Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Home
  • Home
Article
  • Access
  • Open access

Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP)

  • Timothy J Heaton (a1), Peter Köhler (a2), Martin Butzin (a2), Edouard Bard (a3), Ron W Reimer (a4), William E N Austin (a5) (a6), Christopher Bronk Ramsey (a7), Pieter M Grootes (a8), Konrad A Hughen (a9), Bernd Kromer (a10), Paula J Reimer (a4), Jess Adkins (a11), Andrea Burke (a12), Mea S Cook (a13), Jesper Olsen (a14) and Luke C Skinner (a15)...

Abstract

The concentration of radiocarbon (14C) differs between ocean and atmosphere. Radiocarbon determinations from samples which obtained their 14C in the marine environment therefore need a marine-specific calibration curve and cannot be calibrated directly against the atmospheric-based IntCal20 curve. This paper presents Marine20, an update to the internationally agreed marine radiocarbon age calibration curve that provides a non-polar global-average marine record of radiocarbon from 0–55 cal kBP and serves as a baseline for regional oceanic variation. Marine20 is intended for calibration of marine radiocarbon samples from non-polar regions; it is not suitable for calibration in polar regions where variability in sea ice extent, ocean upwelling and air-sea gas exchange may have caused larger changes to concentrations of marine radiocarbon. The Marine20 curve is based upon 500 simulations with an ocean/atmosphere/biosphere box-model of the global carbon cycle that has been forced by posterior realizations of our Northern Hemispheric atmospheric IntCal20 14C curve and reconstructed changes in CO2 obtained from ice core data. These forcings enable us to incorporate carbon cycle dynamics and temporal changes in the atmospheric 14C level. The box-model simulations of the global-average marine radiocarbon reservoir age are similar to those of a more complex three-dimensional ocean general circulation model. However, simplicity and speed of the box model allow us to use a Monte Carlo approach to rigorously propagate the uncertainty in both the historic concentration of atmospheric 14C and other key parameters of the carbon cycle through to our final Marine20 calibration curve. This robust propagation of uncertainty is fundamental to providing reliable precision for the radiocarbon age calibration of marine based samples. We make a first step towards deconvolving the contributions of different processes to the total uncertainty; discuss the main differences of Marine20 from the previous age calibration curve Marine13; and identify the limitations of our approach together with key areas for further work. The updated values for ΔR, the regional marine radiocarbon reservoir age corrections required to calibrate against Marine20, can be found at the data base http://calib.org/marine/.

  • View HTML

      • Send article to Kindle

      To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle.

      Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

      Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

      Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP)
      Available formats
      ×

      Send article to Dropbox

      To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox.

      Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP)
      Available formats
      ×

      Send article to Google Drive

      To send this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive.

      Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP)
      Available formats
      ×

Copyright

© 2020 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Corresponding author

*Corresponding author. Email: t.heaton@shef.ac.uk.

Footnotes

Hide All
‡

Guest contributor: Marine Focus Group

Footnotes

References

Hide All
Ahn, J, Brook, EJ. 2014. Siple Dome ice reveals two modes of millennial CO2 change during the last ice age. Nature Communications 5:3723. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4723.
Ahn, J, Brook, EJ, Mitchell, L, Rosen, J, McConnell, JR, Taylor, K, Etheridge, D, Rubino, M. 2012. Atmospheric CO2 over the last 1000 years: A high-resolution record from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26:GB2027. doi: 10.1029/2011GB004247.
Alves, EQ, Macario, KD, Urrutia, FP, Cardoso, RP, Bronk Ramsey, C. 2019. Accounting for the marine reservoir effect in radiocarbon calibration. Quaternary Science Reviews 209:129–138. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.013.
Arnold, JR. 1957. The distribution of carbon-14 in nature. Tellus 9:28–32.
Bard, E. 1988. Correction of accelerator mass spectrometry 14C ages measured in planktonic foraminifera: Paleoceanographic implications. Paleoceanography 3(6):635–645. doi: 10.1029/PA003i006p00635.
Bard, E, Hamelin, B, Fairbanks, RG, Zindler, A. 1990. Calibration of the 14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U-Th ages from Barbados corals. Nature 345:405–410. doi: 10.1038/345405a0.
Bard, E, Arnold, M, Hamelin, B, Tisnerat-Laborde, N, Cabioch, G. 1998. Radiocarbon calibration by means of mass spectrometric 230Th/234U and 14C ages of corals. An updated data base including samples from Barbados, Mururoa and Tahiti. Radiocarbon 40(3):1085–1092. doi: 10.1017/S0033822200019135.
Bard, E, Ménot-Combes, G, Rostek, F. 2004. Present status of radiocarbon calibration and comparison records based on Polynesian corals and Iberian Margin sediments. Radiocarbon 46(3):1189–1202. doi: 10.1017/S0033822200033087.
Bard, E, Ménot, G, Rostek, F, Licari, L, Böning, P, Edwards, RL, Cheng, H, Wang, Y, Heaton, TJ. 2013. Radiocarbon calibration/comparison records based on marine sediments from the Pakistan and Iberian margins. Radiocarbon 55(4):1999–2019. doi: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.17114.
Barker, S, Diz, P, Vantravers, MJ, Pike, J, Knorr, G, Hall, IR, Broecker, WS. 2009. Interhemispheric Atlantic seesaw response during the last deglaciation. Nature, 457:1097–1102. doi: 10.1038/nature07770.
Bauska, TK, Joos, F, Mix, AC, Roth, R, Ahn, J, Brook, EJ. 2015. Links between atmospheric carbon dioxide, the land carbon reservoir and climate over the past millennium. Nature Geosci, 8:383–387. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2422.
Bereiter, B, Lüthi, D, Siegrist, M, Schüpbach, S, Stocker, TF, Fischer, H. 2012. Mode change of millennial CO2 variability during the last glacial cycle associated with a bipolar marine carbon seesaw. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(25):9755–9760. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1204069109.
Borenstein, M, Hedges, LV, Higgins, JPT, Rothstein, HR. 2011. Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
Brendryen, J, Haflidason, H, Yokoyama, Y, Haaga, KA, Hannisdal, B. 2019. Collapse of Eurasian ice sheets 14,600 years ago was a major source of global Meltwater Pulse 1a:. EarthArXiv. 21 August 2019. doi: 10.31223/osf.io/7g5bn.
Broecker, WS, Peng, TH. 1987. The role of CaCO3 compensation in the glacial to interglacial atmospheric CO2 change. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1(1):15–29. doi: 10.1029/GB001i001p00015.
Burke, A, Rae, J, Greenop, R, Reimer, PJ, Heaton, TJ. (submitted). North Atlantic radiocarbon constraints on ocean circulation over the last deglaciation.
Burr, GS, Beck, JW, Taylor, FW, Recy, J, Edwards, RL, Cabioch, G, Correge, T, Donahue, DJ, and O’Malley, JM. 1998. A high-resolution radiocarbon calibration between 11,700 and 12,400 calendar years BP derived from 230Th ages of corals from Espiritu Santo Island, Vanuatu. Radiocarbon 40(3):1093–1105. doi: 10.1017/S0033822200019147.
Burr, GS, Galang, C, Taylor, FW, Gallup, CD, Edwards, RL, Cutler, KB, Quirk, B. 2004. Radiocarbon results from a 13ka BP coral from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 46(3):1211–1224.
Butzin, M, Köhler, P, Heaton, TJ, Lohmann, G. 2020. A short note on marine reservoir age simulations used in IntCal20. Radiocarbon 62. This issue. doi: 10.1017/RDC.2020.9.
Butzin, M, Köhler, P, Lohmann, G. 2017. Marine radiocarbon reservoir age simulations for the past 50,000 years. Geophysical Research Letters 44:8473–8480. doi: 10.1002/2017GL074688.
Butzin, M, Prange, M, Lohmann, G. 2005. Radiocarbon simulations for the glacial ocean: The effects of wind stress, Southern Ocean sea ice and Heinrich events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 235(1–2):45–61. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.003.
Butzin, M, Prange, M, Lohmann, G. 2012. Readjustment of glacial radiocarbon chronologies by self-consistent three-dimensional ocean circulation modeling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 317–318:177–184. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.046.
Cheng, H, Edwards, RL, Southon, J, Matsumoto, K, Feinberg, JM, Sinha, A, Zhou, W, Li, H, Li, X, Xu, Y. 2018. Atmospheric 14C/12C changes during the last glacial period from Hulu Cave. Science, 362(6420):1293–1297. doi: 10.1126/science.aau0747.
Craig, H. 1957. The natural distribution of radiocarbon and the exchange time of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and sea. Tellus 9:1–17.
Cutler, KB, Gray, SC, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Taylor, FW, Cabioch, G, Beck, JW, Cheng, H, Moore, J. 2004. Radiocarbon calibration to 50 kyr BP with paired 14C and 230Th dating of corals from Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 46(3):1127–1160. doi: 10.1017/S0033822200033063.
Danilov, S, Sidorenko, D, Wang, Q, Jung, T. 2017. The Finite-volumE Sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM2). Geoscientific Model Development 10:765–789. doi: 10.5194/gmd-10-765-2017.
Durand, N, Deschamps, P, Bard, E, Hamelin, B, Camoin, G, Thomas, A, Henderson, G, Yokoyama, Y, Matsuzaki, H. 2013. Comparison of 14C and U-Th ages in corals from IODP #310 cores offshore Tahiti. Radiocarbon 55(4):1947–1974. doi: 10.2458/azu_js_rc.v55i2.16134.
Edwards, RL, Beck, JW, Burr, GS, Donahue, DJ, Chappell, JMA, Bloom, AL, Druffel, ERM, Taylor, FW. 1993. A large drop in atmospheric 14C/12C and reduced melting in the Younger Dryas, documented with 230Th ages of corals. Science 260(5110):962–968. doi: 10.1126/science.260.5110.962.
Fagault, Y, Tuna, T, Rostek, F, Bard, E. 2019. Radiocarbon dating small carbonate samples with the gas ion source of AixMICADAS. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 455:276–283. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2018.11.018.
Fairbanks, RG, Mortlock, RA, Chiu, TC, Cao, L, Kaplan, A, Guilderson, TP, Fairbanks, TW, Bloom, AL, Grootes, PM, Nadeau, MJ. 2005. Radiocarbon calibration curve spanning 0 to 50,000 years BP based on paired Th-230/U-234/U-238 and C-14 dates on pristine corals. Quaternary Science Reviews 24(16–17):1781–1796. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.04.007.
Heaton, TJ, Blaauw, M, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Reimer, PJ, Scott, EM. 2020. The IntCal20 approach to radiocarbon calibration curve construction: a new methodology using Bayesian splines and errors-in-variables. Radiocarbon 62. This issue. doi: 10.1017/RDC.2020.46.
Heimann, M, Monfray, P. 1989. Spatial and temporal variation of the gas exchange coefficient for CO2: 1. Data analysis and global validation. Report 31, Max-Planck-Inst. for Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany.
Higdon, D, Gattiker, J, Williams, B, Rightley, M. 2008. Computer model calibration using high-dimensional output. Journal of the American Statistical Association 103(482):570–583. doi: 10.1198/016214507000000888.
Hughen, KA, Baillie, M, Bard, E, Beck, J, Bertrand, C, Blackwell, PG, Buck, CE, Burr, G, Cutler, K, Damon, P, Edwards, R, Fairbanks, R, Friedrich, M, Guilderson, T, Kromer, B, McCormac, G, Manning, S, Bronk Ramsey, C, Reimer, PJ, Reimer, R, Remmele, S, Southon, J, Stuiver, M, Talamo, S, Taylor, F, van der Plicht, J, Weyhenmeyer, C. 2004. Marine04 marine radiocarbon age calibration, 0–26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 46(3):1059–1086.
Hughen, KA, Heaton, TJ. 2020. Updated Cariaco Basin 14C calibration dataset from 0–60 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon 62. This issue. doi: 10.1017/RDC.2020.53.
Keller, DP, Lenton, A, Scott, V, Vaughan, NE, Bauer, N, Ji, D, Jones, CD, Kravitz, B, Muri, H, Zickfeld, K. 2018. The Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (CDRMIP): rationale and experimental protocol for CMIP6. Geoscientific Model Development 11:1133–1160. doi: 10.5194/gmd-11-1133-2018.
Kennedy, MC, O’Hagan, A. 2000. Predicting the output from a complex computer code when fast approximations are available. Biometrika 87(1):1–13.
Kennedy, MC, O’Hagan, A. 2001. Bayesian calibration of computer models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology) 63:425–464. doi: 10.1111/1467-9868.00294.
Key, RM, Kozyr, A, Sabine, CL, Lee, K, Wanninkhof, R, Bullister, JL, Feely, RA, Millero, FJ, Mordy, C, Peng, T-H. 2004. A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP). Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18: GB4031. doi: 10.1029/2004GB002247.
Köhler, P. 2016. Using the Suess effect on the stable carbon isotope to distinguish the future from the past in radiocarbon. Environmental Research Letters 11:124016. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/124016.
Köhler, P, Fischer, H, Munhoven, G, Zeebe, RE. 2005. Quantitative interpretation of atmospheric carbon records over the last glacial termination. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19: GB4020. doi: 10.1029/2004GB002345.
Köhler, P, Fischer, H, Schmitt, J. 2010. Atmospheric δ13CO2 and its relation to pCO2 and deep ocean δ13C during the late Pleistocene. Paleoceanography 25:PA1213. doi: 10.1029/2008PA001703.
Köhler, P, Muscheler, R, Fischer, H. 2006. A model-based interpretation of low-frequency changes in the carbon cycle during the last 120,000 years and its implications for the reconstruction of atmospheric Δ14C. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 7:Q11N06. doi: 10.1029/2005GC001228.
Köhler, P, Nehrbass-Ahles, C, Schmitt, J, Stocker, TF, Fischer, H. 2017. A 156 kyr smoothed history of the atmospheric greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, and N2O and their radiative forcing. Earth System Science Data 9:363–387. doi: 10.5194/essd-9-363-2017.
Köhler, P, Fischer, H. 2004. Simulating changes in the terrestrial biosphere during the last glacial/interglacial transition. Global Planet. Change 43(1–2):33–55. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.02.005.
Köhler, P, Fischer, H. 2006. Simulating low frequency changes in atmospheric CO2 during the last 740 000 years. Climate of the Past 2:57–78. doi: 10.5194/cp-2-57-2006.
Köhler, P, Knorr, G, Bard, E. 2014. Permafrost thawing as source of abrupt carbon release at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød. Nature Communications 5520. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6520.
Krakauer, NY, Randerson, JT, Primeau, FW, Gruber, N, Menemenlis, D. 2006. Carbon isotope evidence for the latitudinal distribution and wind speed dependence of the air-sea gas transfer velocity. Tellus B:58:390–417. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2006.00223.x.
Lascu, I, Feinberg, JM, Dorale, JA, Cheng, H, Edwards, RL. 2016. Age of the Laschamp excursion determined by U-Th dating of a speleothem geomagnetic record from North America. Geology 44(2):139–142. doi: 10.1130/G37490.1.
Lougheed, BC, Metcalfe, B, Ninnemann, US, Wacker, L. 2018. Moving beyond the age–depth model paradigm in deep-sea palaeoclimate archives: dual radiocarbon and stable isotope analysis on single foraminifera. Climate of the Past 14:515–526. doi: 10.5194/cp-14-515-2018.
Lüthi, D, Bereiter, B, Stauffer, B, Winkler, R, Schwander, J, Kindler, P, Leuenberger, M, Kipfstuhl, S, Capron, E, Landais, A, Fischer, H, Stocker, TF. 2010. CO2 and O2/N2 variations in and just below the bubble-clathrate transformation zone of Antarctic ice cores. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 297(1–2):226–233. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.023.
MacFarling-Meure, C, Etheridge, D, Trudinger, C, Langenfelds, R, van Ommen, T, Smith, A, Elkins, J. 2006. Law Dome CO2, CH4 and N2O ice core records extended to 2000 years BP. Geophysical Research Letters 33:L14810. doi: 10.1029/2006GL026152.
Marcott, SA, Bauska, TK, Buizert, C, Steig, EJ, Rosen, JL, Cuffey, KM, Fudge, TJ, Severinghaus, JP, Ahn, J, Kalk, ML, McConnell, JR, Sowers, T, Taylor, KC, White, JW, Brook, EJ. 2014. Centennial scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation. Nature 514:616–619. doi: 10.1038/nature13799.
McIntyre, A, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Geological Society of America. 1981. Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth’s surface at the Last Glacial Maximum. Boulder (CO): Geological Society of America.
Monnin, E, Indermühle, A, Dällenbach, A, Flückiger, J, Stauffer, B, Stocker, TF, Raynaud, D, Barnola, J-M. 2001. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination. Science 291(5501):112–114. doi: 10.1126/science.291.5501.112.
Monnin, E, Steig, EJ, Siegenthaler, U, Kawamura, K, Schwander, J, Stauffer, B, Stocker, TF, Morse, DL, Barnola, J-M, Bellier, B, Raynaud, D, Fischer, H. 2004. Evidence for substantial accumulation rate variability in Antarctica during the Holocene, through synchronization of CO2 in the Taylor Dome, Dome C and DML ice cores. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 224(1-2):45–54, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.007.
Müller, SA, Joos, F, Plattner, G-K, Edwards, NR, Stocker, TF. 2008. Modelled natural and excess radiocarbon: Sensitivities to the gas exchange formulation and ocean transport strength. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22:GB3011. doi: 10.1029/2007GB003065.
Muschitiello, F, D’Andrea, WJ, Schmittner, A, Heaton, TJ, Balascio, NL, DeRoberts, N, Caffee, MW, Woodruff, TE, Welten, KC, Skinner, LC, Simon, MH, Dokken, TM. 2019. Deep-water circulation changes lead North Atlantic climate during deglaciation. Nat Commun, 10:1272. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09237-3.
Naegler, T, Ciais, P, Rodgers, K, Levin, I. 2006. Excess radiocarbon constraints on air-sea gas exchange and the uptake of CO2 by the oceans. Geophysical Research Letters 33:L11802. doi: 10.1029/2005GL025408.
Naegler, T. 2009. Reconciliation of excess 14C-constrained global CO2 piston velocity estimates. Tellus B, 61:372–384. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00408.x.
Oakley, J, O’Hagan, A. 2004. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of complex models: a Bayesian approach. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B 66:751–769. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2004.05304.x.
Oeschger, H, Siegenthaler, U, Schotterer, U, Gugelmann, A. 1975. A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature. Tellus 27(2):168–92. doi: 10.3402/tellusa.v27i2.9900.
Press, WH, Teukolsky, SA, Vetterling, WT, Flannery, BP. 1992. Numerical recipes in Fortran, second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Reimer, PJ, Baillie, MGL, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Buck, CE, Burr, GS, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Hajdas, I, Heaton, TJ, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kaiser, KF, Kromer, B, McCormac, FG, Manning, SW, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Southon, JR, Talamo, S, Turney, CSM, van der Plicht, J, Weyhenmeyer, CE. 2009. IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51(4):1111–50.
Reimer, PJ, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Buck, CE, Cheng, H, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Haflidason, H, Hajdas, I, Hatté, C, Heaton, TJ, Hoffmann, DL, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kaiser, KF, Kromer, B, Manning, SW, Niu, M, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Scott, EM, Southon, JR, Staff, RA, Turney, CSM, van der Plicht, J. 2013. IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869–87.
Reimer, PJ, Austin, WEN, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Butzin, M, Cheng, H, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Hajdas, I, Heaton, TJ, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kromer, B, Manning, SW, Muscheler, R, Palmer, JG, Pearson, C, van der Plicht, J, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Scott, EM, Southon, JR, Turney, CSM, Wacker, L, Adophi, F, Büntgen, U, Capano, M, Fahrni, S, Fogtmann-Schulz, A, Friedrich, R, Kudsk, S, Miyake, F, Olsen, J, Reinig, F, Sakamoto, M, Sookdeo, A, Talamo, S. 2020. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62. This issue. doi: 10.1017/RDC.2020.41.
Reimer, PJ, Reimer, RW. 2001. A marine reservoir correction database and on-line interface. Radiocarbon 43(2A):461–463. doi: 10.1017/S0033822200038339.
Revelle, R, Suess, H. 1957. Carbon dioxide exchange between atmosphere and ocean and the question of an increase of atmospheric CO2 during the past decades. Tellus 9:18–27. doi: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01849.x.
Rubino, M, Etheridge, DM, Trudinger, CM, Allison, CE, Battle, MO, Langenfelds, RL, Steele, LP, Curran, M, Bender, M, White, JWC, Jenk, TM, Blunier, T, Francey, RJ. 2013. A revised 1000-year atmospheric δ13C-CO2 record from Law Dome and South Pole, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118:8482–8499. doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50668.
Sacks, J, Welch, WJ, Mitchell, TJ, Wynn, HP. 1989. Design and analysis of computer experiments. Statistical Science 4(4):409–423. doi: 10.1214/ss/1177012413.
Sarnthein, M, Gersonde, R, Niebler, S, Pflaumann, U, Spielhagen, R, Thiede, J, Wefer, G, Weinelt, M. 2003. Overview of Glacial Atlantic Ocean Mapping (GLAMAP 2000). Paleoceanography 18:1030. doi: 10.1029/2002PA000769.
Sarnthein, M, Balmer, S, Grootes, PM, Mudelsee, M. 2015. Planktic and benthic 14C reservoir ages for three ocean basins, calibrated by a suite of 14C plateaus in the glacial-to-deglacial Suigetsu atmospheric 14C record. Radiocarbon 57(1):129–151. doi: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.17916.
Skinner, LC, Primeau, F, Freeman, E, de la Fuente, M, Goodwin, PA, Gottschalk, J, Huang, E, McCave, IN, Noble, TL, Scrivner, AE. 2017. Radiocarbon constraints on the glacial ocean circulation and its impact on atmospheric CO2. Nature Communications 8:16010. doi: 10.1038/ncomms16010.
Skinner, LC, Muschitiello, F, Scrivner, AE. 2019. Marine reservoir age variability over the last deglaciation: implications for marine carboncycling and prospects for regional radiocarbon calibrations. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 34:1807–1815. doi: 10.1029/2019PA003667.
Southon, J, Noronha, AL, Cheng, H, Edwards, RL, Wang, YJ. 2012. A high-resolution record of atmospheric C-14 based on Hulu Cave speleothem H82. Quaternary Science Reviews 33:32–41. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.11.022.
Stuiver, M, Pearson, GW, Braziunas, TF. 1986. Radiocarbon age calibration of marine samples back to 9000 cal yr BP. Radiocarbon 28(2B):980–1021. doi: 10.1017/S0033822200060264.
Sweeney, C, Gloor, E, Jacobson, AR, Key, RM, McKinley, G, Sarmiento, JL, Wanninkhof, R. 2007. Constraining global air-sea gas exchange for CO2 with recent bomb 14C measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21:GB2015. doi: 10.1029/2006GB002784.
Talley, LD, Pickard, GL, Emery, WJ, Swift, JH. 2011. Descriptive physical oceanography: An Introduction. 6th ed. Boston: Elsevier. 560 p.
Toggweiler, JR, Druffel, ERM, Key, RM, Galbraith, ED. 2019. Upwelling in the ocean basins north of the ACC: 1. On the upwelling exposed by the surface distribution of Δ14C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124(4):2591–2608. doi: 10.1029/2018JC014794.
Waelbroeck, C, Lougheed, BC, Vazquez Riveiros, N, Missiaen, L, Pedro, J, Dokken, T, Hajdas, I, Wacker, L, Abbott, P, Dumoulin, JP, Thil, F, Eynaud, F, Rossignol, L, Fersi, W, Albuquerque, AL, Arz, H, Austin, W, Came, R, Carlson, A, Collins, J, Dennielou, B, Desprat, S, Dickson, A, Elliot, M, Farmer, C, Giraudeau, J, Gottschalk, J, Henderiks, J, Hughen, K, Jung, S, Knutz, P, Lebreiro, S, Lund, D, Lynch-Stieglitz, J, Malaizé, B, Marchitto, T, Martinez Mendez, G, Mollenhauer, G, Naughton, F, Nave, S, Nünberg, D, Oppo, D, Peck, V, Penaud, A, Portilho, RR, Repschläger, J, Roberts, J, Rühlemann, C, Salgueiro, E, Sanchez, GM, Schönfeld, J, Scussolini, P, Skonieczny, C, Thornalley, D, Toucanne, S, Van Rooij, D, Vidal, L, Voelker, A, Wary, M, Weldeab, S, Ziegler, M. 2019. Consistently dated Atlantic sediment cores over the last 40 thousand years. SEANOE. doi: 10.17882/59554.
Wanninkhof, R. 1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 97(C5):7373–7382. doi: 10.1029/92JC00188.
Wanninkhof, R. 2014. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 12(6):351–362. doi: 10.4319/lom.2014.12.351.

Keywords

  • Access
  • Open access

Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP)

  • Timothy J Heaton (a1), Peter Köhler (a2), Martin Butzin (a2), Edouard Bard (a3), Ron W Reimer (a4), William E N Austin (a5) (a6), Christopher Bronk Ramsey (a7), Pieter M Grootes (a8), Konrad A Hughen (a9), Bernd Kromer (a10), Paula J Reimer (a4), Jess Adkins (a11), Andrea Burke (a12), Mea S Cook (a13), Jesper Olsen (a14) and Luke C Skinner (a15)...

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between <date>. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.