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  • Cited by 64
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Burns, Tom 2007. Evolution of outcome measures in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 191, Issue. S50, p. s1.
    Mattsson, Maria Topor, Alain Cullberg, Johan and Forsell, Yvonne 2008. Association between financial strain, social network and five-year recovery from first episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 43, Issue. 12, p. 947.
    Allardyce, Judith and van Os, Jim 2008. Long-term course and outcome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry, Vol. 7, Issue. 10, p. 440.
    Fornells-Ambrojo, Miriam Barker, Chris Swapp, David Slater, Mel Antley, Angus and Freeman, Daniel 2008. Virtual reality and persecutory delusions: Safety and feasibility. Schizophrenia Research, Vol. 104, Issue. 1-3, p. 228.
    Lee, M. S. Shin, B.-C. Ronan, P. and Ernst, E. 2009. Acupuncture for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 63, Issue. 11, p. 1622.
    CARDEN, J. and JONES, A. 2009. Collecting subjective and rating scale data within a single case study design: cognitive behavioural therapy for a person experiencing psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 16, Issue. 9, p. 848.
    Potkin, Steven G. Weiden, Peter J. Loebel, Antony D. Warrington, Lewis E. Watsky, Eric J. and Siu, Cynthia O. 2009. Remission in schizophrenia: 196-week, double-blind treatment with ziprasidone vs. haloperidol. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 12, Issue. 09, p. 1233.
    Yeomans, David Taylor, Mark Currie, Alan Whale, Richard Ford, Keith Fear, Chris Hynes, Joanne Sullivan, Gary Moore, Bruce and Burns, Tom 2010. Resolution and remission in schizophrenia: getting well and staying well. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, Vol. 16, Issue. 2, p. 86.
    Valet, Fabien and Mary, Jean-Yves 2011. Power estimation of tests in log-linear non-uniform association models for ordinal agreement. BMC Medical Research Methodology, Vol. 11, Issue. 1,
    Bloy, Sally Oliver, Joseph E. and Morris, Eric 2011. Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With People With Psychosis. Clinical Case Studies, Vol. 10, Issue. 5, p. 347.
    Schwarz, Emanuel VanBeveren, Nico J.M. Guest, Paul C. Izmailov, Rauf and Bahn, Sabine 2011. Biomarkers of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease. Vol. 101, Issue. , p. 259.
    Abbo, Catherine Okello, Elialilia S Musisi, Seggane Waako, Paul and Ekblad, Solvig 2012. Naturalistic outcome of treatment of psychosis by traditional healers in Jinja and Iganga districts, Eastern Uganda – a 3- and 6 months follow up. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, p. 13.
    O’Brien, S. McFarland, J. Kealy, B. Pullela, A. Saunders, J. Cullen, W. and Meagher, D. 2012. A randomized-controlled trial of intensive case management emphasizing the recovery model among patients with severe and enduring mental illness. Irish Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 181, Issue. 3, p. 301.
    Belvederi Murri, Martino Pariante, Carmine M. Dazzan, Paola Hepgul, Nilay Papadopoulos, Andrew S. Zunszain, Patricia Di Forti, Marta Murray, Robin M. and Mondelli, Valeria 2012. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and clinical symptoms in first-episode psychosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Vol. 37, Issue. 5, p. 629.
    Świtaj, Piotr Anczewska, Marta Chrostek, Anna Sabariego, Carla Cieza, Alarcos Bickenbach, Jerome and Chatterji, Somnath 2012. Disability and schizophrenia: a systematic review of experienced psychosocial difficulties. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 12, Issue. 1,
    Rossi, Giuseppe Frediani, Sonia Rossi, Roberta and Rossi, Andrea 2012. Long-acting antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia: use in daily practice from naturalistic observations. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 12, Issue. 1,
    Kortrijk, Hans E. Mulder, Cornelis L. van der Gaag, Mark and Wiersma, Durk 2012. Symptomatic and functional remission and its associations with quality of life in patients with psychotic disorder in Assertive Community Treatment teams. Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 53, Issue. 8, p. 1174.
    Lyne, John P. Kinsella, Anthony and O’Donoghue, Brian 2012. Can we combine symptom scales for collaborative research projects?. Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 46, Issue. 2, p. 233.
    Faries, Douglas Ascher-Svanum, Haya Phillips, Glenn Nyhuis, Allen W Sugihara, Tomoko Stauffer, Virginia and Kinon, Bruce J 2012. Construct validity of 2 measures to assess reasons for antipsychotic discontinuation and continuation from patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives in a clinical trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology, Vol. 12, Issue. 1,
    Taha, Nur Akmar Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham Rahman, Ab Fatah Shafie, Asrul Akmal and Rahman, Abdul Hamid 2012. Validation of the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision 4 among Chronic Schizophrenia Patients in Malaysia. Value in Health Regional Issues, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, p. 82.
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Symptom rating scales and outcome in schizophrenia

  • Ann M. Mortimer (a1)

Abstract

Background

Symptom rating scales are now well established in schizophrenia research buttheir scores are notthe same as outcome

Aims

To appraise the usefulness of symptom rating scales in evaluating the outcome of people with schizophrenia

Method

Literature on the use of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) in schizophrenia research was studied

Results

Scales were designed to make diagnoses, to categorise patients, syndromes or both, and to demonstrate antipsychotic efficacy, as well as to measure outcome. There is much redundancy both between and within scales. Early work suggests limited concurrent validity with external outcome variables. Data are at best ordinal and there are particular difficulties in equating outcome with percentage changes in scores. The concept of remission, which uses absolute item score thresholds with a duration criterion, is a promising outcome measure

Conclusions

Symptom rating scale scores can only comprise a limited part of outcome measurement. Standardised remission criteria may present advantages in outcome research

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Copyright

COPYRIGHT: © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2007 

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  • Cited by 64
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Burns, Tom 2007. Evolution of outcome measures in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 191, Issue. S50, p. s1.
    Mattsson, Maria Topor, Alain Cullberg, Johan and Forsell, Yvonne 2008. Association between financial strain, social network and five-year recovery from first episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 43, Issue. 12, p. 947.
    Allardyce, Judith and van Os, Jim 2008. Long-term course and outcome of schizophrenia. Psychiatry, Vol. 7, Issue. 10, p. 440.
    Fornells-Ambrojo, Miriam Barker, Chris Swapp, David Slater, Mel Antley, Angus and Freeman, Daniel 2008. Virtual reality and persecutory delusions: Safety and feasibility. Schizophrenia Research, Vol. 104, Issue. 1-3, p. 228.
    Lee, M. S. Shin, B.-C. Ronan, P. and Ernst, E. 2009. Acupuncture for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 63, Issue. 11, p. 1622.
    CARDEN, J. and JONES, A. 2009. Collecting subjective and rating scale data within a single case study design: cognitive behavioural therapy for a person experiencing psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol. 16, Issue. 9, p. 848.
    Potkin, Steven G. Weiden, Peter J. Loebel, Antony D. Warrington, Lewis E. Watsky, Eric J. and Siu, Cynthia O. 2009. Remission in schizophrenia: 196-week, double-blind treatment with ziprasidone vs. haloperidol. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 12, Issue. 09, p. 1233.
    Yeomans, David Taylor, Mark Currie, Alan Whale, Richard Ford, Keith Fear, Chris Hynes, Joanne Sullivan, Gary Moore, Bruce and Burns, Tom 2010. Resolution and remission in schizophrenia: getting well and staying well. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, Vol. 16, Issue. 2, p. 86.
    Valet, Fabien and Mary, Jean-Yves 2011. Power estimation of tests in log-linear non-uniform association models for ordinal agreement. BMC Medical Research Methodology, Vol. 11, Issue. 1,
    Bloy, Sally Oliver, Joseph E. and Morris, Eric 2011. Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With People With Psychosis. Clinical Case Studies, Vol. 10, Issue. 5, p. 347.
    Schwarz, Emanuel VanBeveren, Nico J.M. Guest, Paul C. Izmailov, Rauf and Bahn, Sabine 2011. Biomarkers of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease. Vol. 101, Issue. , p. 259.
    Abbo, Catherine Okello, Elialilia S Musisi, Seggane Waako, Paul and Ekblad, Solvig 2012. Naturalistic outcome of treatment of psychosis by traditional healers in Jinja and Iganga districts, Eastern Uganda – a 3- and 6 months follow up. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, Vol. 6, Issue. 1, p. 13.
    O’Brien, S. McFarland, J. Kealy, B. Pullela, A. Saunders, J. Cullen, W. and Meagher, D. 2012. A randomized-controlled trial of intensive case management emphasizing the recovery model among patients with severe and enduring mental illness. Irish Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 181, Issue. 3, p. 301.
    Belvederi Murri, Martino Pariante, Carmine M. Dazzan, Paola Hepgul, Nilay Papadopoulos, Andrew S. Zunszain, Patricia Di Forti, Marta Murray, Robin M. and Mondelli, Valeria 2012. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and clinical symptoms in first-episode psychosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Vol. 37, Issue. 5, p. 629.
    Świtaj, Piotr Anczewska, Marta Chrostek, Anna Sabariego, Carla Cieza, Alarcos Bickenbach, Jerome and Chatterji, Somnath 2012. Disability and schizophrenia: a systematic review of experienced psychosocial difficulties. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 12, Issue. 1,
    Rossi, Giuseppe Frediani, Sonia Rossi, Roberta and Rossi, Andrea 2012. Long-acting antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia: use in daily practice from naturalistic observations. BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 12, Issue. 1,
    Kortrijk, Hans E. Mulder, Cornelis L. van der Gaag, Mark and Wiersma, Durk 2012. Symptomatic and functional remission and its associations with quality of life in patients with psychotic disorder in Assertive Community Treatment teams. Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 53, Issue. 8, p. 1174.
    Lyne, John P. Kinsella, Anthony and O’Donoghue, Brian 2012. Can we combine symptom scales for collaborative research projects?. Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 46, Issue. 2, p. 233.
    Faries, Douglas Ascher-Svanum, Haya Phillips, Glenn Nyhuis, Allen W Sugihara, Tomoko Stauffer, Virginia and Kinon, Bruce J 2012. Construct validity of 2 measures to assess reasons for antipsychotic discontinuation and continuation from patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives in a clinical trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology, Vol. 12, Issue. 1,
    Taha, Nur Akmar Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham Rahman, Ab Fatah Shafie, Asrul Akmal and Rahman, Abdul Hamid 2012. Validation of the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision 4 among Chronic Schizophrenia Patients in Malaysia. Value in Health Regional Issues, Vol. 1, Issue. 1, p. 82.
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