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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Gray, Annaleise S. Townsend, Michelle L. Bourke, Marianne E. and Grenyer, Brin F. S. 2018. Effectiveness of a brief parenting intervention for people with borderline personality disorder: a 12-month follow-up study of clinician implementation in practice. Advances in Mental Health, p. 1.
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DSM–IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

  • Yueqin Huang (a1), Roman Kotov (a2), Giovanni de Girolamo (a3), Antonio Preti (a4), Matthias Angermeyer (a5), Corina Benjet (a6), Koen Demyttenaere (a7), Ron de Graaf (a8), Oye Gureje (a9), Aimée Nasser Karam (a10), Sing Lee (a11), Jean Pierre Lépine (a12), Herbert Matschinger (a13), José Posada-Villa (a14), Sharain Suliman (a15), Gemma Vilagut (a16) and Ronald C. Kessler (a17)...
Abstract
Background

Little is known about the cross-national population prevalence or correlates of personality disorders.

Aims

To estimate prevalence and correlates of DSM–IV personality disorder clusters in the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys.

Method

International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) screening questions in 13 countries (n = 21 162) were calibrated to masked IPDE clinical diagnoses. Prevalence and correlates were estimated using multiple imputation.

Results

Prevalence estimates are 6.1% (s.e. = 0.3) for any personality disorder and 3.6% (s.e. = 0.3), 1.5% (s.e. = 0.1) and 2.7% (s.e. = 0.2) for Clusters A, B and C respectively. Personality disorders are significantly elevated among males, the previously married (Cluster C), unemployed (Cluster C), the young (Clusters A and B) and the poorly educated. Personality disorders are highly comorbid with Axis I disorders. Impairments associated with personality disorders are only partially explained by comorbidity.

Conclusions

Personality disorders are relatively common disorders that often co-occur with Axis I disorders and are associated with significant role impairments beyond those due to comorbidity.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009 
Corresponding author
Ronald C. Kessler, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Email: kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
Footnotes
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This study was supported by the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (R01-MH070884), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Pfizer Foundation, the US Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864 and R01-DA016558), the Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481), the Pan American Health Organization, the Eli Lilly & Company Foundation, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical Inc, GlaxoSmithKline and Bristol-Myers Squibb. A complete list of WMH publications can be found at www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh/.

The Chinese World Mental Health Survey Initiative is supported by the Pfizer Foundation. The Colombian National Study of Mental Health (NSMH) is supported by the Ministry of Social Protection. The ESEMeD project is funded by the European Commission (Contracts QLG5-1999-01042; SANCO 2004123), the Piedmont Region (Italy), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (FIS 00/0028), Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain (SAF 2000-158-CE), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBER CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011 REM-TAP), and other local agencies and by an unrestricted educational grant from GlaxoSmithKline. The Lebanese National Mental Health Survey (LEBANON) is supported by the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, the WHO (Lebanon), Fogarty International, Act for Lebanon, anonymous private donations to IDRAAC, Lebanon, and unrestricted grants from Janssen Cilag, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche and Novartis. The Mexican National Comorbidity Survey (MNCS) is supported by the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente (INPRFMDIES 4280) and by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACyT-G30544-H), with supplemental support from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHW) is supported by the WHO (Geneva), the WHO (Nigeria) and the Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria. The South Africa Stress and Health Study (SASH) is supported by the US NIMH (R01-MH059575) and National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) with supplemental funding from the South African Department of Health and the University of Michigan. The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS–R) is supported by the NIMH (U01-MH60220) with supplemental support from NIDA, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant 044708), and the John W. Alden Trust.

Declaration of interest

R.C.K has been a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Kaiser Permanente, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi-Aventis, Shire Pharmaceuticals and Wyeth-Ayerst. He has served on advisory boards for Eli Lilly & Company and Wyeth-Ayerst, and has had research support for his epidemiological studies from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly & Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals Inc, Pfizer Inc and Sanofi-Aventis.

Footnotes
References
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  • Cited by 100
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Gray, Annaleise S. Townsend, Michelle L. Bourke, Marianne E. and Grenyer, Brin F. S. 2018. Effectiveness of a brief parenting intervention for people with borderline personality disorder: a 12-month follow-up study of clinician implementation in practice. Advances in Mental Health, p. 1.
    Santana, Geilson Lima Coelho, Bruno Mendonca Wang, Yuan-Pang Chiavegatto Filho, Alexandre Dias Porto Viana, Maria Carmen Andrade, Laura Helena and Gruebner, Oliver 2018. The epidemiology of personality disorders in the Sao Paulo Megacity general population. PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, Issue. 4, p. e0195581.
    Berk, Michael Boyce, Philip Hamilton, Amber Morris, Grace Outhred, Tim Das, Pritha Bassett, Darryl Baune, Bernhard T. Lyndon, Bill Mulder, Roger Parker, Gordon Singh, Ajeet B. and Malhi, Gin S. 2018. Personality: Distraction or driver in the diagnosis of depression. Personality and Mental Health, Vol. 12, Issue. 2, p. 126.
    Keefe, John R. and DeRubeis, Robert J. 2018. Changing character: A narrative review of personality change in psychotherapies for personality disorder. Psychotherapy Research, p. 1.
    Vogel, Suzan W.N. ten Have, Margreet Bijlenga, Denise de Graaf, Ron Beekman, Aartjan T.F. and Kooij, J.J. Sandra 2018. Distribution of ADHD symptoms, and associated comorbidity, exposure to risk factors and disability: Results from a general population study. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 267, Issue. , p. 256.
    Eaton, Nicholas R and Greene, Ashley L 2018. Personality disorders: community prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. Current Opinion in Psychology, Vol. 21, Issue. , p. 28.
    Minier, Lisa Lignier, Baptiste Bouvet, Cyrille Gallais, Benjamin and Camart, Nathalie 2018. A Review of Psychopathology Features, Personality, and Coping in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases, Vol. 5, Issue. 3, p. 279.
    Hossain, A. Malkov, M. Lee, T. and Bhui, K. 2018. Ethnic variation in personality disorder: evaluation of 6 years of hospital admissions. BJPsych Bulletin, Vol. 42, Issue. 4, p. 157.
    Olajide, Kike Munjiza, Jasna Moran, Paul O'Connell, Lesley Newton-Howes, Giles Bassett, Paul Akintomide, Gbolagade Ng, Nicola Tyrer, Peter Mulder, Roger and Crawford, Mike J. 2018. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Standardized Assessment of Severity of Personality Disorder (SASPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, Vol. 32, Issue. 1, p. 44.
    Quirk, Shae E Berk, Michael Pasco, Julie A Brennan-Olsen, Sharon L Chanen, Andrew M Koivumaa-Honkanen, Heli Burke, Lisa M Jackson, Henry J Hulbert, Carol A Olsson, Craig Moran, Paul Stuart, Amanda L and Williams, Lana J 2017. The prevalence, age distribution and comorbidity of personality disorders in Australian women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 51, Issue. 2, p. 141.
    Kujansuu, Antti Rautiainen, Simo Hakko, Helinä Kanamüller, Juha Sihvola, Niina and Riipinen, Pirkko 2017. Drivers' psychiatric disorders and fatal motor vehicle accidents in Finland. Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 84, Issue. , p. 227.
    Kaess, Michael Ghinea, Denisa Fischer-Waldschmidt, Gloria and Resch, Franz 2017. Die Ambulanz für Risikoverhalten und Selbstschädigung (AtR!Sk) – ein Pionierkonzept der ambulanten Früherkennung und Frühintervention von Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, Vol. 66, Issue. 6, p. 404.
    Katsakou, Christina and Pistrang, Nancy 2017. Clients’ experiences of treatment and recovery in borderline personality disorder: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Psychotherapy Research, p. 1.
    Grenyer, Brin FS Ng, Fiona YY Townsend, Michelle L and Rao, Sathya 2017. Personality disorder: A mental health priority area. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 51, Issue. 9, p. 872.
    Newton-Howes, Giles M. Foulds, James A. Guy, Nicola H. Boden, Joseph M. and Mulder, Roger T. 2017. Personality disorder and alcohol treatment outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 211, Issue. 01, p. 22.
    Barnicot, Kirsten and Crawford, Mike J. 2017. International Encyclopedia of Public Health. p. 55.
    Marono, Abbie Clarke, David D. Navarro, Joe and Keatley, David A. 2017. A Behaviour Sequence Analysis of Nonverbal Communication and Deceit in Different Personality Clusters. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, p. 1.
    Mathiak, K. Dyck, M. and Schneider, F. 2017. Facharztwissen Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie. p. 459.
    Björkenstam, Emma Ekselius, Lisa Burström, Bo Kosidou, Kyriaki and Björkenstam, Charlotte 2017. Association between childhood adversity and a diagnosis of personality disorder in young adulthood: a cohort study of 107,287 individuals in Stockholm County. European Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 32, Issue. 8, p. 721.
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DSM–IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

  • Yueqin Huang (a1), Roman Kotov (a2), Giovanni de Girolamo (a3), Antonio Preti (a4), Matthias Angermeyer (a5), Corina Benjet (a6), Koen Demyttenaere (a7), Ron de Graaf (a8), Oye Gureje (a9), Aimée Nasser Karam (a10), Sing Lee (a11), Jean Pierre Lépine (a12), Herbert Matschinger (a13), José Posada-Villa (a14), Sharain Suliman (a15), Gemma Vilagut (a16) and Ronald C. Kessler (a17)...
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