Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4rdrl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-15T01:56:17.105Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Current View of the Type II Syndrome: Age of Onset, Intellectual Impairment, and the Meaning of Structural Changes in the Brain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

T.J. Crow
T.J. Crow*
Affiliation:
Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Recent interest in positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia is fuelled by the hope that this dichotomy will identify components with differing prognostic, therapeutic or pathogenetic significance. Correlations have been sought, and some found, in each of these areas. Yet the origin and definition of negative symptoms remain a matter of debate.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 155 , Issue S7: Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia , November 1989 , pp. 15 - 20
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1989 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Annett, M. (1985) Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory. London: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Berrios, B.E. (1984) Positive and negative symptoms and Jackson: a conceptual history. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 95–97.Google Scholar
Brown, R., Colter, N., Corsellis, J.A.N., et al (1986) Post-mortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 366–42.Google Scholar
Buhrich, N., Crow, T.J., Johnstone, E.C., et al (1988) Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia is not associated with premorbid intellectual impairment or past physical treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 466–469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, W.T., Heinrichs, D.W. & Alphs, L.D. (1985) Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 440–452.Google Scholar
Crow, T.J. (1980) Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one dimension of pathology? British Medical Journal, 280, 66–68.Google Scholar
Crow, T.J. (1984) A re-evaluation of the viral hypothesis: is psychosis the result of retroviral integration at a site close to the cerebral dominance gene? British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 243–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, T.J. & Johnstone, E.C. (1986) Schizophrenia: nature of the disease process and its biological correlates. In Handbook of Physiology — The Nervous System V (eds Mountcastle, V.B. & Plum, F.), pp. 843–869. Baltimore: American Physiological Society.Google Scholar
Crow, T.J. & Mitchell, W.S. (1975) Subjective age in chronic schizophrenia: evidence for a subgroup of patients with defective learning capacity? British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 360–363.Google Scholar
Crow, T.J. & Stevens, M. (1978) Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia: the nature of the cognitive deficit. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 137–142.Google Scholar
Crow, T.J., Corsellis, J.A.N., Cross, A.J., et al (1981) The search for changes underlying the type II syndrome of schizophrenia. In Biological Psychiatry 1981 (eds Perris, C., Struwe, G. & Jansson, B.), pp. 727–731. Amsterdam: Elsevier — North Holland.Google Scholar
Crow, T.J., Owens, D.G.C., Johnstone, E.C., et al (1983) Does tardive dyskinesia exist? Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry, 21, 206–219.Google Scholar
Crow, T.J., Colter, N., Brown, R., et al (1988) Lateralised asymmetry of temporal horn enlargement in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 1, 155–156.Google Scholar
Crow, T.J., Colter, N., Johnstone, E.C., et al (1989) Psychosis as a disorder of the development of cerebral asymmetries. Psychiatry Research (in press).Google Scholar
Farmery, S.M., Owen, F., Poulter, M., et al (1985) Reduced high affinity cholecystokinin binding in hippocampus and frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Life Sciences, 36, 473–477.Google Scholar
Ferrier, I.N., Roberts, G.W., Crow, T.J., et al (1983) Reduced cholecystokinin-like and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity is associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Life Sciences, 33, 475–482.Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. & Levitsky, W. (1968) Left-right asymmetry in temporal speech region. Science, 161, 186–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, S.C. (1985) Negative and deficit symptoms in schizophrenia do respond to neuroleptics. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 453–456.Google Scholar
Goldberg, S.C., Klerman, G.L., & Cole, J.O. (1965) Changes in schizophrenic psychopathology and ward behavior as a function of phenothiazine treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 120–133.Google Scholar
Haug, J.O. (1982) Pneumoencephalographic evidence of brain atrophy in acute and chronic schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 66, 374–383.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E.C., Crow, T.J., Frith, C.D., et al (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 924–926.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E.C., Crow, T.J., Frith, C.D., et al (1978) Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet, i, 848–851.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E.C., Owens, D.G.C., Colter, N., et al (1989) The spectrum of structural changes in the brain in schizophrenia: age of onset as a predictor of clinical and cognitive impairments and their cerebral correlates. Psychological Medicine, 19, 91–103.Google Scholar
Kemali, D., Maj, M., Galderisi, S., et al (1987) Clinical, biological, and neuropsychological features associated with lateral ventricular enlargement in DSM-III schizophrenic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 21, 137–149.Google Scholar
Kling, A.S., Kurtz, N., Tachiki, K., et al (1983) CT scans in subgroups of chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 375–384.Google Scholar
Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D.P. & Vaughan, M. (1977) A standardised psychiatric assessment for rating chronic psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 55, 299–308.Google Scholar
Liddle, P. & Crow, T.J. (1984) Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia is associated with global intellectual impairment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 193–199.Google Scholar
Owen, F., Cross, A.J., Crow, T.J., et al (1978) Increased dopamine receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 223–226.Google Scholar
Owen, F., Crow, T.J., Frith, C.D., et al (1987) Selective decreases in MAO-B activity in post-mortem brains from schizophrenic patients with the type II syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 514–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, D.G.C. & Johnstone, E.C. (1980) The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia: their nature and the factors contributing to their development. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 384–395.Google Scholar
Owens, D.G.C., Johnstone, E.C. & Frith, C.D. (1982) Spontaneous involuntary disorders of movement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 452–461.Google Scholar
Owens, D.G.C., Johnstone, E.C., Crow, T.J., et al (1985) Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: relationship to the disease process and its clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 15, 27–41.Google Scholar
Randrup, A. & Munkvad, I. (1965) Special antagonism of amphetamine-induced abnormal behaviour: Inhibition of stereotyped activity with increase in some normal activities. Psychopharmacologia, 7, 416–422.Google Scholar
Reveley, M.A., Reveley, A.M., & Baldy, R. (1987) Left hemisphere hypodensity in discordant schizophrenic twins: a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 625–632.Google Scholar
Roberts, G.W., Ferrier, I.N., Lee, Y., et al (1983) Peptides, the limbic lobe and schizophrenia. Brain Research, 288, 199–211.Google Scholar
Roberts, G.W., Ferrier, I.N., Lee, Y., et al (1986) Gliosis in schizophrenia: a survey. Biological Psychiatry, 21, 1043–1050.Google Scholar
Roberts, G.W., Ferrier, I.N., Lee, Y., et al (1987) Is there gliosis in schizophrenia? Investigation of the temporal lobe. Biological Psychiatry, 22, 1459–1468.Google Scholar
Rogers, D. (1985) The motor disorders of severe psychiatric illness: a conflict of paradigms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 221–232.Google Scholar
Snezhnevsky, A.V. (1968) The symptomatology, clinical forms and nosology of schizophrenia. In Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry (ed. Howells, J.G.), pp. 425–447. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Stahl, S.M., Jernigan, T., Pfefferbaum, A., et al (1988) Brain computerised tomography in subtypes of severe chronic schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 18, 73–77.Google Scholar
Strauss, J.S., Carpenter, W.T. & Bartko, J.J. (1974) The diagnosis and understanding of shcizophrenia: III Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1, 61–69.Google Scholar
Takahashi, R., Inanaga, V., Kato, N., et al (1982) CT scanning and the investigation of schizophrenia. In Biological Psychiatry 1981 (eds Perris, C., Struwe, G. & Jansson, B.), pp. 259–268. Amsterdam: Elsevier-North Holland.Google Scholar
Waddington, J.L. & Crow, T.J. (1988) Abnormal involuntary movements in the pre-neuroleptic era and in unmedicated patients: Implications for the concept of tardive dyskinesia. In Tardive Dyskinesia: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects in Tardive Dyskinesia: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects (eds Wolf, M.E. & Mosnoim, A.), pp. 49–66. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D.R., Torrey, E.F., Neophytides, A.N., et al (1979) Lateral cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 366, 735–739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A.O., Reveley, M.A., Kolakowska, T., et al (1985) Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome: II Cerebral ventricular size and its clinical significance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 239–246.Google Scholar
Wing, J.K. & Brown, G.W. (1970) Institutionalism and Schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.