Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-31T17:02:47.860Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Designing for systems-of-systems resilience: from the individual to the planet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Valeria Pannunzio*
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Timoleon Kipouros
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Amber Khan
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Laurie Friday
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Carol Brayne
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
P. John Clarkson
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This contribution builds on the Design Framework for System-of-Systems Resilience to investigate the potential of a new systems resilience measuring approach inspired by the Frailty Index. To explore this research direction, we provide a brief overview of the evolution of the notion of resilience, offer a characterisation of systems resilience as an opposite of systems frailty, and perform a rapid review to identify and inspect existing multi-domain indices of community resilience. Finally, we suggest piloting the proposed system-of-systems resilience index in the Fens in the United Kingdom.

Type
Systems Engineering and Design
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
Copyright
The Author(s), 2024.

References

Adger, W.N., (2006), “Vulnerability”, Global environmental change, Vol. 16(3), pp.268281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aghababaei, M. and Koliou, M., (2023) “Community resilience assessment via agent-based modeling approach”, Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol. 38(7), pp.920939. https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12916CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armocida, B., Formenti, B., Ussai, S., Palestra, F. and Missoni, E. (2020). “The Italian health system and the COVID-19 challenge”, The Lancet Public Health, Vol. 5(5), pp. 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30074-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bec, A., Moyle, C. L. J., & Moyle, B. D. (2019), “Community resilience to change: Development of an index”. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 142, pp. 11031128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1960-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
BEIS (2022), Mapping greenhouse gas emissions & removals for the land use, land-use change & forestry sector. A report of the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory 1990-2020. [online] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/64a681027a4c230013bba238/lulucf-local-authority-mapping-report-2021.pdf (accessed 16.02.2024).Google Scholar
Berkes, F., & Ross, H. (2013), “Community resilience: toward an integrated approach”, Society & natural resources, Vol. 26(1), pp. 520. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.736605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, W. (2017), “Society as a complex adaptive system”. In Buckley, W. (Ed.), Systems Research for Behavioral Science, Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 490-513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, C. G. (2015), “A validation of metrics for community resilience to natural hazards and disasters using the recovery from Hurricane Katrina as a case study”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 105(1), pp. 6786. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2014.960039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, Y., Elsayed, E. A., & Huang, Z. (2022), “Systems resilience assessments: a review, framework and metrics”, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. 60(2), pp. 595622. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1971789CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark-Ginsberg, A., McCaul, B., Bremaud, I., Cáceres, G., Mpanje, D., Patel, S., & Patel, R. (2020). “Practitioner approaches to measuring community resilience: The analysis of the resilience of communities to disasters toolkit”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 50, 101714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101714CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010), “Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions”, Journal of homeland security and emergency management, Vol. 7(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1732CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreesbeimdiek, K.M., Von Behr, C.M., Brayne, C. and Clarkson, P.J., (2022). “Towards a Contemporary Design Framework for System-of-Systems Resilience”. Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference, May 23-26, 2022, Cambridge University Press, pp.1835-1844. https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2022.186Google Scholar
Everard, M., Johnston, P., Santillo, D. and Staddon, C., (2020), “The role of ecosystems in mitigation and management of Covid-19 and other zoonoses”, Environmental science & policy, Vol. 111, pp.717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Council, Fenland District, (2018), Fenland District Council Health and Wellbeing Strategy 2018-2021 [online], Available at:https://www.fenland.gov.uk/media/12208/Health-and-Wellbeing-Strategy/pdf/Health___Wellbeing_Strategy_v2.pdf (accessed 16.02.2024).Google Scholar
Fidler, S. and Nicoll, A., (2010), “Out of balance: The fragile world economy”. Survival, Vol. 52(6), pp.89106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2010.540784CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garmezy, N. (1971), “Vulnerability research and the issue of primary prevention”. American Journal of orthopsychiatry, Vol. 41(1), pp. 101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1971.tb01111.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fen, Great (2023). Holme Fen Posts [online], Available at: https://www.greatfen.org.uk/about-great-fen/heritage/holme-fen-posts (accessed 16.02.2024).Google Scholar
Haas, S., Gianoli, A., & Van Eerd, M. (2021), “The roles of community resilience and risk appraisal in climate change adaptation: the experience of the Kannagi Nagar resettlement in Chennai”, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 33(2), pp. 560578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247821993391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holling, C. S. (1973), “Resilience and stability of ecological systems”, Annual review of ecology and systematics, Vol. 4(1), pp. 123. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollnagel, E., Braithwaite, J., Wears, R.L. eds., (2013), Resilient health care, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., FarnhamGoogle Scholar
Hollnagel, E., Woods, D.D. and Leveson, N. eds., (2006). Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts. Ashgate Publishing Ltd., AldershotGoogle Scholar
Horton, R., Beaglehole, R., Bonita, R., Raeburn, J., McKee, M., & Wall, S. (2014). “From public to planetary health: a manifesto”. The Lancet, Vol. 383(9920), pp. 847. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60409-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, R.J., Nicholls, R.J. and Thomalla, F. (2003). “Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept?Global environmental change part B: environmental hazards, Vol. 5(1), pp.40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2004.02.001Google Scholar
Kruk, M.E., Ling, E.J., Bitton, A., Cammett, M., Cavanaugh, K., Chopra, M., El-Jardali, F., Macauley, R.J., Muraguri, M.K., Konuma, S. and Marten, R., (2017). “Building resilient health systems: a proposal for a resilience index”. Bmj, Vol. 357. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j2323Google ScholarPubMed
Leykin, D., Lahad, M., Cohen, O., Goldberg, A., & Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2013), “Conjoint community resiliency assessment measure-28/10 items (CCRAM28 and CCRAM10): A self-report tool for assessing community resilience”, American journal of community psychology, 52, 313323. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-013-9596-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindberg, K., & Swearingen, T. (2020), “A reflective thrive-oriented community resilience scale”, American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 65(3–4), pp. 467478, https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, I.L., Thomas, V., Ofoegbu, C., Bradley, A.V., Bullard, P., D'Acunha, B., Delaney, B., Driver, H., Evans, C.D., Faulkner, K.J., Fonvielle, J.A., Francksen, R.M., Friday, L.E., Hose, G., Kaduk, J., Re Manning, F., Morrison, R., Novo, P., Page, S.E., Rhymes, J.M., Hudson, M., and Baltzer, H. 2023. State of knowledge on UK agricultural peatlands for food production and the net zero transition. Sustainability, 15(23), p.16347. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAslan, A., (2010), The concept of resilience: Understanding its origins, meaning and utility. Torrens Resilience Institute, AdelaideGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J., and White, K.S. (eds.), (2001), Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Mitnitski, A., Song, X. and Rockwood, K., (2007), “Improvement and decline in health status from late middle age: modeling age-related changes in deficit accumulation”, Experimental gerontology, Vol. 42(11), pp.11091115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2007.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molua, E.L., Lambi, C. (2007), The economic impact of climate change on agriculture in Cameroon. World Bank Policy Research Working PaperCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mousa, A., Savva, G. M., Mitnitski, A., Rockwood, K., Jagger, C., Brayne, C., & Matthews, F. E., (2018), “Is frailty a stable predictor of mortality across time? Evidence from the Cognitive Function and Ageing StudiesAge and ageing, Vol. 47(5), pp. 721727. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy077CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nathwani, J., Lind, N., Renn, O. and Schellnhuber, H.J., (2021). “Balancing health, economy and climate risk in a multi-crisis”. Energies, Vol. 14(14), pp.4067. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cambridgeshire, Natural (2021), The state of nature in Cambridgeshire. [online] Available at: https://naturalcambridgeshire.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/State-of-nature-camb-report-nov21_v2.pdf. (accessed 16.02.2024).Google Scholar
East Anglia, NFU (2019), Delivering for Britain: Food and Farming in the Fens [online], Available at: https://www.nfuonline.com/archive?treeid=117727 (accessed 16.02.2024).Google Scholar
Omand, D. (2005), “Developing national resilienceThe RUSI Journal, Vol. 150(4), pp. 1418. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071840508522884CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pannunzio, V, Walsh, S., Milne, R., Komashie, A., Kipouros, T., Lamé, G., Maier, A., Brayne, C., Clarkson, P. J. (2024, in press), “Exploring Indicators of Systems-of-Systems Resilience: Outcomes of a Health Systems Design Workshop at an International Conference”. Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference, May 20-23, 2024.Google Scholar
Pannunzio, V., Friday, L., Kipouros, T., & Clarkson, P. J. (2023), “Dependency and Structure Modelling for stakeholder management: an example in Landscape Regeneration”, DSM 126: Proceedings of the 25th International DSM Conference (DSM 2023), Gothenburg, Sweden, October, 03-05, 2023 (pp. 133140). https://doi.org/10.35199/dsm2023.15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfefferbaum, R. L., Pfefferbaum, B., Van Horn, R. L., Klomp, R. W., Norris, F. H., & Reissman, D. B. (2013), “The communities advancing resilience toolkit (CART): An intervention to build community resilience to disasters”, Journal of public health management and practice, Vol. 19(3), pp. 250258, https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0b013e318268aed8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Priyadarshini, P., & Bundela, A. K. (2023), “Advocating Sustainable Use of Wild Species for Enhancing Food Security, Ecosystem Conservation and Planetary Resilience”, Anthropocene Science, Vol. 2, pp. 101107, https://doi.org/10.1007/s44177-023-00053-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renschler, C. S., Frazier, A. E., Arendt, L. A., Cimellaro, G. P., Reinhorn, A. M., & Bruneau, M. (2010), A framework for defining and measuring resilience at the community scale: The PEOPLES resilience framework (pp. 10-0006). MCEER, Buffalo.Google Scholar
Rockwood, K. and Mitnitski, A. (2007), “Frailty in relation to the accumulation of deficits”, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol. 62(7), pp.722727. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.7.722CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, D. and Gefenas, E. (2009), “Vulnerability: too vague and too broad?”, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, Vol. 18(2), pp.113121. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963180109090203CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Searle, S. D., Mitnitski, A., Gahbauer, E. A., Gill, T. M., & Rockwood, K. (2008), “A standard procedure for creating a frailty index”, BMC geriatrics, Vol. 8(1), pp. 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-8-24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmie, J. and Martin, R. (2010), “The economic resilience of regions: towards an evolutionary approach”, Cambridge journal of regions, economy and society, Vol. 3(1), pp.2743. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, S. B. (2021), “Measuring community resilience: A critical analysis of a policy-oriented indicator tool”, Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, Vol. 12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taysom, E., & Crilly, N. (2017), “Resilience in sociotechnical systems: the perspectives of multiple stakeholders”. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, Vol. 3(3), pp.165182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2017.10.011Google Scholar
Taysom, E., & Crilly, N. (2018). “On the Resilience of Sociotechnical Systems”, Systemic Design: Theory, Methods, and Practice, pp. 145171. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55639-8_6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toseroni, F., Romagnoli, F., & Marincioni, F. (2016), “Adapting and reacting to measure an extreme event: a methodology to measure disaster community resilience”, Energy Procedia, Vol. 95, pp. 491498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.074CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tredgold, T. (1818), XXXVII. “On the transverse strength and resilience of timber”, The Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 51(239), 214216. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786441808637536CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, W.R., Brandon, K., Brooks, T.M., Costanza, R., Da Fonseca, G.A. and Portela, R., (2007), “Global conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services”. BioScience, Vol. 57(10), pp.868873. https://doi.org/10.1641/B571009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VijayaVenkataRaman, S., Iniyan, S. and Goic, R. (2012), “A review of climate change, mitigation and adaptation”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 16(1), pp.878897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, B.H. and Salt, D. (2005), Resilience thinking: sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Washington Press: Island Press.Google Scholar
Whitson, H. E., Duan-Porter, W., Schmader, K. E., Morey, M. C., Cohen, H. J., & Colón-Emeric, C. S. (2016), “Physical resilience in older adults: systematic review and development of an emerging construct”. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, Vol. 71(4), pp. 489495. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv202CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, D. D. (2015), “Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of resilience engineering”, Reliability engineering & system safety, Vol. 141, pp. 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.03.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar