1
Black, DW, Noyes, R Jr, Pfohl, B, Goldstein, RB, Blum, N. Personality disorder in obsessive-compulsive
volunteers, well comparison subjects, and their first-degree
relatives. Am J Psychiatry
1993; 150: 1226–32.
2
Crawford, TN, Cohen, P, Johnson, JG, Kasen, S, First, MB, Gordon, K, et al. Self-reported personality disorder in the
children in the community sample: convergent and prospective validity in
late adolescence and adulthood. J Personal
Disord
2005; 19:
30–52.
3
Grant, BF, Hasin, DS, Stinson, FS, Dawson, DA, Chou, SP, Ruan, WJ, et al. Prevalence, correlates, and disability of
personality disorders in the United States: results from the national
epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.
J Clin Psychiatry
2004; 65: 948–58.
4
Klein, DN, Riso, LP, Donaldson, SK, Schwartz, JE, Anderson, RL, Ouimette, PC, et al. Family study of early-onset dysthymia. Mood
and personality disorders in relatives of outpatients with dysthymia and
episodic major depression and normal controls.
Arch Gen Psychiatry
1995; 52: 487–96.
5
Lenzenweger, MF, Lane, MC, Loranger, AW, Kessler, RC. DSM–IV personality disorders in the National
Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol
Psychiatry
2007; 62: 553–64.
6
Lenzenweger, MF, Loranger, AW, Korfine, L, Neff, C. Detecting personality disorders in a nonclinical
population. Application of a 2-stage procedure for case
identification. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1997; 54: 345–51.
7
Moldin, SO, Rice, JP, Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L, Squires-Wheeler, E. Latent structure of DSM–III–R Axis II
psychopathology in a normal sample. J Abnorm
Psychol
1994; 103: 259–66.
8
Reich, J, Yates, W, Nduaguba, M. Prevalence of DSM–III personality disorders in the
community. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr
Epidemiol
1989; 24: 12–6.
9
Samuels, J, Eaton, WW, Bienvenu, OJ, 3rd, Brown, CH, Costa, PT Jr, et al. Prevalence and correlates of personality
disorders in a community sample. Br J
Psychiatry
2002; 180: 536–42.
10
Zimmerman, M, Coryell, W. DSM–III personality disorder diagnoses in a
nonpatient sample. Demographic correlates and
comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1989; 46: 682–9.
11
Casey, PR, Tyrer, PJ. Personality, functioning and
symptomatology. J Psychiatr Res
1986; 20: 363–74.
12
Coid, J, Yang, M, Tyrer, P, Roberts, A, Ullrich, S. Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in
Great Britain. Br J Psychiatry
2006; 188: 423–31.
13
Maier, W. Prevalence of personality disorders (DSM–III–R) in
the community. J Personal Disord
1992; 6: 186–96.
14
Torgersen, S, Kringlen, E, Cramer, V. The prevalence of personality disorders in a
community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry
2001; 58: 590–6.
15
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM–IV).
APA, 1994.
16
Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB, (eds). The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global
Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders.
Cambridge University Press,
2008.
17
World Bank. World Development Report 2004: Making
Services Work for Poor People. The International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank,
2003.
18
Harkness, J, Pennell, B-E, Villar, A, Gebler, N, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Bilgen, I. Translation procedures and translation assessment in
the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. In The
WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology
of Mental Disorders (eds Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB): 91–113. Cambridge
University Press, 2008.
19
Pennell, B-E, Mneimneh, Z, Bowers, A, Chardoul, S, Wells, JE, Viana, MC, et al. Implementation of the World Mental Health
Surveys. In The WHO World Mental Health Surveys:
Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (eds
Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB): 33–57. Cambridge
University Press, 2008.
20
Heeringa, SG, Wells, JE, Hubbard, F, Mneimneh, Z, Chiu, WT, Sampson, N, et al. Sample designs and sampling
procedures. In The WHO World Mental Health
Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental
Disorders (eds Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB): 14–32. Cambridge
University Press, 2008.
21
Loranger, AW. International Personality Disorder Examination: DSM–IV and
ICD–10 Interviews. Psychological Assessment
Resources, 1999.
22
Loranger, AW, Sartorius, N, Andreoli, A, Berger, P, Buchheim, P, Channabasavanna, SM, et al. The International Personality Disorder
Examination (IPDE). The World Health Organization/Alcohol, Drug Abuse,
and Mental Health Administration international pilot study of personality
disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry
1994; 51: 215–24.
23
Rohde, P, Lewinsohn, PM, Seeley, JR. Comparability of telephone and face-to-face
interviews for assessing Axis I and II disorders.
Am J Psychiatry
1997; 154: 1593–8.
24
Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB. The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative
Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International
Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods
Psychiatr Res
2004; 13:
93–121.
25
First, MB, Spitzer, RL, Gibbon, M, Williams, JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis I Disorders,
Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID–I/NP).
Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric
Institute, 2002.
26
Haro, JM, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez, S, Brugha, TS, de Girolamo, G, Guyer, ME, Jin, R, et al. Concordance of the Composite International
Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) with standardized clinical
assessments in the WHO World Mental Health surveys.
Int J Methods Psychiatr Res
2006; 15: 167–80.
27
Chwastiak, LA, Von Korff, M. Disability in depression and back pain: evaluation
of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO DAS
II) in a primary care setting. J Clin
Epidemiol
2003; 56: 507–14.
28
Rubin, DB. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys.
John Wiley & Sons,
1987.
29
Durrett, C, Westen, D. The structure of axis II disorders in adolescents: a
cluster- and factor-analytic investigation of DSM-IV categories and
criteria. J Personal Disord
2005; 19: 440–61.
30
Nestadt, G, Hsu, FC, Samuels, J, Bienvenu, OJ, Reti, I, Costa, PT Jr, et al. Latent structure of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition personality
disorder criteria. Compr Psychiatry
2006; 47:
54–62.
31
Blais, MA, McCann, JT, Benedict, KB, Norman, DK. Toward an empirical/theoretical grouping of the
DSM-III-R personality disorders. J Personal
Disord
1997; 11: 191–8.
32
Cox, BJ, Sareen, J, Enns, MW, Clara, I, Grant, BF. The fundamental structure of axis II personality
disorders assessed in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and
Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry
2007; 68: 1913–20.
33
Wolter, KM. Introduction to Variance Estimation.
Springer-Verlag,
1985.
34
Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral
Sciences (2nd edn). Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, 1988.
35
Lenzenweger, MF. Epidemiology of personality
disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am
2008; 31:
395–403.
36
Pfohl, B, Blum, N, Zimmerman, M, Stangl, D. Structured Interview for DSM–III–R Personality:
SIDP–R. University of Iowa,
1989.
37
Guzzetta, F, de Girolamo, G. Epidemiology of personality
disorders. In Oxford Textbook of
Psychiatry, 2nd Edition (eds Gelder, MG, Lopez-Ibor, JJ, Andreasen, N). Oxford University Press,
.
38
Morizot, J, Le Blanc, M. Continuity and change in personality traits from
adolescence to midlife: a 25-year longitudinal study comparing
representative and adjudicated men. J
Pers
2003; 71: 705–55.
39
Matsunaga, H, Kiriike, N, Matsui, T, Miyata, A, Iwasaki, Y, Fujimoto, K, et al. Gender differences in social and
interpersonal features and personality disorders among Japanese patients
with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr
Psychiatry
2000; 41: 266–72.
40
Skinstad, AH, Swain, A. Comorbidity in a clinical sample of substance
abusers. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse
2001; 27:
45–64.
41
Corbitt, EM, Widiger, TA. Sex differences among the personality disorders: an
exploration of the data. Clin Psychol Sci
Pract
1995; 2: 225–38.
42
Loranger, AW. Dependent personality disorder. Age, sex, and axis I
comorbidity. J Nerv Ment Dis
1996; 184:
17–21.
43
Mataix-Cols, D, Baer, L, Rauch, SL, Jenike, MA. Relation of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions of
obsessive-compulsive disorder to personality disorders.
Acta Psychiatr Scand
2000; 102:
199–202.
44
Fogel, BS, Westlake, R. Personality disorder diagnoses and age in inpatients
with major depression. J Clin Psychiatry
1990; 51: 232–5.
45
Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB. Overview and future directions for the WMH Survey
Initiative. In The WHO World Mental Health
Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental
Disorders (eds Kessler, RC, Üstün, TB): 555–67. Cambridge University
Press, 2008.
46
Siever, LJ, Davis, KL. A psychobiological perspective on the personality
disorders. Am J Psychiatry
1991; 148: 1647–58.
47
Widiger, TA. Personality disorder and Axis I psychopathology: the
problematic boundary of Axis I and Axis II. J
Personal Disord
2003; 17:
90–108.
48
Casey, PR, Tyrer, PJ, Platt, S. The relationship between social functioning and
psychiatric symptomatology in primary care. Soc
Psychiatry
1985; 20:
5–9.
49
Johnson, JG, First, MB, Cohen, P, Skodol, AE, Kasen, S, Brook, JS. Adverse outcomes associated with personality
disorder not otherwise specified in a community sample.
Am J Psychiatry
2005; 162: 1926–32.
50
Newton-Howes, G, Tyrer, P, Weaver, T. Social functioning of patients with personality
disorder in secondary care. Psychiatr
Serv
2008; 59: 1033–7.
51
Skodol, AE, Gunderson, JG, McGlashan, TH, Dyck, IR, Stout, RL, Bender, DS, et al. Functional impairment in patients with
schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive–compulsive personality
disorder. Am J Psychiatry
2002; 159: 276–83.
52
Bender, DS, Dolan, RT, Skodol, AE, Sanislow, CA, Dyck, IR, McGlashan, TH, et al. Treatment utilization by patients with
personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry
2001; 158:
295–302.
53
Grilo, CM, Sanislow, CA, Shea, MT, Skodol, AE, Stout, RL, Gunderson, JG, et al. Two-year prospective naturalistic study of
remission from major depressive disorder as a function of personality
disorder comorbidity. J Consult Clin
Psychol
2005; 73:
78–85.
54
Schomerus, G, Matschinger, H, Kenzin, D, Breier, P, Angermeyer, MC. Public attitudes towards mental patients: a
comparison between Novosibirsk, Bratislava and German
cities. Eur Psychiatry
2006; 21: 436–41.
55
Stuart, H. Media portrayal of mental illness and its
treatments: what effect does it have on people with mental
illness?
CNS Drugs
2006; 20:
99–106.
56
Widiger, TA, Mullins-Sweatt, SN. Five-factor model of personality disorder: a
proposal for DSM–V. Annu Rev Clin
Psychol
2009; .
DSM–IV personality disorders in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
eLetters
No eLetters have been published for this article.