Albert, J. M., and Nelson, S.
2011. Generalized causal mediation analysis. Biometrics
67(3): 1028–38.
Angrist, J. D., Imbens, G. W., and Rubin, D. B.
1996. Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables (with discussion). Journal of the American Statistical Association
91: 434, 444–55.
Avin, C., Shpitser, I., and Pearl, J.
2005. Identifiability of path-specific effects. In Proceedings of the nineteenth international joint conference on artificial intelligence, 357–63. Edinburgh: Morgan Kaufmann.
Baron, R. M., and Kenny, D. A.
1986. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
51(6): 1173–82.
Brader, T., Valentino, N., and Suhay, E.
2008. What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science
52(4): 959–78.
Bullock, J., Green, D., and Ha, S.
2010. Yes, but what's the mechanism? (Don't expect an easy answer). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
98(4): 550–8.
Callaghan, K., and Schnell, F., eds. 2005. Framing American politics. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Chong, D., and Druckman, J. N.
2007. A theory of framing and opinion formation in competitive elite environments. Journal of Communication
57: 99–118.
Druckman, J. N., and Nelson, K. R.
2003. Framing and deliberation: How citizens' conversations limit elite influence. American Journal of Political Science
47(4): 729–45.
Glynn, A. N.
2012. The product and difference fallacies for indirect effects. American Journal of Political Science
56(1): 257–69.
Hafeman, D.
2008. Opening the black box: A reassessment of mediation from a counterfactual perspective. PhD thesis, Columbia University.
Holland, P. W.
1986. Statistics and causal inference (with discussion). Journal of the American Statistical Association
81: 945–60.
Imai, K., and Yamamoto, T.
2012. Replication data for: Identification and sensitivity analysis for multiple causal mechanisms: Revisiting evidence from framing experiments. Dataverse Network, hdl:1902.1/19036.
Imai, K., Keele, L., and Tingley, D.
2010a. A general approach to causal mediation analysis. Psychological Methods
15(4): 309–34.
Imai, K., Keele, L., Tingley, D., and Yamamoto, T.
2010b. Advances in social science research using R. In Causal mediation analysis using R, ed. Vinod, H. D., 129–54. Lecture Notes in Statistics. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Imai, K., Keele, L., Tingley, D., and Yamamoto, T.
2011. Unpacking the black box of causality: Learning about causal mechanisms from experimental and observational studies. American Political Science Review
105(4): 765–89.
Imai, K., Keele, L., and Yamamoto, T.
2010c. Identification, inference, and sensitivity analysis for causal mediation effects. Statistical Science
25(1): 51–71.
Imai, K., Tingley, D., and Yamamoto, T.
2013. Experimental designs for identifying causal mechanisms. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society)
176(1): 5–51.
Imbens, G. W., and Manski, C. F.
2004. Confidence intervals for partially identified parameters. Econometrica
72(6): 1845–57.
Isbell, L., and Ottati, V.
2002. The emotional voter: Effects of episodic affective reactions on candidate evaluation. In The social psychology of politics: Social psychological application to social issues, eds. Ottati, V., Tindale, R., Edwards, J., Bryant, F., Heath, L., O'Connell, D., Suarez-Balcazar, Y., and Posavac, E., Vol. 5, 55–74. New York: Kluwer.
Iyengar, S.
1991. Is anyone responsible?
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kaufman, S., Kaufman, J. S., and MacLehose, R. F.
2009. Analytic bounds on causal risk differences in directed acyclic graphs involving three observed binary variables. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference
139: 3473–87.
Kinder, D. R., and Sanders, L. M.
1990. Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition
8(1): 73–103.
Kraemer, H. C., Kiernan, M., Essex, M., and Kupfer, D. J.
2008. How and why criteria defining moderators and mediators differ between the Baron & Kenny and MacArthur approaches. Health Psychology
27(2): S101–8.
Miller, J. M.
2007. Examining the mediators of agenda setting: A new experimental paradigm reveals the role of emotions. Political Psychology
28(6): 689–717.
Nelson, T. E., and Kinder, D. R.
1996. Issue framing and group-centrism in american public opinion. Journal of Politics
58: 1055–78.
Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., and Oxley, Z. M.
1997. Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review
91(3): 567–83.
Neyman, J.
1923. On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments: Essay on principles, section 9 (translated in 1990). Statistical Science
5: 465–80.
Pearl, J.
2001. Direct and indirect effects. In Proceedings of the seventeenth conference on uncertainty in artificial intelligence, 411–20. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Petersen, M. L., Sinisi, S. E., and van der Laan, M. J.
2006. Estimation of direct causal effects. Epidemiology
17(3): 276–84.
Robins, J. M.
1986. A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with sustained exposure periods: Application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect. Mathematical Modeling
7: 1393–512.
Robins, J. M.
2003. Semantics of causal DAG models and the identification of direct and indirect effects. In Highly structured stochastic systems, eds. Green, P. J., Hjort, N. L., and Richardson, S., 70–81. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Robins, J. M., and Greenland, S.
1992. Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology
3(2): 143–55.
Robins, J. M., and Richardson, T.
2010. Alternative graphical causal models and the identification of direct effects. In Causality and psychopathology: Finding the determinants of disorders and their cures, eds. Shrout, P., Keyes, K., and Omstein, K., 103–59. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Rubin, D. B.
1974. Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and non-randomized studies. Journal of Educational Psychology
66: 688–701.
Rubin, D. B.
2004. Direct and indirect causal effects via potential outcomes (with discussions). Scandinavian Journal of Statistics
31(2): 161–70.
Sjölander, A.
2009. Bounds on natural direct effects in the presence of confounded intermediate variables. Statistics in Medicine
28(4): 558–71.
Slothuus, R.
2008. More than weighting cognitive importance: A dual-process model of issue framing effects. Political Psychology
29(1): 1–28.
Taylor, A. B., MacKinnon, D. P., and Tein, J.-Y.
2008. Tests of the three-path mediated effect. Organizational Research Methods
11(2): 241–69.
Tchetgen Tchetgen, E. J., and Shpitser, I.
2011. Semiparametric theory for causal mediation analysis: Efficiency bounds, multiple robustness, and sensitivity analysis. Technical report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University School of Public Health.
Tversky, A., and Kahneman, D.
1981. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science
211: 453–8.
VanderWeele, T. J.
2009. Marginal structural models for the estimation of direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology
20(1): 18–26.
VanderWeele, T. J.
2010. Bias formulas for sensitivity analysis for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology
21(4): 540–51.
Zaller, J.
1992. The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
