Skip to main content
×
×
Home

Invited commentary on: Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk: The genetics of asymmetry and psychosis

  • T. J. Crow (a1)
Extract

Spence et al (2000, this issue) describe an original and incisive approach to the genetics of psychosis – an attempt to define brain connectivity in patients and family members closest to the genetic risk (‘obligate carriers’) by comparison with those remote from familial risk. Their findings are potentially important but I suggest an alternative interpretation: that words are simply less lateralised in those genetically predisposed to suffer from schizophrenic symptoms. This conclusion has, I believe, implications for understanding the organisation of the human brain.

  • View HTML
    • Send article to Kindle

      To send this article to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about sending to your Kindle. Find out more about sending to your Kindle.

      Note you can select to send to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

      Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

      Invited commentary on: Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk
      Available formats
      ×
      Send article to Dropbox

      To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Dropbox.

      Invited commentary on: Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk
      Available formats
      ×
      Send article to Google Drive

      To send this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your <service> account. Find out more about sending content to Google Drive.

      Invited commentary on: Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk
      Available formats
      ×
Copyright
References
Hide All
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM–IV). Washington, DC: APA.
Annett, M. (1978) A Single Gene Explanation of Right and Left Handedness and Brainedness. Coventry: Lanchester Polytechnic.
Annett, M. (1985) Left, Right, Hand and Brain: The Right Shift Theory. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Annett, M. (1997) Schizophrenia and autism considered as products of an agnosic right shift gene. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 2, 195240.
Annett, M. (1999) The theory of an agnosic right shift gene in schizophrenia and autism. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 177182.
Bartley, A. J., Jones, D. W., Torrey, E. F., et al (1993) Sylvian fissure asymmetries in monozygotic twins: a test of laterality in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 34, 853863.
Bear, D. M., Schiff, D., Saver, J., et al (1986) Quantitative analysis of cerebral asymmetry; frontooccipital correlation, sexual dimorphism and association with handedness. Archives of Neurology, 43, 598603.
Bilder, R. M., Wu, H., Degreef, G., et al (1994) Yakovlevian torque is absent in first episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 14371447.
Broca, P. (1861) Remarques sur la siegé de la faculté du langue. Bulletin de la Société Anatomique de Paris (2nd series), 6, 330357.
Brown, R., Colter, N., Corsellis, J. A. N., et al (1986) Postmortem evidence of structural brain changes in schizophrenia. Differences in brain weight, temporal horn area, and parahippocampal gyrus compared with affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 3642.
Buxhoeveden, D. & Casanova, M. (2000) Comparative lateralization patterns in the language area of normal human, chimpanzee, and rhesus monkey brain. Laterality, in press.
Crichton-Browne, J. (1879) On the weight of the brain and its component parts in the insane. Brain, 2, 4267.
Crow, T. J. (1984) A re-evaluation of the viral hypothesis: is psychosis the result of retroviral integration at a site close to the cerebral dominance gene? British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 243253.
Crow, T. J. (1990) Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 433443.
Crow, T. J. (1993) Sexual selection, Machiavellian intelligence and the origins of psychosis. Lancet, 342, 594598.
Crow, T. J. (1995) The relationship between morphologic and genetic findings in schizophrenia: an evolutionary perspective. In Schizophrenia: An Integrated View. Alfred Benzon Symposium 38 (ed. R. Fog & J. Gerlach), pp. 1525. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
Crow, T. J. (1996) Language and psychosis: common evolutionary origins. Endeavour, 20, 105109.
Crow, T. J. (1997a) Schizophrenia as failure of hemispheric dominance for language. Trends in Neurosciences, 20, 339343.
Crow, T. J. (1997b) Is schizophrenia the price that Homo sapiens pays for language? Schizophrenia Research, 28, 127141.
Crow, T. J. (1998a) Sexual selection, timing and the descent of Man: a genetic theory of the evolution of language. Current Psychology of Cognition, 17, 10791114.
Crow, T. J. (1998b) Why cerebral asymmetry is the key to the origin of Homo sapiens: how to find the gene or eliminate the theory. Current Psychology of Cognition, 17, 12371277.
Crow, T. J. (1998c) Nuclear schizophrenic symptoms as a window on the relationship between thought and speech. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 303309.
Crow, T. J. (1999) Cerebral asymmetry, language and psychosis – the case for a Homo sapiens-specific sex-linked gene for brain growth (commentary). Schizophrenia Research, 39, 219231.
Crow, T. J., Ball, J., Bloom, S. R., et al (1989a) Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry. A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 11451150.
Crow, T. J., Colter, N., Frith, C. D., et al (1989b) Developmental arrest of cerebral asymmetries in early onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 29, 247253.
Crow, T. J., Done, D. J. & Sacker, A. (1995) Childhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 6169.
Crow, T. J., Done, D. J. & Sacker, A. (1996) Cerebral lateralization is delayed in children who later develop schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 22, 181185.
Crow, T. J., Crow, L. R., Done, J., et al (1998) Relative hand skill predicts academic ability: global deficits at the point of hemispheric indecision. Neuropsychologia, 36, 12751282.
Dax, M. (1865) Lésions de la moitié gauche de l'éncephale coincident avec l'oubli des signes de la pensée. Gazette Hebdomadal de Médecin et Chirurgie, 11, 259260.
DeLisi, L. E. & Crow, T. J. (1999) Chromosome Workshops 1998: current state of psychiatric linkage. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 88, 215218.
Highley, J. R., Esiri, M. M., Cortina-Borja, M., et al (1998) Anomalies of cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia interact with gender and age of onset: a post mortem study. Schizophrenia Research, 34, 1325.
Highley, J. R., McDonald, B., Walker, M. A., et al (1999) Schizophrenia and temporal lobe asymmetry: a postmortem stereological study of tissue volume. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 127134.
Huxley, J., Mayr, E., Osmond, H., et al (1964) Schizophrenia as a genetic morphism. Nature, 204, 220221.
Jordan, H. E. (1911) The inheritance of left-handedness. American Breeders' Magazine, 2, 1929.
Klar, A. J. S. (1999) Genetic models for handedness, brain lateralization, schizophrenia and manic-depression. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 207218.
Marchant, L. F. & McGrew, W. C. (1996) Laterality of limb function in wild chimpanzees of Gombe National Park: comprehensive study of spontaneous activities. Journal of Human Evolution, 30, 427443.
McDonald, B., Highley, J. R., Walker, M. A., et al (2000) Anomalous asymmetry of fusiform and parahippocampal gyrus grey matter in schizophrenia: a post-mortem study. American Journal of Psychiatry, in press.
McGrew, W. C. & Marchant, L. F. (1997) On the other hand: current issues in and meta-analysis of the behavioral laterality of hand function in nonhuman primates. Yearbook on Physical Anthropology, 40, 201232.
McManus, I. C. (1985) Handedness, language dominance and aphasia: a genetic model. Psychological Medicine, Monograph Supplement, no. 8, 140.
Orr, K., Cannon, M., Gilvarry, C. M., et al (1999) Schizophrenic patients and their first degree relatives show an excess of mixed handedness. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 167176.
Orton, S. T. (1937) Reading, Writing and Speech Problems in Children. New York: Norton.
Petty, R. G. (1999) Structural asymmetries of the human brain and their disturbance in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25, 121139.
Ramaley, F. (1913) Inheritance of left-handedness. American Naturalist, 47, 730738.
Sharma, T. M., Lancaster, E., Simindsson, T., et al (2000) Lack of cerebral asymmetry in familial schizophrenic patients and their relatives: confirmation of Crow's hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research, in press.
Spence, S. A., Liddle, P. F., Stefan, M. D., et al (2000) Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk: focal dysfunction and distributed disconnectivity reappraised. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 5260.
Weinberger, D. R., Suddath, R. C., Casanova, M. F., et al (1991) Crow's ‘Lateralisation hypothesis for schizophrenia’. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 85.
Yeo, R. A., Gangestad, S. W., Edgar, C., et al (1999) The evolutionary-genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia: the developmental instability model. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 197206.
Zangwill, O. L. (1960) Cerebral Dominance and its Relation to Psychological Function. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

The British Journal of Psychiatry
  • ISSN: 0007-1250
  • EISSN: 1472-1465
  • URL: /core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *
×

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 6 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 64 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between 2nd January 2018 - 13th June 2018. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Invited commentary on: Functional anatomy of verbal fluency in people with schizophrenia and those at genetic risk: The genetics of asymmetry and psychosis

  • T. J. Crow (a1)
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.

×

Reply to: Submit a response


Your details


Conflicting interests

Do you have any conflicting interests? *