Skip to main content Accesibility Help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
Cancel
×
×
Home
  • Home
Article
  • Cited by 225
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Wilczynska, Agnieszka and Modrzewski, Andrzej Frycz 2019. The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health. p. 261.
    Raine, Adrian Ang, Rebecca P. Choy, Olivia Hibbeln, Joseph R. Ho, Ringo M-H. Lim, Choon Guan Lim-Ashworth, Nikki S. J. Ling, Shichun Liu, Jean C. J. Ooi, Yoon Phaik Tan, Yi Ren and Fung, Daniel S. S. 2019. Omega-3 (ω-3) and social skills interventions for reactive aggression and childhood externalizing behavior problems: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 49, Issue. 02, p. 335.
    Choy, Olivia Focquaert, Farah and Raine, Adrian 2018. Benign Biological Interventions to Reduce Offending. Neuroethics,
    Semenza, Daniel C. 2018. Health Behaviors and Juvenile Delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, Vol. 64, Issue. 11, p. 1394.
    Zaalberg, Ap 2018. The effects of nutrients and neurotoxicants on aggressive behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice,
    Bootsman, Florian 2018. Neurobiological intervention and prediction of treatment outcome in the juvenile criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Justice,
    Mocking, R. J. T. Assies, J. Ruhé, H. G. and Schene, A. H. 2018. Focus on fatty acids in the neurometabolic pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, Vol. 41, Issue. 4, p. 597.
    Qiao, Yi Mei, Yi Han, Huiqin Liu, FengJu Yang, Xiao Min Shao, Yang Xie, Bin and Long, Bin 2018. Effects of Omega-3 in the treatment of violent schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, Vol. 195, Issue. , p. 283.
    Posick, Chad Lasko, Emily and Tremblay, Richard E. 2018. On the Need for a Biopsychosocial Victimology: A Foundational Model for Focusing Violence Prevention on Women and Children. Victims & Offenders, Vol. 13, Issue. 7, p. 938.
    Vaughn, Michael G. and DeLisi, Matt 2018. Criminal energetics: A theory of antisocial enhancement and criminal attenuation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 38, Issue. , p. 1.
    Ling, Shichun and Raine, Adrian 2018. Neurointerventions in Offenders: Ethical Considerations. AJOB Neuroscience, Vol. 9, Issue. 3, p. 146.
    Bègue, Laurent Zaalberg, Ap Shankland, Rébecca Duke, Aaron Jacquet, Julie Kaliman, Perla Pennel, Lucie Chanove, Marc Arvers, Philippe and Bushman, Brad J. 2018. Omega-3 supplements reduce self-reported physical aggression in healthy adults. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 261, Issue. , p. 307.
    Stein, John 2018. Reading and Dyslexia. Vol. 16, Issue. , p. 103.
    Portnoy, Jill Raine, Adrian Liu, Jianghong and Hibbeln, Joseph R. 2018. Reductions of intimate partner violence resulting from supplementing children with omega-3 fatty acids: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 44, Issue. 5, p. 491.
    Rahimi Niyyat, Marzieh Azizzadeh, Mohammad and Khoshnegah, Javad 2018. Effect of Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Magnesium, and Zinc on Canine Behavioral Disorders: Results of a Pilot Study. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Vol. 33, Issue. 4, p. 150.
    Stein, John 2018. The current status of the magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia,
    Lemke, Thomas 2018. An Alternative Model of Politics? Prospects and Problems of Jane Bennett’s Vital Materialism. Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 35, Issue. 6, p. 31.
    Maull, Fleet and Crisp, Kate 2018. New Frontiers in Offender Treatment. p. 189.
    Bae, Ji-Hyun and Kim, Gaeun 2018. Systematic review and meta-analysis of omega-3-fatty acids in elderly patients with depression. Nutrition Research, Vol. 50, Issue. , p. 1.
    Testa, Alexander Rennó Santos, Mateus and Weiss, Douglas B. 2018. Does Socioeconomic Development Explain the Association Between Seafood Consumption and Cross-National Homicide?. Homicide Studies, Vol. 22, Issue. 3, p. 256.
    Download full list
    ×
  • Access

Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners: Randomised, placebo-controlled trial

  • C. Bernard Gesch (a1), Sean M. Hammond (a2), Sarah E. Hampson (a3), Anita Eves (a4) and Martin J. Crowder (a5)...
Abstract
Background

There is evidence that offenders consume diets lacking in essential nutrients and this could adversely affect their behaviour.

Aims

To test empirically if physiologically adequate intakes of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids cause a reduction in antisocial behaviour.

Method

Experimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of nutritional supplements on 231 young adult prisoners, comparing disciplinary offences before and during supplementation.

Results

Compared with placebos, those receiving the active capsules committed an average of 26.3% (95% CI 8.3-44.33%) fewer offences (P=0.03, two-tailed). Compared to baseline, the effect on those taking active supplements for a minimum of 2 weeks (n=172) was an average 35.1% (95% CI 16.3-53.9%) reduction of offences (P < 0.001, two-tailed), whereas placebos remained within standard error.

Conclusions

Antisocial behaviour in prisons, including violence, are reduced by vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids with similar implications for those eating poor diets in the community.

  • View HTML
      • Send article to Kindle

      To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle.

      Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

      Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

      Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners
      Available formats
      ×
      Send article to Dropbox

      To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox.

      Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners
      Available formats
      ×
      Send article to Google Drive

      To send this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive.

      Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners
      Available formats
      ×
Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © 2002 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 
Corresponding author
C. Bernard Gesch, University Laboratory of Physiology University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
Footnotes
Hide All

Declaration of interest

The researchwas supported by a grant from the research charityNatural Justice (see Acknowledgements) andmanaged from the Universityof Surrey. Scotia Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Unigreg Ltd suppliednutritional supplements.

Footnotes
References
Hide All
Altman, D. G. (1991) Practical Statistics for Medical Research, p. 296. London: Chapman and Hall.
Benton, D. & Cook, R. (1991) The impact of selenium supplementation on mood. Biological Psychiatry, 29, 1092–1098.
Bjork, J. M. Dougherty, D. M. Moeller, F. G. et al (1999) The effects of tryptophan depletion and loading on laboratory aggression in men: time course and a food-restricted control. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 142, 24–30.
Blonk, M. C. Bilo, H. J. G. Nauta, J. J. P. et al (1990) Dose-response effects of fish-oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 120–127.
Bramley, P. N. Easton, A. M. E. Morley, S. et al (1988) The differentiation of anxiety and depression by rating-scales. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 133–138.
Bunout, D. Garrido, A. Suazo, M. et al (2000) Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDL oxidation in coronary patients. Nutrition, 16, 107–110.
Corrigan, F. M. Gray, R. Strathdee, A. et al (1994) Fatty acid analysis of blood from violent offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 5, 83–92.
Department of Health (1991) Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects 41. London: HMSO.
Golomb, B. A. Stattin, H. & Mednick, S. (2000) Low cholesterol and violent crime. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 34, 301–309.
Hamazaki, T. Sawazaki, S. Itomura, M. et al (1996) The effects of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 97, 1129–1133.
Hammond, S. M. (1984) An investigation into the factor structure of the General Aptitude-Test Battery. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 57, 43–48
Heiss, L. E. (1995) Changing family patterns in Western Europe: opportunity and risk factors for adolescent development. In Psychosocial Disorders in Young People. Time, Trends and their Causes (eds Rutter, M. & Smith, D. J.), pp. 104–193. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Hibbeln, J. R. Umhau, J. C. Linnoila, M. et al (1998) A replication study of violent and nonviolent subjects: cerebrospinal fluid metabolites of serotonin and dopamine are predicted by plasma essential fatty acids. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 243–249.
Holland, B. Welch, A. A. Unwin, I. D. et al (1996) McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods. 5th Edition. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry & Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
Korhonen, P. Loeys, T. Goetghebeur, E. et al (2000) Vitamin A and infant mortality: beyond intention-to-treat in a randomized trial. Lifetime Data Analysis, 6, 107–121.
Lawless, J. F. (1987) Negative binomial and mixed Poisson regression. Canadian Journal of Statistics, 15, 209–225.
Marshal, E. (2000) The shots heard ‘round the world’. Science, 289, 570–574.
Moynahan, E. J. (1976) Zinc deficiency and disturbances of mood and visual behaviour. Lancet, 1, 91. O'Rourke, M. M. (1994) Anger: Its Measurement and Implications for Treatment. University of Surrey, UK (Doctoral thesis).
Roger, D. & Nesshoever, W. (1987) The construction and preliminary validation of a scale for measuring emotional control. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 527–534.
Roger, D. & Najarian, B. (1989) The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring emotion control. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 845–853.
Rutter, M. (1995) Causal concepts and their testing. In Psychosocial Disorders in Young People. Time, Trends and their Causes ((eds Rutter, M. & Smiith, D. J.)), pp. 8–34. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Rutter, M. Tizard, J. & Whitmore, K. (1970) Education, Health and Behaviour. London: Longmans.
Rutter, M. Giller, H. & Hagell, H. (1998) Antisocial Behaviour by Young People. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schauss, A. G. (1978) Differential outcomes among probationers comparing orthomolecular approaches to conventional casework/counselling. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 8, 158–168.
Schoenthaler, S. J. Amos, S. Doraz, W. et al (1997) The effect of randomised vitamin – mineral supplementation on violent and non-violent antisocial behavior among incarcerated juveniles. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, 7, 343–352.
Smith, D. J. (1995) Youth crime and conduct disorders: trends, patterns and causal explanations. In Psychosocial Disorders in Young People. Time, Trends and their Causes (eds Rutter, M. & Smith, D. J.), pp. 389–489. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Stevens, L. J. Zentall, S. S. Deck, J. L. et al (1995) Essential fatty-acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62, 761–768.
Stevens, L. J. Zentall, S. S. Abate, M. L. et al (1996) Omega 3 fatty acids in boys with behaviour, learning and health problems. Physiology and Behaviour, 59, 915–920.
Stone, R. & Kelner, K. (2000) Violence: No silver bullet. Science, 289, 569.
Virkkunen, M. & Huttunen, M. O. (1982) Evidence for abnormal glucose-tolerance test among violent offenders. Neuropsychobiology, 8, 30–34.
Walsh, W. J. Isaacson, H. R. Rehman, F. et al (1997) Elevated blood copper/zinc ratios in assaultive young males. Physiology and Behavior, 62, 327–329.
Zigmond, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. (1983) The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370.
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

The British Journal of Psychiatry
  • ISSN: 0007-1250
  • EISSN: 1472-1465
  • URL: /core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *

CAPTCHA *

Skip to the audio challenge
×

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between <date>. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed

  • Cited by 225
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Wilczynska, Agnieszka and Modrzewski, Andrzej Frycz 2019. The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health. p. 261.
    Raine, Adrian Ang, Rebecca P. Choy, Olivia Hibbeln, Joseph R. Ho, Ringo M-H. Lim, Choon Guan Lim-Ashworth, Nikki S. J. Ling, Shichun Liu, Jean C. J. Ooi, Yoon Phaik Tan, Yi Ren and Fung, Daniel S. S. 2019. Omega-3 (ω-3) and social skills interventions for reactive aggression and childhood externalizing behavior problems: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 49, Issue. 02, p. 335.
    Choy, Olivia Focquaert, Farah and Raine, Adrian 2018. Benign Biological Interventions to Reduce Offending. Neuroethics,
    Semenza, Daniel C. 2018. Health Behaviors and Juvenile Delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, Vol. 64, Issue. 11, p. 1394.
    Zaalberg, Ap 2018. The effects of nutrients and neurotoxicants on aggressive behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice,
    Bootsman, Florian 2018. Neurobiological intervention and prediction of treatment outcome in the juvenile criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Justice,
    Mocking, R. J. T. Assies, J. Ruhé, H. G. and Schene, A. H. 2018. Focus on fatty acids in the neurometabolic pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, Vol. 41, Issue. 4, p. 597.
    Qiao, Yi Mei, Yi Han, Huiqin Liu, FengJu Yang, Xiao Min Shao, Yang Xie, Bin and Long, Bin 2018. Effects of Omega-3 in the treatment of violent schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, Vol. 195, Issue. , p. 283.
    Posick, Chad Lasko, Emily and Tremblay, Richard E. 2018. On the Need for a Biopsychosocial Victimology: A Foundational Model for Focusing Violence Prevention on Women and Children. Victims & Offenders, Vol. 13, Issue. 7, p. 938.
    Vaughn, Michael G. and DeLisi, Matt 2018. Criminal energetics: A theory of antisocial enhancement and criminal attenuation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 38, Issue. , p. 1.
    Ling, Shichun and Raine, Adrian 2018. Neurointerventions in Offenders: Ethical Considerations. AJOB Neuroscience, Vol. 9, Issue. 3, p. 146.
    Bègue, Laurent Zaalberg, Ap Shankland, Rébecca Duke, Aaron Jacquet, Julie Kaliman, Perla Pennel, Lucie Chanove, Marc Arvers, Philippe and Bushman, Brad J. 2018. Omega-3 supplements reduce self-reported physical aggression in healthy adults. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 261, Issue. , p. 307.
    Stein, John 2018. Reading and Dyslexia. Vol. 16, Issue. , p. 103.
    Portnoy, Jill Raine, Adrian Liu, Jianghong and Hibbeln, Joseph R. 2018. Reductions of intimate partner violence resulting from supplementing children with omega-3 fatty acids: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 44, Issue. 5, p. 491.
    Rahimi Niyyat, Marzieh Azizzadeh, Mohammad and Khoshnegah, Javad 2018. Effect of Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Magnesium, and Zinc on Canine Behavioral Disorders: Results of a Pilot Study. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, Vol. 33, Issue. 4, p. 150.
    Stein, John 2018. The current status of the magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia,
    Lemke, Thomas 2018. An Alternative Model of Politics? Prospects and Problems of Jane Bennett’s Vital Materialism. Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 35, Issue. 6, p. 31.
    Maull, Fleet and Crisp, Kate 2018. New Frontiers in Offender Treatment. p. 189.
    Bae, Ji-Hyun and Kim, Gaeun 2018. Systematic review and meta-analysis of omega-3-fatty acids in elderly patients with depression. Nutrition Research, Vol. 50, Issue. , p. 1.
    Testa, Alexander Rennó Santos, Mateus and Weiss, Douglas B. 2018. Does Socioeconomic Development Explain the Association Between Seafood Consumption and Cross-National Homicide?. Homicide Studies, Vol. 22, Issue. 3, p. 256.
    Download full list
    ×
  • Access

Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners: Randomised, placebo-controlled trial

  • C. Bernard Gesch (a1), Sean M. Hammond (a2), Sarah E. Hampson (a3), Anita Eves (a4) and Martin J. Crowder (a5)...
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.

×

Reply to: Submit a response

Your details

Conflicting interests

Do you have any conflicting interests? *

Cancel
Confirm
×