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    AbdAleati, Naziha S. Mohd Zaharim, Norzarina and Mydin, Yasmin Othman 2016. Religiousness and Mental Health: Systematic Review Study. Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 55, Issue. 6, p. 1929.

    Naja, Wadih J. Aoun, Michaelangelo P. El Khoury, Eliane L. Abdallah, Fabiola J. Bou and Haddad, Ramzi S. 2016. Prevalence of depression in Syrian refugees and the influence of religiosity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 68, p. 78.

    Mihaljević, Sanea Aukst-Margetić, Branka Vuksan-Ćusa, Bjanka Karničnik, Snježana and Jakovljević, Miro 2015. Spirituality and Its Relationship with Personality in Depressed People: Preliminary Findings. Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 54, Issue. 6, p. 2099.

    Amer, Nuha Remon Yacoub and Hamdan-Mansour, Ayman M. 2014. Psychosocial Predictors of Suicidal Ideation in Patients Diagnosed with Chronic Illnesses in Jordan. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 35, Issue. 11, p. 864.

    Koenig, Harold G. Berk, Lee S. Daher, Noha S. Pearce, Michelle J. Bellinger, Denise L. Robins, Clive J. Nelson, Bruce Shaw, Sally F. Cohen, Harvey Jay and King, Michael B. 2014. Religious involvement is associated with greater purpose, optimism, generosity and gratitude in persons with major depression and chronic medical illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 77, Issue. 2, p. 135.

    King, Michael Llewellyn, Henry Leurent, Baptiste Owen, Faye Leavey, Gerard Tookman, Adrian and Jones, Louise 2013. Spiritual beliefs near the end of life: a prospective cohort study of people with cancer receiving palliative care. Psycho-Oncology, Vol. 22, Issue. 11, p. 2505.

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Spiritual and religious beliefs as risk factors for the onset of major depression: an international cohort study

  • B. Leurent (a1) (a2), I. Nazareth (a2), J. Bellón-Saameño (a3), M.-I. Geerlings (a4), H. Maaroos (a5), S. Saldivia (a6), I. Švab (a7), F. Torres-González (a8), M. Xavier (a9) and M. King (a1)...
Abstract
Background

Several studies have reported weak associations between religious or spiritual belief and psychological health. However, most have been cross-sectional surveys in the USA, limiting inference about generalizability. An international longitudinal study of incidence of major depression gave us the opportunity to investigate this relationship further.

Method

Data were collected in a prospective cohort study of adult general practice attendees across seven countries. Participants were followed at 6 and 12 months. Spiritual and religious beliefs were assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression was made using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Logistic regression was used to estimate incidence rates and odds ratios (ORs), after multiple imputation of missing data.

Results

The analyses included 8318 attendees. Of participants reporting a spiritual understanding of life at baseline, 10.5% had an episode of depression in the following year compared to 10.3% of religious participants and 7.0% of the secular group (p < 0.001). However, the findings varied significantly across countries, with the difference being significant only in the UK, where spiritual participants were nearly three times more likely to experience an episode of depression than the secular group [OR 2.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59–4.68]. The strength of belief also had an effect, with participants with strong belief having twice the risk of participants with weak belief. There was no evidence of religion acting as a buffer to prevent depression after a serious life event.

Conclusions

These results do not support the notion that religious and spiritual life views enhance psychological well-being.

Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Cambridge University Press 2013 
Corresponding author
*Address for correspondence: Professor M. King, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67–73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ, UK. (Email: michael.king@ucl.ac.uk)
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Psychological Medicine
  • ISSN: 0033-2917
  • EISSN: 1469-8978
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