Domestic violence is a common hidden problem for women attending clinical practice ^{Reference Hegarty, Roberts, Hegarty and Feder1} and is a major cause of mental ill health globally. ^{Reference Campbell, Laughon, Woods, Roberts, Hegarty and Feder2} Domestic violence is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological or sexual harm. ³ Such behaviour includes acts of physical aggression, psychological abuse, forced intercourse and other forms of sexual coercion, and various controlling behaviours, for example isolating from family and friends, monitoring movements and deprivation of basic necessities. The WHO multicountry study on women's health estimated that 15–71% of women had ever been physically or sexually assaulted by partners. ³ Domestic violence is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for women of childbearing age, ⁴ with the main contribution being from the mental health consequences of abuse. ^{Reference Golding5} Domestic violence has an intergenerational effect with children witnessing abuse having multiple health problems. ^{Reference Bedi and Goddard6} Men are less likely than women to be victims of combined physical, emotional and sexual abuse from their partners and thus have been researched to a less extent. ^{Reference Hegarty, Roberts, Hegarty and Feder1}

Mental health settings

Domestic violence is often not looked for in mental health settings, nor examined in research into mental health issues. Furthermore, there are many barriers to enquiry by health professionals ^{Reference Waalen, Goodwin, Spitz, Petersen and Saltzman7} and disclosure by patients. ^{Reference Hegarty, Feder, Ramsay, Roberts, Hegarty and Feder8} This lack of discussion in clinical settings has seen a movement, particularly in the USA, for screening of all women in clinical settings. This is despite there being no current evidence to support such a move. ^{Reference Feder, Ramsay, Dunne, Rose, Arsene and Norman9} Currently, we do not know whether screening will cause more good than harm as we are unsure from evidence which interventions will help women disclosing domestic violence in clinical practice. We do know, however, that when individuals are presenting with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, suicidal ideation and post-traumatic stress disorder, it is very likely that women will have underlying abuse and violence issues. ^{Reference Golding5} The association of domestic violence with more severe mental illness, for example bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, has been less explored. From the limited studies, ^{Reference Goodman, Salyers, Mueser, Rosenberg, Swartz and Essock10,Reference Howard, Trevillion, Khalifeh, Woodall, Agnew-Davies and Feder11} it would appear that the vast majority of people with severe mental illness have experienced either physical or sexual assault during their lifetime and this is often associated with a history of childhood abuse and substance misuse.

Service user and professionals views

In this issue of the Journal, Rose et al ^{Reference Rose, Trevillion, Woodall, Morgan, Feder and Howard12} explore for the first time both mental health service user and professional views on routine enquiry about domestic violence; and facilitators and barriers to disclosure from both user and professional perspectives. The main findings are that service users are reluctant to disclose domestic violence because of their fear about the potential consequences of such a disclosure. Mental health professionals report finding enquiry about domestic violence difficult because of their lack of knowledge and expertise in this area or because they do not think it is part of their role. Professionals express further barriers related to gender, with male professionals feeling that women may not disclose to them, and to cultural issues, with violence being more condoned in particular cultures. Facilitators to disclosure centred around the quality of the health professional–user relationship and included trust, listening, empathy.

Are these barriers realistic?

Research has shown that domestic violence victims are often judged, not believed and blamed by health professionals, so it is no wonder that victims are hesitant to bring up the violence. ^{Reference Feder, Hutson, Ramsay and Taket13} In the main, health professionals have not had specific undergraduate or postgraduate training on this issue, ^{Reference Wathen, Tanaka, Catallo, Lebner, Friedman and Hanson14} so it is no surprise that they feel ill-equipped to enquire about or respond to domestic violence. However, it is a sad reflection on the fields of psychiatry and other mental health professions that providers do not feel it is part of their role, when the association of abuse and violence and mental ill health is so strong. The over-reliance on medical, diagnostic and treatment models by mental health providers ^{Reference Gunn, Palmer, Dowrick, Herrman, Griffiths and Kokanovic15} can result in social issues such as domestic violence being overlooked. Facilitators to disclosure essentially are good communication skills, regardless of the health professional's gender. Female survivors describe wanting primary care health providers to listen, show validation, empathy, and non-judgemental and confidential responses. ^{Reference Feder, Hutson, Ramsay and Taket13} These skills are all within the scope of experienced mental health professionals.

The paper in this journal also raises the issue of whether perpetration of violence by individuals who are mentally unwell is overstated, with many mental health providers assessing risk of perpetration of violence by clients but not experiences of violence. ^{Reference Rose, Trevillion, Woodall, Morgan, Feder and Howard12} In fact, mental health service users are more likely to be victims of violence rather than perpetrators. ^{Reference Goodman, Salyers, Mueser, Rosenberg, Swartz and Essock10} However, people who are victimised by physical abuse throughout their lives (not just in childhood) are more likely to use violence on others. Psychiatry, throughout history, has focused on perpetration of violence by people who are mentally unwell and the experience of childhood abuse, rather than the experience of adult abuse. It may be that the health professionals find it difficult to tolerate the pain and helplessness they feel when individuals talk about their experiences of recent abuse or when their own traumatic experiences are evoked. ^{Reference Warshaw, Taft, Roberts, Hegarty and Feder16} The mental health professions need to overcome this blind spot, as mental health clinics are a site where routine enquiry and simple intervention ^{Reference Hegarty, Taft and Feder17} may benefit people who have severe mental illness as a result of domestic violence.

What are potential solutions?

Little current evidence guides us for responding to victims of domestic violence who also have a severe mental illness, as it is not included frequently as a measure in studies. The responses showing most promise from general health settings for women who have been abused are advocacy, empowerment and safety-based interventions delivered by nurses or para-professionals. Psychological therapies such as cognitive–behavioural therapy, both group and individual, delivered by psychologists also show improvement in depression for women who have experienced domestic violence. ^{Reference Feder, Ramsay, Dunne, Rose, Arsene and Norman9} Both advocacy and psychological therapies could be offered to people with the dual diagnosis of domestic violence and severe mental health, while more evidence is gathered from the mental healthcare setting. There is an urgent need for training of mental health professionals with systems implemented to support them to respond to this serious public health problem and to see this issue as part of their role.