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Jørgensen, Tine Rikke Emborg, Charlotte Dahlen, Karianne Bøgelund, Mette and Carlborg, Andreas 2018. Patient preferences for medicine administration for acute agitation: results from an internet-based survey of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in two Nordic countries. Psychology, Health & Medicine, Vol. 23, Issue. 1, p. 30.
Zun, Leslie S. 2018. Evidence-Based Review Of Pharmacotherapy For Acute Agitation. Part 2: Safety. The Journal of Emergency Medicine,
Zun, Leslie S. 2018. Evidence-based Review of Pharmacotherapy for Acute Agitation. part 1: Onset of Efficacy. The Journal of Emergency Medicine,
Roncero, Carlos Ros-Cucurull, Elena Palma-Álvarez, Raúl Felipe Abad, Alfonso Carlos Fadeuilhe, Christian Casas, Miquel and Grau-López, Lara 2017. Inhaled Loxapine for Agitation in Intoxicated Patients. Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol. 40, Issue. 6, p. 281.
Selim, Sally Riesenberg, Robert Cassella, James Kunta, Jeevan Hellriegel, Edward Smith, Mark A. Vinks, Alexander A. and Rabinovich-Guilatt, Laura 2017. Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Single-Dose Inhaled Loxapine in Children and Adolescents. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 57, Issue. 10, p. 1244.
de Berardis, Domenico Fornaro, Michele Orsolini, Laura Iasevoli, Felice Tomasetti, Carmine de Bartolomeis, Andrea Serroni, Nicola Valchera, Alessandro Carano, Alessandro Vellante, Federica Marini, Stefano Piersanti, Monica Perna, Giampaolo Martinotti, Giovanni and Di Giannantonio, Massimo 2017. The Role of Inhaled Loxapine in the Treatment of Acute Agitation in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders: A Clinical Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue. 12, p. 349.
San, L. Estrada, G. Oudovenko, N. and Vieta, E. 2017. Rationale and design of the PLACID study: a randomised trial comparing the efficacy and safety of inhaled loxapine versus IM aripiprazole in acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 17, Issue. 1,
Dong, Min Fukuda, Tsuyoshi Selim, Sally Smith, Mark A. Rabinovich-Guilatt, Laura Cassella, James V. and Vinks, Alexander A. 2017. Clinical Trial Simulations and Pharmacometric Analysis in Pediatrics: Application to Inhaled Loxapine in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Vol. 56, Issue. 10, p. 1207.
Allen, Michael H. Citrome, Leslie Pikalov, Andrei Hsu, Jay and Loebel, Antony 2017. Efficacy of lurasidone in the treatment of agitation: A post hoc analysis of five short-term studies in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia. General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 47, p. 75.
Lipp, M. M. Batycky, R. Moore, J. Leinonen, M. and Freed, M. I. 2016. Preclinical and clinical assessment of inhaled levodopa for OFF episodes in Parkinsons disease. Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 8, Issue. 360, p. 360ra136.
Jørgensen, Tine Rikke Emborg, Charlotte Dahlen, Karianne Bøgelund, Mette and Carlborg, Andreas 2016. The effect of the medicine administration route on health-related quality of life: Results from a time trade-off survey in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in 2 Nordic countries. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 16, Issue. 1,
Svob Strac, Dubravka Kovacic Petrovic, Zrnka Nikolac Perkovic, Matea Umolac, Danica Nedic Erjavec, Gordana and Pivac, Nela 2016. Platelet monoamine oxidase type B,MAOBintron 13 andMAOA-uVNTR polymorphism and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Stress, Vol. 19, Issue. 4, p. 362.
Pollack, Charles V. 2016. Inhaled loxapine for the urgent treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Current Medical Research and Opinion, Vol. 32, Issue. 7, p. 1253.
Roncero, Carlos Ros-Cucurull, Elena Grau-López, Lara Fadeuilhe, Christian and Casas, Miguel 2016. Effectiveness of Inhaled Loxapine in Dual-Diagnosis Patients. Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol. 39, Issue. 4, p. 206.
Garriga, Marina Pacchiarotti, Isabella Kasper, Siegfried Zeller, Scott L. Allen, Michael H. Vázquez, Gustavo Baldaçara, Leonardo San, Luis McAllister-Williams, R. Hamish Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. Courtet, Philippe Naber, Dieter Chan, Esther W. Fagiolini, Andrea Möller, Hans Jürgen Grunze, Heinz Llorca, Pierre Michel Jaffe, Richard L. Yatham, Lakshmi N. Hidalgo-Mazzei, Diego Passamar, Marc Messer, Thomas Bernardo, Miquel and Vieta, Eduard 2016. Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: Expert consensus. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 17, Issue. 2, p. 86.
Jaffe, Richard Siniscalchi, Michael Cruz-Luna, Norma and Cosgrove, Douglas 2016. Inhaled Loxapine for ECT Pretreatment for Agitation. The Journal of ECT, Vol. 32, Issue. 2, p. 146.
There is a need for a rapid-acting, non-injection, acute treatment for agitation.
To evaluate inhaled loxapine for acute treatment of agitation in schizophrenia.
This phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00628589) enrolled 344 individuals who received one, two or three doses of inhaled loxapine (5 or 10 mg) or a placebo. Lorazepam rescue was permitted after dose two. The primary efficacy end-point was change from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale–Excited Component (PANSS–EC) 2 h after dose one. The key secondary end-point was Clinical Global Impression–Improvement scale (CGI–I) score 2 h after dose one.
Inhaled loxapine (5 and 10 mg) significantly reduced agitation compared with placebo as assessed by primary and key secondary end-points. Reduced PANSS–EC score was evident 10 min after dose one with both 5 and 10mg doses. Inhaled loxapine was well tolerated, and the most common adverse events were known effects of loxapine or minor oral effects common with inhaled medications.
Inhaled loxapine provided a rapid, well-tolerated acute treatment for agitation in people with schizophrenia.
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Jørgensen, Tine Rikke Emborg, Charlotte Dahlen, Karianne Bøgelund, Mette and Carlborg, Andreas 2018. Patient preferences for medicine administration for acute agitation: results from an internet-based survey of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in two Nordic countries. Psychology, Health & Medicine, Vol. 23, Issue. 1, p. 30.
Zun, Leslie S. 2018. Evidence-Based Review Of Pharmacotherapy For Acute Agitation. Part 2: Safety. The Journal of Emergency Medicine,
Zun, Leslie S. 2018. Evidence-based Review of Pharmacotherapy for Acute Agitation. part 1: Onset of Efficacy. The Journal of Emergency Medicine,
Roncero, Carlos Ros-Cucurull, Elena Palma-Álvarez, Raúl Felipe Abad, Alfonso Carlos Fadeuilhe, Christian Casas, Miquel and Grau-López, Lara 2017. Inhaled Loxapine for Agitation in Intoxicated Patients. Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol. 40, Issue. 6, p. 281.
Selim, Sally Riesenberg, Robert Cassella, James Kunta, Jeevan Hellriegel, Edward Smith, Mark A. Vinks, Alexander A. and Rabinovich-Guilatt, Laura 2017. Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Single-Dose Inhaled Loxapine in Children and Adolescents. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 57, Issue. 10, p. 1244.
de Berardis, Domenico Fornaro, Michele Orsolini, Laura Iasevoli, Felice Tomasetti, Carmine de Bartolomeis, Andrea Serroni, Nicola Valchera, Alessandro Carano, Alessandro Vellante, Federica Marini, Stefano Piersanti, Monica Perna, Giampaolo Martinotti, Giovanni and Di Giannantonio, Massimo 2017. The Role of Inhaled Loxapine in the Treatment of Acute Agitation in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders: A Clinical Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 18, Issue. 12, p. 349.
San, L. Estrada, G. Oudovenko, N. and Vieta, E. 2017. Rationale and design of the PLACID study: a randomised trial comparing the efficacy and safety of inhaled loxapine versus IM aripiprazole in acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 17, Issue. 1,
Dong, Min Fukuda, Tsuyoshi Selim, Sally Smith, Mark A. Rabinovich-Guilatt, Laura Cassella, James V. and Vinks, Alexander A. 2017. Clinical Trial Simulations and Pharmacometric Analysis in Pediatrics: Application to Inhaled Loxapine in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Vol. 56, Issue. 10, p. 1207.
Allen, Michael H. Citrome, Leslie Pikalov, Andrei Hsu, Jay and Loebel, Antony 2017. Efficacy of lurasidone in the treatment of agitation: A post hoc analysis of five short-term studies in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia. General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 47, p. 75.
Lipp, M. M. Batycky, R. Moore, J. Leinonen, M. and Freed, M. I. 2016. Preclinical and clinical assessment of inhaled levodopa for OFF episodes in Parkinsons disease. Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 8, Issue. 360, p. 360ra136.
Jørgensen, Tine Rikke Emborg, Charlotte Dahlen, Karianne Bøgelund, Mette and Carlborg, Andreas 2016. The effect of the medicine administration route on health-related quality of life: Results from a time trade-off survey in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia in 2 Nordic countries. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 16, Issue. 1,
Svob Strac, Dubravka Kovacic Petrovic, Zrnka Nikolac Perkovic, Matea Umolac, Danica Nedic Erjavec, Gordana and Pivac, Nela 2016. Platelet monoamine oxidase type B,MAOBintron 13 andMAOA-uVNTR polymorphism and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Stress, Vol. 19, Issue. 4, p. 362.
Pollack, Charles V. 2016. Inhaled loxapine for the urgent treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Current Medical Research and Opinion, Vol. 32, Issue. 7, p. 1253.
Roncero, Carlos Ros-Cucurull, Elena Grau-López, Lara Fadeuilhe, Christian and Casas, Miguel 2016. Effectiveness of Inhaled Loxapine in Dual-Diagnosis Patients. Clinical Neuropharmacology, Vol. 39, Issue. 4, p. 206.
Garriga, Marina Pacchiarotti, Isabella Kasper, Siegfried Zeller, Scott L. Allen, Michael H. Vázquez, Gustavo Baldaçara, Leonardo San, Luis McAllister-Williams, R. Hamish Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. Courtet, Philippe Naber, Dieter Chan, Esther W. Fagiolini, Andrea Möller, Hans Jürgen Grunze, Heinz Llorca, Pierre Michel Jaffe, Richard L. Yatham, Lakshmi N. Hidalgo-Mazzei, Diego Passamar, Marc Messer, Thomas Bernardo, Miquel and Vieta, Eduard 2016. Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: Expert consensus. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 17, Issue. 2, p. 86.
Jaffe, Richard Siniscalchi, Michael Cruz-Luna, Norma and Cosgrove, Douglas 2016. Inhaled Loxapine for ECT Pretreatment for Agitation. The Journal of ECT, Vol. 32, Issue. 2, p. 146.
Sahoo Saddichha, Senior Resident
02 November 2011
I congratulate the authors of this article [1] on having brought forth another new weapon to add to the armament of clinicians in order to manage acute psychotic episodes, in which agitation is the chief concern. The study is a well designed and evaluated study. However, as a clinician,I would have two primary concerns. The first would be that of time-how long does the effect of inhaled loxapine last? A corollary to the same question would be "how long does one need to wait till it is safe to repeat the drug?" The second most pertinent question would be on the mode of administration. As I understand it, this is an inhaled drug that is self-administered. Now, how does one convince an acutely agitated patient to inhale the drug, when it is so difficult to make him agree to an injection in the current scenario? As I see it, the problem remains- "How to bell the cat?"
References:
1)Lesem MD, Tran-Johnson TK, Riesenberg RA. Rapid acute treatment of agitation in individuals with schizophrenia: multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study of inhaled loxapine. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 198:51-58.
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Conflict of interest: None declared
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Andy R Shepherd, CT1 Trainee
24 January 2011
The authors highlight the importance of rapid and safe treatment of agitation. Indicating the delay in efficacy associated with intramuscular injection. They make no reference to the time from oral medication administration to efficacy. However, the combination of oral atypical antipsychotics, with or without benzodiazepine, is well described.1 Small trials have compared the efficacy of oral atypical antipsychotics to intramuscular typicals and produced mean changes in rating-scales similar to those in this paper, along similar timescales.2
When alternative treatments exist, placebo controlled trials are appropriate if the target condition is characterized by a high placebo response rate, relapsing, remitting or high spontaneous resolution rate, existing therapies are partially effective or have high side-effect rates.3 Inclusion of an active control arm to the trial would have added to the number of patients required in each arm, but would have also provided some valuable information on the
tolerability and clinical effectiveness of the inhaled, or oral medication.
1. Yildiz A, Sachs G, Turgay A. Pharmacological management of agitation in emergency settings. Emergency Medical Journal. 2003;20(4):339.
2 Lim HK, Kim JJ, Pae CU, et al. Comparison of risperidone orodispersible tablet and intramuscular haloperidol in the treatment of acute psychotic agitation: a randomized open, prospective study. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62(2):81-6.
3 Emanuel EJ, Miller FG. The Ethics of Placebo Controlled Trials - A Middle Ground. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001;345(12):915. ... More
Conflict of interest: None Declared
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