Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T12:16:23.965Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sexual Morphology, Reproduction and the Evolution of Bioluminescence in Ostracoda

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2017

Anne C. Cohen  and
James G. Morin
Anne C. Cohen
Affiliation:
Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA [mailing address: Bodega Marine Lab, P.O. Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA 94923]
James G. Morin
Affiliation:
Shoals Marine Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 14853
Get access

Abstract

A broad array of the highly variable morphological characters available in Ostracoda were used (1) to construct a new tabular key to the families of the subclass Myodocopa (and to differentiate the Myodocopa from the Podocopa), and (2) to explore the evolution of bioluminescence in the myodocopid family Cypridinidae. Results of a cladistic analysis of the Cypridinidae strongly support a single origin of bioluminescence within the family; a single clade contains at least 64 species known to luminesce (not all described). Furthermore, within that large clade, complex bioluminescent mating displays were confined by the analysis to a single clade of exclusively Caribbean cypridinids, though that result was unresolved by bootstrap analysis.

Chemically different bioluminescence occurs convergently in two ostracode groups; it is produced within carapace glands of certain Halocypridina, but it is produced and extruded from the upper lips of many cypridinid Myodocopida and serves as an antipredatory behavior in both groups. Additionally at least 60 cypridinid species also produce spectacular and complex species-specific male mating displays nightly in the Caribbean Sea. The cladistic analysis using 58 morphological characters of 44 taxonomic units (24 described genera of Cypridinidae, 11 individual species assigned to the genus Vargula, six groups of bioluminescent signalling Caribbean species (many undescribed), the Cylindroleberididae, and the Philomedidae) was performed using PAUP with the parsimony criterion. Twenty-five of the characters were previously underutilized characters of the complex upper lip and large male copulatory limbs discovered through dissection and SEM. These proved especially valuable, but characters of all other limbs were also included.

The Cypridinidae was confirmed as a monophyletic taxon with several well-supported subclades in addition to the large bioluminescent one. Skogsbergia, which apparently uses an antennular fan of iridescent blue filaments in courtship (Parker, 1997) belongs to a clade with five other cypridinid genera, including the four that have a similar fan. The genus Vargula was determined to be a polyphyletic assemblage. New genera will be established for former Vargula species including: “V.” tubulata, “V.” hilgendorfii, “V.” tsujii and all bioluminescent signaling species. Similar problems may exist for other large cypridinid genera, and clearer resolution of generic definitions might possibly reveal more significant patterns of geographic distribution within the family.

Most characters of the carapace were found to be too convergent to be useful. Though carapace characters are diagnostic for some ostracode taxa, most should not be used by themselves to identify ostracodes with certainty. General aspects of reproduction are also reviewed.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Paleontological Society Papers , Volume 9: Bridging the Gap: Trends in the Ostracode Biological and Geological Sciences , November 2003 , pp. 37 - 70
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 by The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angel, M. V. 1972. Planktonic oceanographic ostracods - historical, present and future. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburough (B), 73:219–228.Google Scholar
Bate, , 1972. Phosphatised ostracods with appendages from the lower Cretaceous of Brasil. Paleontology, 15:379–393.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. and Herring, P. 1990. Imidazolopyrazine bioluminescence in copepods and other marine organisms. Marine Biology, 104:219–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coates, A. G. and Obando, J. 1996. The geologic evolution of the Central American Isthmus, p. 31–56, In Jackson, J., Budd, A., and Coates, A. G. (eds.), Evolution and Environment in Tropical America. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. C. 1983. Rearing and postembryonic development of the myodocopid ostracode Skogsbergia lerneri from coral reefs of Belize and the Bahamas. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 3:235–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A. C., Kornicker, L. S. and Iliffe, T. M. 2000. Jimmorinia, a New Genus of Myodocopid Ostracoda (Cypridinidae) with Two New Species from the Bahamas, Jamaica, Honduras and San Blas Islands, Panama, Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 605:1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A. C., Martin, J. W., and Kornicker, L. S. 1998. Homology of Holocene ostracode biramous appendages with those of other crustaceans: the protopod, epipod, exopod and endopod. Lethaia, 31:251–265.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. C. and Morin, J. G. 1986. Three new luminescent ostracodes of the genus Vargula from the San Blas region of Panama. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 373:1–23.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. C. and Morin, J. G. 1989. Six new luminescent ostracodes of the genus Vargula (Myodocopida, Cypridinidae) from the San Blas region of Panama. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 9:297–340.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. C. and Morin, J. G. 1990a. Patterns of reproduction in ostracodes; a review. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 10:84–211.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. C. and Morin, J. G. 1990b. Morphological relationships of bioluminescent Caribbean species of Vargula (Myodocopa), 381–400. In Whatley, R. and Maybury, C. (eds.), Ostracoda and Global Events, Chapman and Hall, New York.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. and Morin, J. G. 1993. The cypridinid copulatory limb and a new genus Kornickeria (Ostracoda: Myodocopida) and four new species of bioluminescent ostracodes from the Caribbean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 108:23–84.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. C. and Morin, J. G. 1997. External Anatomy of the Female Genital (Eighth) Limbs and the Setose Openings in Myodocopid Ostracodes (Cypridinidae). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), 78:85–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniel, A. and Jothinayagam, J. T. 1979. Observations on nocturnal swarming of the planktonic ostracod Cypridina dentata (Müller) for mating in the northern Arabian Sea. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 2:25–28.Google Scholar
Hanai, T., Ikeya, N., Ishizaki, K., Sekiguchi, Y., and Yajima, M. 1977. Checklist of Ostracoda from Japan and its adjacent seas. Bulletin of the University Museum, University of Tokyo, 12:1–110.Google Scholar
Hanai, T., Ikeya, N., Ishizaki, K., and Yajima, M. 1980. Checklist of Ostracoda from southeast Asia. Bulletin of the University Museum, University of Tokyo, 17:1–236.Google Scholar
Harvey, E. N. 1952. Bioluminescence. Academic Press, New York, 649 p.Google Scholar
Hastings, J. W. 1983. Biological diversity, chemical mechanisms, and the evolutionary origins of bioluminescent systems. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 19:309–321.Google Scholar
Herring, P. J. and Horsman, P. 1985. Phosphorescent wheels: fact or fiction? The Marine Observer, 55:194–201.Google Scholar
Hastings, J. and Morin, J. 1991. Bioluminescence, p. 131–170 In Prosser, C. L. (ed.), Neural and Integrative Animal Physiology. Wiley-Liss, Inc.Google Scholar
Horne, D. J. 1983. Life-cycles of podocopid Ostracoda - a review (with particular reference to marine and brackish-water species), p. 581–590 In Maddocks, R. (ed), Applications of Ostracoda, Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Ostracoda July 26-29, 1982, University of Houston, Houston.Google Scholar
Horne, D.J., Cohen, A. and Martens, K. 2002. Taxonomy, morphology and biology of Quaternary and Living Ostracoda, p. 5–36. In Holmes, J. and Chivas, A. (eds.), The Ostracoda: Applications in Quaternary Research. Geophysical Monograph Series, 131.Google Scholar
Horne, D. J., Danielopol, D. L. and Martens, K. 1998. Reproductive behaviour, p. 197–195 In Martens, K. (ed.), Sex and Parthenogenesis. Backhuys, Leiden.Google Scholar
Hou, X-g., Siveter, D. J., Williams, M., Walossek, D. and Bergström, J. 1996. Appendages of the arthropod Kummingella from the early Cambrian of China: its bearing on the systematic position of the Bradoiiida and the fossil record of the Ostracoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 351:1131–1145.Google Scholar
Huvard, A. L. 1990. The ultrastructure of the compound eye of two species of marine ostracodes (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Cypridinidae). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), 71:217–223.Google Scholar
Huvard, A. L. 1993. Ultrastructure of the light organ and immunocytochemistry of luciferase localization in luminescent marine ostracodes (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Cypridinidae). Journal of Morphology 218:181–193.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1975. Antarctic Ostracoda (Myodocopina). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 163:1–720.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L., Wirsing, S. and McManus, M. 1976. Biological studies of the Bermuda Ocean Acre: planktonic Ostracoda. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 223:1–34.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1981. Revision, distribution, ecology, and ontogeny of the ostracode subfamily Cyclasteropinae (Myodocopina: Cylindroleberididae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 319:1–548.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1992. Myodocopid Ostracoda of the BenthéSdi Expedition, 1977, to the NE Mozambique Channel, Indian Ocean. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 531:1–243.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1994. Ostracoda (Myodocopina) of the SE Australian continental slope, part 1. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 553:1–200.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. and Iliffe, T. M. 1989. Ostracoda (Myodocopina, Cladocopina, Halocypridina) mainly from anchialine caves in Bermuda. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 475:1–88.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. and King, C. E. 1965. A new species of luminescent Ostracoda from Jamaica, West Indies. Micropaleontology, 11:105–110.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. and Sohn, I. G. 1976. Phylogeny, ontogeny, and morphology of living and fossil Thaumatocypridacea (Myodocopa: Ostacoda). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 21:1–124.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. and Sohn, I. G. 2000. Myodocopid Ostracoda from the Late Permian of Greece and a basic classification for Paleozoic and Mesozoic Myodocopida. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 91:1–33.Google Scholar
Maddison, W. P. and Maddison, D. R. 2001. MacClade: Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution, version 4.03. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Martens, K. 1998. General morphology of nonmarine ostracods, p. 57–75. In Martens, K. (ed.), Sex and Parthenogenesis. Evolutionary ecology of reproductive modes in nonmarine ostracods. Backhuys Publ., Leiden.Google Scholar
Martens, K., Horne, D. J. and Griffiths, H. I. 1998. Age and diversity of nonmarine ostracods. pp. 37–55. In Martens, K. (ed.), Sex and Parthenogenesis. Evolutionary ecology of reproductive modes in nonmarine ostracods. Backhuys Publ., Leiden.Google Scholar
Morin, J. G. 1986. “Firefleas” of the sea: Luminescent signaling in marine ostracode crustaceans. Florida Entomologist, 69:105–121.Google Scholar
Morin, J. G. and Bermingham, E. L. 1980. Bioluminescent patterns in a tropical ostracod. American Zoologist, 20:851. (Abstract).Google Scholar
Morin, J. G. and Cohen, A. C. 1988. Two new luminescent ostracodes of the genus Vargula (Myodocopida, Cypridinidae) from the San Blas region of Panama. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 8:620–638.Google Scholar
Morin, J. G. and Cohen, A. C. 1991. Bioluminescent displays, courtship, and reproduction in ostracodes, p. 1–16 In Bauer, R. and Martin, J. (eds.), Crustacean Sexual Biology. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Oakley, T. H. In press. Myodocopa (Crustacea:Ostracoda) as models for evolutionary studies of light and vision: Multiple origins of bioluminescence and extreme sexual dimorphism. Hydrobiologia.Google Scholar
Oakley, T. H. and Cunningham, C. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the independent evolutionary origin of an arthropod compound eye. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99:1426–1430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okada, Y. and Kato, K. 1949. Studies on luminous animals in Japan. III. Preliminary report on the life history of Cypridina hilgendorfii . Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 14:21–25.Google Scholar
Parker, A R. 1997. Mating in Myodocopina (Crustacea: Ostracoda): Results from video recordings of a highly iridescent cypridinid. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 77:1223–1226.Google Scholar
Parker, A R. 1998. A new species of Australian bioluminescent ostracod (Myodocopina: Cypridinidae) with an unreported iridescent structure. Journal of Natural History, 32:645–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulsen, E. M. 1962. Ostracoda-Myodocopa.l: Cypridiniformes-Cypridinidae. Dana Report, 57:1–414.Google Scholar
Siveter, D. J., Vannier, J. M. C. and Palmer, D. 1987. Silurian myodocopid ostracodes: their depositional environments and the origin of their shell microstructures. Palaeontology, 30:783–813.Google Scholar
Skogsberg, T. 1920. Studies on marine ostracodes, 1: Cypridinids, halocyprids, and polycopids. Zoologiske Bidrag från Uppsala, suppl. 1:1–784.Google Scholar
Sohn, I. G. and Kornicker, L. S. 1998. Ostracoda from the Late Permian of Greece (Thaumatocyprididae and Polycopidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 87:1–34.Google Scholar
Spears, T. and Abele, L. G. 1998. Crustacean phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, 169-187. In Fortey, R. A. and Thomas, R. H. (eds.), Arthropod Relationships. Systematics Association Special Volume, 55. Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
Swofford, D.L. 2002. PAUP: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, version 4.03. Sinauer Assoc., Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Tsuji, F. I., Lynch, R. V. III and Haneda, Y. 1970. Studies on the bioluminescence of the marine ostracod crustacean Cypridina serrata . Biological Bulletin, 139:386–401.Google Scholar
Tsukagoshi, A. and Parker, A. 2000. Trunk segmentation of some podocopine lineages in Ostracoda. Hydrobiologia, 419:15–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitschat, W. 1983a. Ostracoden (O. Myodocopida) mit Weichkorper-Erhaltung aus der Unter-Trias von Spitzbergen. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift, 57:314–322.Google Scholar
Weitschat, W. 1983b. On Triadocypris spitzbergensis Weitschat. Stereo Atlas of Ostracod Shells, 10:127–138.Google Scholar
Wilson, C. B. 1913. Crustacean parasites of West Indian fishes and land crabs, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44:189–277.Google Scholar
Wingstrand, K. G. 1988. Comparative spermatology of the Crustacea Entomostraca. 2. Subclass Ostracoda. Biologiske Skrifter, 32:1–149.Google Scholar