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The First Crusade and the Persecution of the Jews

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2016

Jonathan Riley-Smith
Jonathan Riley-Smith*
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway College University of London
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Extract

Between December 1095 and July 1096 there took place the first pogrom in western European History, a series of events so distressing to the Jewish people that rumours of them reached the Near East in advance of the First Crusade, inspiring the communities there with messianic fervour, while dirges in honour of the martyrs are recited in the synagogues to this day. The first outbreaks seem to have occurred in France soon after the preaching of the crusade and the first evidence of them is a letter written by the French communities to their Rhineland counterparts, warning them of the impending threat. It is possible that persecution was widespread in France, even though the details of it are lost, apart from a reference to an anti-Jewish riot which broke out among men gathering to take the cross in Rouen. Much more evidence is available about events in the Rhineland. On 3 May 1096 the storm broke over the community at Speyer, where a crusading army of Rhinelanders and Swabians under Count Emich of Leiningen had gathered.

Type
Research Article
Information
Studies in Church History , Volume 21: Persecution and Toleration , 1984 , pp. 51 - 72
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 1984

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References

1 Prawer, J., The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (London 1972) pp 234–5 Google Scholar; Goitein, S. D., ‘Geniza Sources [for the Crusader Period: a Survey’, Outremer, edd Kedar, B. Z., Mayer, H. E. and Smail, R. C. (Jerusalem 1982)] p. 308 Google Scholar. The most detailed treatments of the subject are still those in Wolff, T., Die Bauernkreuzzüge desjahres 1096 (Tübingen 1891 Google Scholar) and Parkes, [J. W.], The Jew [in the Medieval Community (London 1938)] pp 58–89 Google Scholar. For a recent attempt to date the Hebrew sources, see Abulafia, A. S., ‘The interrelationship between the Hebrew chronicles on the first crusade’, Journal of Semitic Studies 27 (1982) pp 221–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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3 Guibert of Nogent, De vita sua ed E.-R. Labande (Paris 1981) pp 246–8. See Richard of Poitiers, [‘Chronicon’, Bouquet 12] pp 411–12; Geoffrey of Bruil, [‘Chronica’, Bouquet 12] p 428.

4 [Solomon] Bar Simson, [‘Chronicle’, trans Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders] p 22; [Eliezer] Bar Nathan, [‘Chronicle’ trans Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders] pp 80, 91; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 100–1; Bernold of St Blasien, [‘Chronicon’, MGH SS 5] p 465; [H.] Hagenmeyer, Chronologie [des la première croisade (Paris 1902)] pp 19–20. For the dates of the massacres and the names of the dead, see also S. Salfeld, Das Martyrologium des Nurnberger Memorbuches (Berlin 1898) pp 97–8, 101–19, 133–4, 137–41, 143, 151; A. Neubacher, ‘Le Memorbuch de Mayence’, Revue des études juives 4 (1882) pp 10–11, 14.

5 Bar Simson pp 23–4; Bar Nathan pp 81–2, 91; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 101–2; Bernold of St Blasien p 465; ‘Annalista Saxo’, [MGH SS 6] p 729; Hagenmeyer, Chronologie pp20-l.

6 Albert of Aachen, [‘Historia Hierosolymitana’, RHC Occ 4] pp 291–3; William of Tyre, [‘Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum’, RHC Occ 1] pp 66–7; Bar Simson pp 23–4, 28–49; Bar Nathan pp 82–5, 91; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 99–100, 105–15; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chron[icon’, MGH SS 6] p 209; ‘Annalista Saxo’ p 729; ‘Annales Brunwilarenses’, [MGH SS 1] p 100; ‘Annales Corbeienses’, MGH SS 3 p 7; ‘Annales S Albani Moguntini (Wirziburgenses)’, [MGH SS 2] p 246; ‘Annales Hildesheimenses’, [MGH SS 3] p 106; Hagenmeyer, Chronologie pp 22–4.

7 Bar Simson pp 49–61; Bar Nathan pp 85–91; Albert of Aachen p 292; William of Tyre p 66; ‘Annalista Saxo’ p 729; ‘Annales Brunwilarenses’ p 100; Hagenmeyer, Chronologie pp 16–18, 19, 23–5, 26–30.

8 Bar Simson pp 62–7; Bar Nathan p 92; ‘Gesta Treverorum’, [MGH SS 8] pp 190–1 ; Hagenmeyer, Chronologie pp 25—6.

9 Bar Simson pp 62, 67; Bar Nathan p 92; Hagenmeyer (Chronologie p 18) placed this earlier.

10 Bar Simson pp 62, 67; Bar Nathan p 92; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chron’ p 208. The events of Regensburg were dated by the Mainz Necrology to 23 May, which seems to fit with the probable dates of Peter the Hermit’s passage through Bavaria. See Hagenmeyer, Chronologie pp 21–2.

11 Bar Simson pp 62, 67–8; Bar Nathan p 92; Cosmas of Prague, [‘Chronica Boemorum’, MGH SS 9] p 103; ‘Annales Pragenses’, [MGH SS 3] p 120; Hagenmeyer, Chronologie pp 16–18. For an apparently slightly later outbreak, see ‘Annales Cameracenses’, MGH SS 16, p 510.

12 Liebeschutz, Compare H., ‘The Crusading Movement and its Bearing on the Christian Attitude towards Jewry’, Journal of Jewish Studies 10 (1959) pp 97—111 Google Scholar; Shapiro, A. M., ‘Jews and Christians in the Period of the Crusades—A Commentary on the First Holocaust’, Journal of Ecumenical Studies 9 (1972) pp 725–49 Google Scholar; Waas, A., ‘Volk Gottes und Militia Christi—Juden und Kreuzfahrer’, Miscellanea Mediaevalia 4 Judentum im Mittelalter (Berlin 1966) pp 410–34.Google Scholar

13 Bar Simson p 25. See Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chron’ pp 208–9; Parkes, The Jew pp 79–81, 105–6. In the 1060s Archbishop Everard of Trier tried to expel all Jews who would not be baptized. His death was attributed to Jewish witchcraft. ‘Gesta Treverorum’ p 182.

14 ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 99–100.

15 ‘Mainz Anon’ p 106; ‘Annalista Saxo’ p 729.

16 ‘Annales S Albani Moguntini (Wirziburgenses)’ p 246; ‘Annales Hildesheimenses’ p 106.

17 ‘Mainz Anon’ p 102.

18 Bar Simson p 49; Bar Nathan p 85.

19 See Bar Simson pp 27–8, 30, 59; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 99,100,101-2,103,107,112-13; Albert of Aachen, p 292.

20 Bar Simson p 62.

21 Guibert of Nogent, De vita sua pp 246–8; Richard of Poitiers pp 411–12; Geoffrey of Bruil p 428.

22 Bar Simson p 70; Albert of Aachen p 292; [H.] Hagenmeyer, ‘Etude [sur la Chronique de Zimmern’, Archives de l’Orient latin 2 (1884)] pp 75–6.

23 William of Tyre p 66; ‘Chronique de Zimmern’, [ed H. Hagenmeyer, Archives de l’Orient latin 2 (1884)] p 23; Hagenmeyer, ‘Etude’ pp 74–6. See Albert of Aachen p 299.

24 Albert of Aachen pp 291–2; William of Tyre p 66.

25 Albert of Aachen p 276.

26 Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’, [RHC Occ5] p 12.

27 See for instance Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta [Dei per Francos’, RHC Occ 4] pp 142–3.

28 Albert of Aachen p 291; Bernold of St Blasien p 464; William of Tyre p 66.

29 ’Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ p 251; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ p 19; Albert of Aachen p 295; Bar Simson p 27.

30 Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ pp 12, 20.

31 Albert of Aachen pp 272, 276–89 passim.

32 Gesta Francorum [et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum, ed R. Hill (London 1962)] pp 33, 66–7, 94; Peter Tudebode, [Historia de Hierosolimitano itinere, edd J. H. and L. L. Hill (Paris 1977) pp 68–9, 108–9, 144–5; Raymond of Aguilers, [Liber, edd J. H. and L. L. Hill (Paris 1969)] pp 79, 111; Fulcher of Chartres, [Historia Hierosolimitana, ed H. Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg 1913)] pp 247–8; Albert of Aachen pp 314, 470, 491–2.

33 Albert of Aachen pp 277, 278, 281.

34 Ibid pp 277, 281.

35 Ibid pp 278, 281.

36 Ibid pp 281, 283.

37 Riley-Smith, [J.], ‘The motives [of the earliest crusaders and the settlement of Latin Palestine’, EHR 98 (1983)] pp 721–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

38 ‘Chronique de Zimmern’ pp 22–9; Hagenmeyer, ‘Etude’ pp 69–72, 77–9.

39 Hagenmeyer, ‘Etude’ pp 74–7.

40 Albert of Aachen p 291. See also Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ p 20. The combined armies under Emich’s leadership had a substantial body of knights. Albert of Aachen p 294.

41 Ibid pp 293–5, 299; William of Tyre p 66.

42 Albert of Aachen pp 304–5, 398; Herimannus, ‘Liber de restauratione monasterii S Martini Tornacensis’, MGH SS 14 p 283; William of Tyre pp 80, 218; Robert of Rheims, [Historia Iherosolimitana’, RHC Occi] p 833; La Chanson d’Antioche, [ed S. Duparc-Quioc 2 vols (Paris, 1977–8)] 1, pp 69, 440, 450, 451.

43 Albert of Aachen pp 315, 332, 422, 464, 468; William of Tyre pp 46, 134, 263, 352; La Chanson d’Antioche 1 pp 69, 94, 155, 156, 160, 171, 307, 441, 451, 526; Robert of Rheims p 833. See Dictionnaire de Biographie Française 9 cols 867–8.

44 Cesta Francorum pp 33–4; Peter Tudebode pp 68–9; J. Riley-Smith, ‘The motives’ pp731.

45 Duparc-Quioc, La Chanson d’Antioche 2 p 229; Riley-Smith, ‘The motives’ pp 736.

46 Guibert of Nogent, De vita sua pp 248–50.

47 Albert of Aachen p 295. See also Bernold of St Blasien p-466. Albert’s account obviously influenced H. E. Mayer (The Crusades (Oxford 1972) pp 43–4), but not N. Cohn (The Pursuit of the Millenium, 2 ed (London 1962) pp 49–52) nor J. Prawer (Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem 2 vols (Paris 1969–70) 1 pp 181–90).

48 Bar Simson pp 28, 44, 59, 62–4; Bar Nathan p 89; ‘Mainz Anon’ p 107. See also Cosmas of Prague p 104. For a refusal to take a bribe, see ‘Mainz Anon’ p 101.

49 Bar Simson pp 23–4, 28, 30; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 106, 107, 109; Albert of Aachen p 292; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chron’ p 209; ‘Annalista Saxo’ p 729.

50 Bar Simson p 62. For the date, see Hagenmeyer, Chronologie pp 18–19.

51 Bar Simson pp 24–5.

52 Bar Simson p 29; ‘Mainz Anon’ p 107. See also ‘Mainz Anon’ p 100.

53 See ‘Notitiae duae Lemovicenses [de praedicatione crucis in Aquitania’, RHC Occ5] p 351; Geoffrey of Bruil p 428; Sigebert of Gembloux, [‘Chronica’, MGH SS 6] p 367; ‘Anon[ymi] Florinensis [brevis narratio belli sacri’, RHC Occ 5] p 371.

54 Bar Simson pp 35, 50; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 110, 112; Albert of Aachen pp 292–3; ‘Annales S Disibodi’, [MGH SS 17] pp 15–16.

55 Bar Simson pp 34–5; ‘Mainz Anon’ p 110.

56 Fulcher of Chartres p 154; Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ p 141.

57 See, for example, Albert of Aachen pp 278, 283. It is noteworthy that the early armies entered the Balkans loaded with cash, pp 281, 289–90, 293.

58 See Gesta Francomm pp 83, 84, 86; Peter Tudebode 127, 128, 132; Raymond of Aguilers pp 103, 107, 111, 112, 125.

59 For the early stages, see above all Albert of Aachen pp 274–312; Gesta Francorum pp 2–13; Peter Tudebode pp 32–48; Raymond of Aguilers pp 35–42; Fulcher of Chartres pp 168–76.

60 Bar Simson p 22; ‘Mainz Anon’ p 99.

61 Bar Simson p 47; ‘Mainz Anon’ p 102; Bar Nathan p 80.

62 Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ p 20. See ‘Annales S Disibodi’ pp 15–16.

63 Bar Simson pp 37, 41, 50, 61, 62–3; Bar Nathan pp 81, 85; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 112–13. For what was to be a typical charge against Jews, see ‘Mainz Anon’ p 102.

64 Bar Nathan p 89.

65 Bar Simson pp 22–3, 35–44, 45–7, 50–8, 60, 65–7; Bar Nathan pp 80–1, 83–90; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 102–5, 107, 109–14; Albert of Aachen pp 292–3; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ p 20; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chron’ p 208; Bernold of St Blasien p 465; ‘Notitiae duae Lemovicenses’ p 351 ; Geoffrey of Bruil p 428; ‘Anon. Florinensis’ p 371; Cosmas of Prague p 103; ‘Gesta Treverorum’ p 190; ‘Annalista Saxo’ p 729; ‘Annales Augustani’, MGH SS 3 p 139; Sigebert of Gembloux p 367; ‘Sigeberti Continuatio Auctarium Aquicinense’, [MGH SS 6] p 394, ‘Annales S Disibodi’ pp 15–16.

66 Bar Simson pp 23, 39–41, 67, 68; Bar Nathan p 84; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chron’ p 208; ‘Notitiae duae Lemovicenses’ p 351 ; Geoffrey of Bruil p 428; ‘Anon. Florinensis’ p 371; ‘Annalista Saxo’ p 729; ‘Annales S Albani Moguntini (Wirziburgenses)’ p 246; ‘Annales Hildesheimenses’ p 106; ‘Annales Pragenses’ p 120; Sigebert of Gembloux p 367; Sigeberti Continuatio ‘Auctarium Aquicinense’ p 394; ‘Annales S Disibodi’ pp 15–16; ‘Annales S Pauli Virdunensis’, MGH SS 16 p 501.

67 Guibert of Nogent, De vita sua p 248–52.

68 Bar Simson p 28.

69 Alphandéry, P. and Dupront, A., La chrétienté et l’idée de croisade, 2 vols (Paris 1954—9)1 pp 74–6 Google Scholar.

70 Benzo of Alba, ‘Ad Heinricum IV … libri’, MGH SS 11 pp 605, 617; Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ pp 138–9.

71 McGinn, B., ‘Iter Sancti Sepulchri: the Piety of the First Crusaders’, The Walter Prescott Webb Lectures: Essays in Medieval Civilization, ed Sullivan, R. E. et al. (Austin 1978) pp 47–8, 66–7.Google Scholar

72 Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ p 20.

73 For visions during the preaching of the crusade, see Albert of Aachen pp 415–16, 486–8; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ pp 38–9; Caffaro di Caschifellone, ‘De liberatione civitatum orientis’, ed L. T. Belgrano, Annali Genovesi 5 vols (Genoa 1890–1929) 1 pp 100–1, 106. For visions in the course of the crusade, see various works by J. Riley-Smith: ‘An Approach to Crusading Ethics’ Reading Medieval Studies 6 (1980) pp 12–13; ‘The First Crusade and St Peter’, Outremer edd B Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail (Jerusalem 1982) pp 53–6; ‘Death on the First Crusade’ [The end of strife ed D. M. Loades] forthcoming.

74 Albert of Aachen p 273; ‘Historia peregrinorum [euntium Jerusolymam’, RHC Occ 3] p 169; William of Tyre p 35; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ p 40; La Chanson d’Antioche 1 pp 21–2, 32–3, Riant, ‘Inventaire critique’ pp 96–9, 110–11, 714.

75 Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ pp 182–3, 251; William of Tyre p 423. For other examples, see Raymond of Aguilers p 102; Fulcher of Chartres pp 169—70; Baldric of Bourgueil, ‘Historia Jerosolimitana’, RHC Occ 4 pi 7; Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ pp 250–1; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ p 19; Bernold of St Blasien p 464; ‘Historia de translatione sanctorum magni Nicolai … alterius Nicolai, Theodorique’, RHC Occ 5 p 255; Orderic Vitalis, Historia aecclesiastka ed M. Chibnall, 6 vols (Oxford 1969–79)5 p 30.

76 Bar Simson p 28, 70; ‘Mainz Anon’ p 107.

77 Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Hierosolymita’ p 20; Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chron’ p 261. For his death, see ibid p 253; Otto of Freising, Gesta Friderici [1. Imperatoris, ed G. Waitz (Hanover 1912)] p 29.

78 Cesta Francorum p 71; Peter Tudebode pp 113–14; Robert of Rheims pp 835–6; Baldric of Bourgueil p 79; Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ pp 207–8; ‘Historia peregrinorum’ p 206; Orderic Vitalis 5 pp 116–18. For a correct distinction between the just war against pagans and the use of force against heretics, see a letter from the leaders of the crusade. [H.] Hagenmeyer, [Die] Kreuzzugsbriefe [aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck 1901)] p 164.

79 For a concise account of these prohibitions, see F. Lotter, Die Konzeption des Wendenkreuzzugs (Sigmaringen 1977) pp 34—8.

80 Albert of Aachen p 295.

81 Cosmas of Prague p 103.

82 Bar Simson pp 28–9, 44–5, 50; Bar Nathan pp 83–4, 86; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 101, 106. For the protection of a local civil authority, see Bar Simson pp 67–8.

83 Bar Simson p 22; ‘Mainz Anon’ p 101.

84 Cosmas of Prague p 103.

85 Bar Simson pp 28–30; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 106, 107, 109.

86 Bar Simson p 45.

87 Bar Simson pp 63–5; ‘Gesta Treverorum’ pp 190–1. Compare the behaviour of an earlier archbishop of Trier. ‘Gesta Treverorum’ p 182. For Worms, see Bar Simson p 23; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 101–6.

88 ‘Mainz Anon’ p 114; Bar Simson p 57.

89 Robert of Rheims p 728.

90 Baldric of Bourgeuil p 9.

91 Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’, p 213; see also p 139.

92 ‘Historia peregrinorum’ p 181.

93 Cesta Francorum p 66; Peter Tudebode p 108.

94 Gesta Francorum p 83; Peter Tudebode p 128; Robert of Rheims p 853; Orderic Vitalis 5 p 146. Corrupt version in ‘Historia peregrinorum’ p 210.

95 See Raymond of Aguilers pp 131, 136; La Chanson d’Antioche 1 p 215. See J. Richard, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Amsterdam 1979) pp 20–1.

96 Richard of Poitiers pp 411–12.

97 Guibert of Nogent, De vita sua p 246–8.

98 Bar Simson p 22; ‘Mainz Anon’ p 99. At the time of the Second Crusade much the same sentiments were expressed by Peter the Venerable, although he wanted to tax the Jews, not kill them. Peter the Venerable, Letters, ed G. Constable 2 vols (Cambridge Mass. 1967)1 pp 328–30.

99 Ekkehard of Aura, ‘Chron’ p 208.

100 Orderic Vitalis 5 p 44. See Raymond of Aguilers p 115.

101 Goitein, S. D., ‘Geniza Sources’ p 308 Google Scholar; see pp 306–14; Goitein, S. D., ‘Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders’, Journal of Jewish Studies 3 (1952) pp 162–7 Google Scholar; Goitein, S. D., A Mediterranean Society, 3 vols (Berkeley 1967-78)3 p 356.Google Scholar

102 Fulcher of Chartres p 227. See also the story in Albert of Aachen (p 319) of a Muslim scout, whose captors suspected that fear rather than conviction was responsible for his conversion.

103 Robert of Rheims p 840.

104 Raymond of Aguilers pp 91–2. See also Gesta Francorum pp 74–5; Peter Tudebode p 117; Baldric of Bourgueil pp 82–3; Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ p 210; ‘Historia peregrinorum’ p 207; Orderic Vitalis 5 p 134.

105 Gesta Francorum pp 73–4; Peter Tudebode pp 115–16; Baldric of Bourgueil pp 81–2; Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ p 209; Robert of Rheims p 838; ‘Historia peregrinorum’ pp 206–7; Orderic Vitalis 5 pp 130, 132; Kamal ad-Din, ‘Chronique d’Alep’, RHC Or 3 p 584. For date, see Hagenmeyer, Chronologie pp 179–82.

106 Robert of Rheims p 838.

107 Bar Simson pp 22, 25–6, 30; Bar Nathan p 80; ‘Mainz Anon’ pp 99, 102; ‘Annalista Saxo’ p 729.

108 Albert of Aachen p 292. See ‘Annales Blandinienses’, MGH SS 5 p 27.

109 ‘Mainz Anon’ p 100; Bar Simson p 39.

110 Baldric of Bourgueil p 103 note.

111 R. Somerville, ‘The Councils of Urban II: 1. Decreta Claromontensia’ Annuarium Historiae Concitiorum, Suppl. 1 (1972) p 74; Conciliar decree in ‘Historia peregrinorum’ pp 169–70; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe p 136; [W.] Wiederhold, ‘Papsturkunden [in Florenz’, Nachrkhten von der Cesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Kl. (Göttingen 1901)] p 313; P. Kehr, Papsturkunden in Spanien. I. Katalonien (Berlin 1926) p 287.

112 Hagenmayer, Kreuzzugsbriefe pp 136, 137; Wiederhold, ‘Papsturkunden’ p 313; Urban II, ‘Epistolae et privilegia’, PL 151 col 478. The view put forward by C. Erdmann (The Origin of the Idea of Crusade (Princeton 1977) pp 355–71) that help to the eastern Christians was Urban’s priority and that to him the goal ofjerusalem was secondary is untenable. See especially H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Urban Il’s Preaching of the First Crusade’ History 55 (1970) pp 177–88.

113 Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe p 137; Clermont decree in ‘Historia peregrinorum’ p 169. See also Kehr, Papsturkunden p 287; Baldric of Bourgueil p 15; J. Riley-Smith, ‘Crusading as an act of love’, [History 65 (1980)] pp 177–8.

114 See Clermont decree in ‘Historia peregrinorum’ p 170; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe p 164. Riley-Smith, ‘Death on the First Crusade’ forthcoming.

115 Riley-Smith, ‘Crusading as an act of love’ pp 190–2.

116 Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe p 161.

117 Baldric of Bourgueilp 101. Other references to vengeance. Vengeance on behalf of God: Raymond of Aguilers p 134; Orderic Vitalis 5 p 4; William of Malmesbury, Gesta regum Anglorum, ed W. Stubbs 2 vols (London 1889) 2 p 429; La Chanson d’Antioche 1 pp 20, 22, 23, 30, 34, 36, 53, 56, 148, 473, 513, 517; and see the references in note 119 below. Vengeance on behalf of eastern Christians and pilgrims: Robert of Rheims pp 728, 805; Baldric of Borgueil p 28; Orderic Vitalis 5 p 40. Vengeance on behalf of fellow-crusaders: Albert of Aachen pp 384, 411 ; Baldric of Bourgueil p 50; La Chanson d’Antioche 1 p 331. Divine Vengeance: Cesta Francorum pp 17, 54–5; Guibert of Nogent, ‘Gesta’ pp 192–3, 229; Bartolf of Nangis, ‘Gesta Francorum Iherusalem expugnantium’, RHC Occ 3 p 501; Robert of Rheims pp 830, 868.

118 ‘Mainz Anon’ p 99; also Bar Simson p 22; Bar Nathan p 80.

119 La Chanson d’Antioche 1 pp 25–9, 68, 79, 223, 363, 383. For Graindor’s interpolation, see La Chanson d’Antioche 2, pp 100, 125, 143. See also L. A. T. Gryting, The oldest version of the twelfth-century poem, La Venjance Nostre Seigneur (Michigan 1952).

120 See Gieysztor, A., ‘The Genesis of the Crusades: the Encylical of Sergius IV (1009–1012)’, Medievalia et Humanistica 5 (1948) pp 21–2 Google Scholar; 6 (1948) pp 29–30, 33–4.

121 Bar Simson p 25.

122 Ivo of Chartres, ‘Decretum’, PL 161 cols 824–5; Ivo of Chartres, ‘Panormia’, PL 161 col 1311;Granan, ‘Decretum’, C. XXIII, q. 8, c. 11. See also Jaffé 1 nos4532-3.

123 The Summa Parisiensis on the Decretum Gratiani, ed T. P. McLaughlin (Toronto 1952) p 40. See E.-D. Hehl, Kirche und Krieg im 12. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart 1980) p 239.

124 See Ephraim of Bonn, ‘The Book of Remembrance’, trans Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders pp 121–33; Otto of Freising, Gesta Friderici pp 58–9, 63.

125 Bernard of Clairvaux, Opera, eddj. Leclercq et al. 8 (Rome 1977) pp 316–17, 320–2.

126 Humbert of Romans, ‘Opus tripartitum’, ed E. Brown, Fasciculus rerum expetendarum etfugiendarum 2 (London 1960) p 195.