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Towards the understanding of molecular motors and its relationship with local unfolding

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2024

Zahra Alavi
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Nathalie Casanova-Morales
Affiliation:
Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
Diego Quiroga-Roger
Affiliation:
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Christian A.M. Wilson*
Affiliation:
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
*
Corresponding author: Christian A.M. Wilson; Email: yitowilson@gmail.com

Abstract

Molecular motors are machines essential for life since they convert chemical energy into mechanical work. However, the precise mechanism by which nucleotide binding, catalysis, or release of products is coupled to the work performed by the molecular motor is still not entirely clear. This is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the role of force in the mechanical–structural processes involved in enzyme catalysis. From a mechanical perspective, one promising hypothesis is the Haldane–Pauling hypothesis which considers the idea that part of the enzymatic catalysis is strain-induced. It suggests that enzymes cannot be efficient catalysts if they are fully complementary to the substrates. Instead, they must exert strain on the substrate upon binding, using enzyme-substrate energy interaction (binding energy) to accelerate the reaction rate. A novel idea suggests that during catalysis, significant strain energy is built up, which is then released by a local unfolding/refolding event known as ‘cracking’. Recent evidence has also shown that in catalytic reactions involving conformational changes, part of the heat released results in a center-of-mass acceleration of the enzyme, raising the possibility that the heat released by the reaction itself could affect the enzyme’s integrity. Thus, it has been suggested that this released heat could promote or be linked to the cracking seen in proteins such as adenylate kinase (AK). We propose that the energy released as a consequence of ligand binding/catalysis is associated with the local unfolding/refolding events (cracking), and that this energy is capable of driving the mechanical work.

Type
Review
Copyright
© Universidad de Chile, 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

Z.A. and N.C.-M. contributed equally to this paper.

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