Sound Regional Study workshops by the native residents of Grise Fiord, Resolute, Arctic Bay and Pond Inlet, in spite of pressure by government and industry for the Inuit to take up wage-earning employment. In comparison with the cash benefits of industrial employment the value of the native or traditional economy is often underestimated. Domestically-used meat and materials cannot be valued in a formal or cash economy and tend to be discounted in planning analyses (Usher, 1980).

Throughout their history Greenlanders have struggled not against invaders but against a hard and merciless environment. This intimate association with the environment is reflected in a well-developed descriptive language, richer in many respects than Danish. But Greenlanders have a less developed capacity for abstract thought and as a result they find discussion of such national problems as security far removed from the daily debate. In diis article Greenland's development is traced and her strategic position in the North Atlantic is discussed in terms of national interests and international cooperation.

Until long after all other regions of the world had been explored and populated by man, the high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere remained unknownand inviolate. Although a great southern continent had been postulated by theancient Greeks, and its existence firmly believed in during the 16th century and by some 18th century geographers, no real evidence for its presence had been forthcoming. However, the great voyages of discovery by James Cook in Endeavour, 1768–71 and Resolution, 1772–75 laid that belief to rest. During his second voyage Cook circumnavigated the globe in high latitudes and made three crossings of the Antarctic Circle but failed to find the supposed continental land mass. Cook came to the conclusion that if a continent existed in still higher latitudes, as we know that it does, it would be perpetually frozen. Nevertheless, the scientific aims of the voyage were achieved. Considerable light was shed on the atmospheric and oceanographic phenomena of the region, based on factual data collected by the, scientists on board Resolution, and Adventure which accompanied it for partof the timeduring 1772–73.

On the afternoon of 13 March 1931 a massively-built icebreaker could be seen smashing her way through the ice in the shipping channel off Pointe-aux-Trembles at the east end of Montreal Island. The name on her bows was Mikula (Montreal Gazette, 1931a, p 23). The following afternoon, accompanied by the smaller icebreaker Saurel, she pulled alongside at the Imperial Oil Company's wharf in Montreal East, to be met by a large crowd, led by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, the Honourable Albert Duranleau (Montreal Gazette, 1931b, p 21). Captain John Hearn welcomed the minister on board, then took him and his party out among the river ice to show off Mikula's paces. The cause of all the excitement was that Mikula had reached Montreal 15 days earlier than the previous record, set by the icebreaker Lady Grey in 1921. Hence Montreal had come a significant step closer to her present situation of being a year-round port.