¹ The themes treated here complement those developed in Bendix, Reinhard, “Tradition and Modernity Reconsidered,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 9 (04 1967), 292–346CrossRefGoogle Scholar; reprinted in Bendix, , Embattled Reason (New York, 1970)Google Scholar. The present essay goes considerably beyond Bendix's argument, however, develops some distinctive propositions, and elaborates more far-reaching conclusions.

² Glade, William P., “Problems of Research in Latin American Studies,” in New Directions in Language and Area Studies: Priorities for the 1980s (Milwaukee: Center for Latin America, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, for the Consortium of Latin American Studies Programs, CLASP, 05 1979), pp. 81–101.Google Scholar

³ Hegel, G. W. E., The Philosophy of History (New York: Dover, 1956), p. 87Google Scholar; Avineri, Shlomo, ed., Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization (Garden City, New York, 1969)Google Scholar; Rostow, W. W., The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, 1960).Google Scholar

⁴ Nisbet, Robert A., Social Change and History: Aspects of the Western Theory of Development (Oxford, 1969).Google Scholar

⁵ See virtually any text, such as those by Hacker, Sabine, Wolin, etc.

⁶ Hamilton, Bernice, Political Thought in Sixteenth Century Spain (Oxford, 1963)Google Scholar; Lewy, Guenter, Constitutionalism and Statecraft during the Golden Age of Spain (Geneva, 1960)Google Scholar; Wiarda, Howard J., “Corporatist Theory and Ideology: A Latin American Development Paradigm,” Journal of Church and State, 20 (1970), 29–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷ For more details see Bendix, , “Tradition and Modernity”Google Scholar; and Wiarda, Howard J., “Corporatism and Development in the Iberic-Latin World: Persistent Strains and New Variations,” Review of Politics, 36 (01 1974), 3–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ See especially the writings of Eisenstadt, S. N., e.g., “Post-Traditional Societies and the Continuity and Reconstruction of Tradition,” Daedalus, 102 (1973), 1–27Google Scholar; and “Tradition, Change and Modernity: Modern Society and Sociological Theory” (unpublished).

⁹ For a volume that does encompass the smaller nations and advances an alternative, “corporative” European polity model, see Heisler, Martin O., ed., Politics in Europe (New York, 1974).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Pike, Fredrick B. and Stritch, Thomas, eds., The New Corporation: Social-Political Structures in the Iberian World (Notre Dame, Indiana, 1974)Google Scholar; Wiarda, Howard J., Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience (Amherst, Massachusetts, 1977).Google Scholar

¹¹ See Wiarda, Howard J., “Toward a Framework for the Study of Political Change in the Iberic-Latin Tradition,” World Politics, 25 (01 1973), 206–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “From Corporatism to Neo-Syndicalism: The State, Organized Labor, and the Industrial Relations Systems of Southern Europe” (Paper presented at the 1980 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D C., August 28–31; and “Does Europe Still Stop at the Pyrenees or Does Latin America Begin There? Iberia, Latin America, and the Second Enlargement of the European Community,” in Summ, G. Harvey, ed., The Impact of an Enlarged European Community on Latin America (forthcoming).Google Scholar

¹² For starters see Sigmund, Paul E., ed., The Ideologies of the Developing Nations (New York, 1972)Google Scholar; Beling, W. A. and Totten, G. O., eds., Developing Nations: Quest for a Model (New York, 1970)Google Scholar; Wiarda, Howard J., Politics and Social Change in Latin America: The Distinct Tradition (Amherst, Massachusetts, 1974).Google Scholar

¹³ Examples include Lerner, Daniel, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York, 1964)Google Scholar; Moore, Wilbert E., The Impact of Industry (Englewood Cliffs, 1965)Google Scholar; Kerr, Clark et al. , Industrialism and Industrial Man (Cambridge, Mass., 1960)Google Scholar; and Inkeles, Alex and Smith, David H., Becoming Modern (Cambridge, Mass., 1974.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ Aron, Raymond, Main Currents in Sociological Thought: Durkheim, Pareto, Weber (Garden City, New York, 1970).Google Scholar

¹⁵ The analysis here and in the next three paragraphs derives in large measure from Wilkinson, Thomas O., “Family Structure and Industrialization in Japan,” American Sociological Review, 28 (10 1962), 678–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and his The Urbanization of Japanese Labor (Amherst, Massachusetts, 1965).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Parsons, , The Social System (Glencoe, Illinois, 1951)Google Scholar; The Structure of Social Action (New York, 1937)Google Scholar; (with Edward Shils) Toward a General Theory of Action (Cambridge, Mass., 1951).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Almond, Gabriel A. and Coleman, James S., eds., The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton, 1960)Google Scholar. The other authors cited are so familiar as to require no specific references to their work.

¹⁸ The image is that of Schmitter, Philippe C., “Paths to Political Development in Latin America,” in Changing Latin America (New York, 1972), pp. 83–105.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Avineri, , Karl Marx, IntroductionGoogle Scholar; Bendix, , “Tradition and Modernity.”Google Scholar

²⁰ The parallels in the rise and decline of such U.S.-sponsored programs as agrarian reform, “community development,” “family planning” would make an interesting study.

²¹ These considerations of “historical space-time,” a concept that has often confused U.S. observers, lay behind the efforts of Haya de la Torre and the Peruvian Apristas to develop an indigenous ideology for Latin America.

²² Apter, D., The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, 1965).Google Scholar

²³ Joes, Anthony James, Fascism in the Contemporary World (Boulder, Colorado, 1978)Google Scholar; Malloy, James, ed., Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh, 1977).Google Scholar

²⁴ Veliz, Claudio, The Centralist Tradition of Latin America (Princeton, 1979)Google Scholar; Gregor, A. James, Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship (Princeton, 1979)Google Scholar; Collier, David, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton, 1979).Google Scholar

²⁵ Rudolph, Lloyd I. and Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber, The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India (Chicago, 1967)Google Scholar; Stokes, Randall and Harris, Anthony, “South African Development and the Paradox of Racial Particularism: Toward a Theory of Modernization from the Center,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26 (01 1978), 245–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁶ Wiarda, Howard J., Critical Elections and Critical Coups: State, Society and the Military in the Processes of Latin American Development (Athens, Ohio, 1979).Google Scholar

²⁷ The issue is discussed further in Wiarda, Howard J., “Democracy and Human Rights in Latin America: Toward a New Conceptualization,” Orbis, 22 (1978), 137–60.Google Scholar

²⁸ My colleague Guenter Lewy is writing a book on “false consciousness”; I have profited from discussing the matter with him.

²⁹ These themes are dealt with in greater detail in Wiarda, Howard J., ed., The Continuing Struggle for Democracy in Latin America (Boulder, Colorado, 1979).Google Scholar

³⁰ For one such example see Wiarda, Howard J., Dictatorship, Development, and Disintegration: Politics and Social Change in the Dominican Republic (Ann Arbor: Xerox University Microfilms Monograph Series, 1975).Google Scholar

³¹ Soares, Dillon, “Latin American Studies in the United States: A Critique and a Proposal,” Latin American Research Review, II (1976), 51–69.Google Scholar

³² In Pye, and Verba, Sidney, eds., Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton 1965).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³³ For such a verstahen approach and its effect both on the region studied and the researchers, see Duvignaud, Jean, Change at Shebika: Report from a North African Village (New York, 1970).Google Scholar

³⁴ Winch, Peter, The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relations to Philosophy (London, 1960).Google Scholar

³⁵ Wiarda, Howard J., “Conceptualizing Third World Change: Toward a Non-Ethnocentric Theory of Development”Google Scholar (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, 1981).

³⁶ Samuel P. Huntington, in a personal conversation with the author; see also the volume edited by the author, Future Directions in Comparative Politics (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming), which grows out of a faculty seminar with the same title organized at the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University.

³⁷ Wiarda, Howard J., “Toward a Framework”; Politics and Social ChangeGoogle Scholar; “The Latin Americanization of the United States,” The New Scholar, 7 (1977), 51–85Google Scholar; and Corporatism and National Development in Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1981).Google Scholar