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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Wilczynska, Agnieszka and Modrzewski, Andrzej Frycz 2019. The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health. p. 261.
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    Maull, Fleet and Crisp, Kate 2018. New Frontiers in Offender Treatment. p. 189.
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    Testa, Alexander Rennó Santos, Mateus and Weiss, Douglas B. 2018. Does Socioeconomic Development Explain the Association Between Seafood Consumption and Cross-National Homicide?. Homicide Studies, Vol. 22, Issue. 3, p. 256.
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Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners: Randomised, placebo-controlled trial

  • C. Bernard Gesch (a1), Sean M. Hammond (a2), Sarah E. Hampson (a3), Anita Eves (a4) and Martin J. Crowder (a5)...
Abstract
Background

There is evidence that offenders consume diets lacking in essential nutrients and this could adversely affect their behaviour.

Aims

To test empirically if physiologically adequate intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids cause a reduction in antisocial behaviour.

Method

Experimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of nutritional supplements on 231 young adult prisoners, comparing disciplinary offences before and during supplementation.

Results

Compared with placebos, those receiving the active capsules committed an average of 26.3% (95% CI 8.3-44.33%) fewer offences (P=0.03, two-tailed). Compared to baseline, the effect on those taking active supplements for a minimum of 2 weeks (n=172) was an average 35.1% (95% CI 16.3-53.9%) reduction of offences (P < 0.001, two-tailed), whereas placebos remained within standard error.

Conclusions

Antisocial behaviour in prisons, including violence, are reduced by vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids with similar implications for those eating poor diets in the community.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © 2002 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 
Corresponding author
C. Bernard Gesch, University Laboratory of Physiology University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
Footnotes
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Declaration of interest

The researchwas supported by a grant from the research charityNatural Justice (see Acknowledgements) andmanaged from the Universityof Surrey. Scotia Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Unigreg Ltd suppliednutritional supplements.

Footnotes
References
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  • Cited by 225
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Wilczynska, Agnieszka and Modrzewski, Andrzej Frycz 2019. The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health. p. 261.
    Raine, Adrian Ang, Rebecca P. Choy, Olivia Hibbeln, Joseph R. Ho, Ringo M-H. Lim, Choon Guan Lim-Ashworth, Nikki S. J. Ling, Shichun Liu, Jean C. J. Ooi, Yoon Phaik Tan, Yi Ren and Fung, Daniel S. S. 2019. Omega-3 (ω-3) and social skills interventions for reactive aggression and childhood externalizing behavior problems: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 49, Issue. 02, p. 335.
    Choy, Olivia Focquaert, Farah and Raine, Adrian 2018. Benign Biological Interventions to Reduce Offending. Neuroethics,
    Semenza, Daniel C. 2018. Health Behaviors and Juvenile Delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, Vol. 64, Issue. 11, p. 1394.
    Zaalberg, Ap 2018. The effects of nutrients and neurotoxicants on aggressive behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice,
    Bootsman, Florian 2018. Neurobiological intervention and prediction of treatment outcome in the juvenile criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Justice,
    Mocking, R. J. T. Assies, J. Ruhé, H. G. and Schene, A. H. 2018. Focus on fatty acids in the neurometabolic pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, Vol. 41, Issue. 4, p. 597.
    Qiao, Yi Mei, Yi Han, Huiqin Liu, FengJu Yang, Xiao Min Shao, Yang Xie, Bin and Long, Bin 2018. Effects of Omega-3 in the treatment of violent schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, Vol. 195, Issue. , p. 283.
    Posick, Chad Lasko, Emily and Tremblay, Richard E. 2018. On the Need for a Biopsychosocial Victimology: A Foundational Model for Focusing Violence Prevention on Women and Children. Victims & Offenders, Vol. 13, Issue. 7, p. 938.
    Vaughn, Michael G. and DeLisi, Matt 2018. Criminal energetics: A theory of antisocial enhancement and criminal attenuation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 38, Issue. , p. 1.
    Ling, Shichun and Raine, Adrian 2018. Neurointerventions in Offenders: Ethical Considerations. AJOB Neuroscience, Vol. 9, Issue. 3, p. 146.
    Bègue, Laurent Zaalberg, Ap Shankland, Rébecca Duke, Aaron Jacquet, Julie Kaliman, Perla Pennel, Lucie Chanove, Marc Arvers, Philippe and Bushman, Brad J. 2018. Omega-3 supplements reduce self-reported physical aggression in healthy adults. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 261, Issue. , p. 307.
    Stein, John 2018. Reading and Dyslexia. Vol. 16, Issue. , p. 103.
    Portnoy, Jill Raine, Adrian Liu, Jianghong and Hibbeln, Joseph R. 2018. Reductions of intimate partner violence resulting from supplementing children with omega-3 fatty acids: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 44, Issue. 5, p. 491.
    Rahimi Niyyat, Marzieh Azizzadeh, Mohammad and Khoshnegah, Javad 2018. Effect of Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Magnesium, and Zinc on Canine Behavioral Disorders: Results of a Pilot Study. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Vol. 33, Issue. 4, p. 150.
    Stein, John 2018. The current status of the magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia,
    Lemke, Thomas 2018. An Alternative Model of Politics? Prospects and Problems of Jane Bennett’s Vital Materialism. Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 35, Issue. 6, p. 31.
    Maull, Fleet and Crisp, Kate 2018. New Frontiers in Offender Treatment. p. 189.
    Bae, Ji-Hyun and Kim, Gaeun 2018. Systematic review and meta-analysis of omega-3-fatty acids in elderly patients with depression. Nutrition Research, Vol. 50, Issue. , p. 1.
    Testa, Alexander Rennó Santos, Mateus and Weiss, Douglas B. 2018. Does Socioeconomic Development Explain the Association Between Seafood Consumption and Cross-National Homicide?. Homicide Studies, Vol. 22, Issue. 3, p. 256.
    Download full list
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Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners: Randomised, placebo-controlled trial

  • C. Bernard Gesch (a1), Sean M. Hammond (a2), Sarah E. Hampson (a3), Anita Eves (a4) and Martin J. Crowder (a5)...
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