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The Venetian Mainland State in the Fifteenth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2009

John E. Law
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Extract

On 15 April 1483, the young Venetian noble Marino Sanudo set out on a tour of the stato di terra, the Republic's mainland state, with his cousin Marco and two other Venetian patricians. Marco and his colleagues were travelling in an official capacity as auditori nuovi and syndics of the Venetian government, dispatched to hear appeals from the Republic's subjects, and to investigate the conduct of resident officials. Marino had no such responsibilities, but he left an account of his experiences in the work known as the Itinerario con i Sindaci di Terrferma.

Type
Multiple Kingdoms and Provinces
Information
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , Volume 2 , December 1992 , pp. 153 - 174
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1992

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References

1 Throughout my references are to the edition by Brown, Rawdon, entitled Itinerario di Marino Sanuto per la Terrqferma Veneziana nell'anno 1483 (Padua, 1847)Google Scholar. For the place of the work in Sanudo's, career, Diarii di Marino Sanudo, eds. Fulin, R. et al. (58 vols, Venice, 1879–1902), I, 14–21Google Scholar; De Origins, Situ et Magistratibus Urbis Venetae ovvero La Città di Venetia, ed. Aricò, A.Caracciolò (Milan, 1980), IX–XVIIGoogle Scholar.

2 Venice had held the Polesine as security for a loan to the Este from 1395 to 1438. Sanudo alludes to this when he mentions that ‘questo Polexene altre volte fu veneto’ and that Bernardo Venier had been podestà of Lendinara, a town that returned to Venetian rule on 19 August 1482, Itinerario, 43; Cessi, B., Venezia e Padova e il Polesine di Rovigo (Città di Castello, 1904)Google Scholar; Labalme, P. H., Bernardo Giustiniani. A Venetian of the Quattrocento (Rome, 1969), 206–212Google Scholar. The war was ended by the Treaty of Bagnolo of 7 April 1484.

3 The best recent study of Venetian history in the period, taking proper account of the stato di terra is Cozzi, G. and Knapton, M., Storia della Repubblica di Venezia della Guerra di Chioggia alla Rinconquista della Terraferma (Turin, 1986; XII/I of the UTET Storia d'Italia directed by G. Galasso)Google Scholar.

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7 E.g. the siege of Brescia (1438–41) or the transportation of war galleys from the Adige to the Lago di Garda in 1439, Itinerario, 70, 93.

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11 Sum Leo quo nullus possedit latius orbe/Imperium: paret terra fretumque mihi,/Et justiciam facio: caveat sibi quisque malorum;/Uliscor scelera qui secat ense meo. The other was: Securi dormite omnes; custodiet urbem/Pervigit hanc, cives, aliger ipse Leo. Itinerario, 94.

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18 Itinerario, 21, 43–4, 73, 83, 97–9.

19 Sanudo includes a poem celebrating Boccardo's marriage on 22 June 1483 at Salò in the Bresciano. Later he describes studying antique inscriptions in his company at Aquileia, , Itinerario, 15, 17, 87, 145Google Scholar.

20 Itinerario, 23.

21 Itinerario, 14.

22 Itinerario, 22–3.

23 Itinerario, 130.

24 Riva had once been held by the counts. An outlawed member of die dynasty married to a Venetian lived at Riva under die Republic's protection, Itinerario, 91–2.

25 Itinerario, 115.

26 Itinerario, 138.

27 Itinerario, 157.

28 Above n. 1.

29 Law, J. E., ‘Verona e il dominio veneziano: gli inizi’, in Il Primo Dominio Veneziano a Verona (Verona, Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, 1991), 17Google Scholar. C. C. Lopez has observed that Renaissance commentators showed little interest in the office of the auditori nuovi, ‘Gli auditori nuovi e il dominio di terraferma’, in Stato, Società e Giustizia nella Repubblica Veneta, ed. Cozzi, G., I (Rome, 1980), 261–2Google Scholar.

30 The oration is published in Molin, G. A., Orazioni, Elogi e Vite Scritte da Litterati Veneti Patrizii in Lodo di Dogi ed altri Illustri Soggetti (Venice, 1795–1796), 21–59Google Scholar. For commentary, Labalme, , Bernardo Giustiniani, 112–124Google Scholar.

31 Paolo Morosini, ‘Defensio Venetorum ad Europae principes contra obtrectatores’ and ‘De rebus et forma reipublicae venetae’, both published by Valentinelli, J. in Bibliotheca Manuscripta ad S. Marci Venetiarum, III (Venice, 1870), esp. 218–227 and 238–241Google Scholar.

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33 Published at Treviso, probably in 1492.

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36 Mazzacane, , ‘Giuristi veneti’, 622–650Google Scholar.

37 First published in 1543 and translated as The Commonwealth and Government of Venice by Lewkenor, Lewis (London, 1599)Google Scholar. References to the auditori nuovi are in bk IV and to the terraferma in bk V.

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42 Tenenti, , ‘Space and time’, 25–6Google Scholar; Cervelli, , Machiavelli, 331Google Scholar. This may also help to explain why the study of the stato di terra remained until relatively recently a Cinderella subject in Venetian studies, Ventura, A., introduction to ‘Dentro lo “Stado Italico”. Venezia e la Terraferma fra quattro e seicento’, Civis, eds. Gracco, G. and Knapton, M., 8 (1984), 165–175Google Scholar; Grubb, ‘Myths lose power’.

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44 I have tried to explore these issues in ‘Venice and the problem of sovereignty’, and in ‘A new frontier: Venice and the Trentino in the early fifteenth century’, Atti della Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati, ser. VI, 28 (1990), 159–180Google Scholar.

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46 Law, ‘New frontier’. Caution had also characterised Venetian policy before the acquisition of Treviso in 1339, Knapton, M., ‘Venezia e Treviso nel trecento: proposte per une ricerca sul primo dominio veneziano a Treviso’, in Tomaso da Modena e il suo Tempo (Treviso, 1980), 46Google Scholar.

47 For much of what follows, I am indebted to the work of Ippolito, A. Menniti: ‘Milano e Venezia nel bresciano nel primo ‘400’, Studi Veneziani, n.s., 8 (1984), 37–76Google Scholar; ‘La dedizionee e lo stato regionale. Osservazioni sul caso veneto’, Archivio Veneto (AV), ser. v, 162 (1986), 5–30Google Scholar; ‘La “fedeltà” vincentina e Venezia. La dedizione del 1404’, in Storia di Vicenza, eds. Barbieri, F. and Prodi, P., III/I (Vicenza, 1989), 29–43Google Scholar; ‘La dedizione di Brescia a Milano (1421) e a Venezia (1427): città suddite e distretto nello stato regionale’, in Stato, nella Repubblica Veneta, II, 17–58.

48 Law, J. E., ‘Verona and the Venetian state in the fifteenth century’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, LII (1979), 14Google Scholar.

49 Grubb, J. S., Firstborn of Venice. Vicenza in the Early Renaissance State (Baltimore and London, 1988), 17Google Scholar; Itinerario, 45.

50 Labalme, , Bernardo Giustiniani, 117–122, 169, 280–2Google Scholar; Ippolito, Menniti, ‘Le dedizioni’, 10Google Scholar; Ventura, ‘Scrittori politici’, 543Google Scholar; Grubb, , Vicenza, 15Google Scholar.

51 E.g. the Este, and the della Scala, , Itinerario, 39Google Scholar; 46, 57, 60, 97, 104.

52 Rota, S., ‘La politica di Venezia nei confronti del territorio bergamasco nel primo secolo di dominazione’, in Bergamo Terra di S. Marco, 2, Venezia e le Istituzioni di Terraferma (Bergamo, 1988), 71–2Google Scholar.

53 ‘Chronicon Mantuanum’, in Rerum Italicorum Scriptores, ed. Muratori, L. A., 24 (Milan, 1737). col. 1239Google Scholar.

54 Law, ‘Problem of sovereignty’, 138–143Google Scholar. Sanudo justified taking Este in the Padovano in these terms, Itinerario, 29. More rarely, purchase could be cited as justification, Morosini, , ‘Defensio’, 220–1, 226Google Scholar and ‘De Rebus’, 239.

55 Verci, G. B., Storia della Marca Trivigiana e Veronese (20 vols, Venice, 1789–1791), XVIII, documents, 79Google Scholar.

56 Law, , ‘Verona and the Venetian state’, 11–12Google Scholar.

57 E.g. the proemium to the Veronese statutes of 1450. More generally, Gaeta, F., ‘L'Idea di Venezia’, SCV, 3/III (Vicenza, 1981), 590–1Google Scholar; Avesani, R., ‘Verona nel quattrocento. La civiltà delle lettere’, in Verona e il suo Territorio, IV/III (Verona, Istituto Storico Veronese, 1984), 99–105, 185Google Scholar.

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60 As with the cult of San Zeno in Verona, Avesani, , ‘Civiltà delle lettere’, 96–100Google Scholar.

61 di Venezia, Archivio di Stato (ASVen), Consiglio dei Dieci (X), ‘Misti’, reg. 8, 126vGoogle Scholar; Senato, ‘Secreta’, reg. 2, 179v and ‘Misti’, reg. 48, 641. I am indebted to Benjamin Kohl for information on this subject.

62 Law, J. E., ‘Venice, Verona and the della Scala after 1405’, Atti e Memorie della Accademia di Verona, ser. VI, 29 (1977–1978), 157–185Google Scholar.

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65 Though on 28 March 1409 rettori were banned from displaying their arms in subject cities, ASVen, Senato, ‘Misti’, reg. 48, 64r; Grubb, , Vicenza, 156Google Scholar.

66 ASVen, X, ‘Misti’, reg. 9, 121v; Law, , ‘Verona and the Venetian state’, 14Google Scholar.

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68 Itinerario, 25.

69 Queller, D., Early Venetian Legislation on Ambassadors (Geneva, 1966), 55Google Scholar; Labalme, , Bernardo Giustiniani, 224Google Scholar.

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72 Ippolito, Menotti, ‘Le dedizioni’, 15–16Google Scholar; Gaeta, , ‘L'Idea di Venezia’, 588–9, 637Google Scholar; Grubb, , Vicenza, 16, 27Google Scholar.

73 Law, , ‘A new frontier’, 164Google Scholar; Cozzi, in Storia della Repubblica di Venezia, 38–9Google Scholar.

74 Law, , ‘Verona and the Venetian state’, 10–11Google Scholar.

75 Grubb, , Vicenza, 41Google Scholar.

76 Da Mosto, , Dogi, 330Google Scholar. As Nicolai Rubinstein has pointed out, the adoption of the word ‘empire’ could have proved politically embarrassing for Venice, , ‘Italian reactions’, 201–6Google Scholar.

77 Law, , ‘Verona and the Venetian state’, 9Google Scholar.

78 Knapton, , ‘Venezia e Treviso’, 46Google Scholar.

79 Mazzacane, ‘Giuristi veneti’.

80 Law, , ‘Verona and the Venetian state’, 14–5Google Scholar; but see above all the work of Menniti Ippolito, above n. 47.

81 Berengo, M., ‘Il governo veneziano a Ravenna’ in Ravenna in Età Veneziana, ed. Bolognesi, D., (Ravenna, 1986), 31–2Google Scholar.

82 Ippolito, Menniti, ‘Le dedizioni’, 28–9Google Scholar; Mazzacane, , ‘Giuristi veneti’, 586fGoogle Scholar.

83 Grubb, , Vicenza, 8–13Google Scholar. For instances of Verona trying to broaden the scope of its golden bull, di Verona, Archivio di Stato (ASVer), Antico Archivio di Commune (AAC), reg. 60, 25v–26r (1450)Google Scholar; Law, , ‘Verona and the Venetian state’, 15 (1475)Google Scholar.

84 Berengo, , ‘Governo veneziano’, 31–2Google Scholar.

85 Grubb, , Vicenza, 8–13Google Scholar.

86 The nomenclature of the five savi di terraferma, an office created to advise the Senate on mainland matters, took time to settle down. On 2 June 1423 their responsibilities were described as being ‘super factis Patrie Forojulii et aliarum terrarum et locorum de novo acquisitorum’, ASVen, Senato, ‘Misti’, reg. 54, 78r. On outlawry, Senato, ‘Misti’, reg. 57, 82r; ASVer, AAC, reg. 10, 47r–v, 51V; Grubb, , Vicenza, 103, 106–7, '65, 174–5Google Scholar.

87 Law, J. E., ‘The Commune of Verona under Venetian Rule’ (D. Phil, thesis, University of Oxford, 1974), 101–132Google Scholar; Grubb, J. S., ‘Alia ricerca delle prerogative locali: la cittadinanza a Vicenza 1404–1500’, ‘“Stado Italico”’, 177–192Google Scholar; Ippolito, Menniti, ‘Dedizioni di Brescia’, 46–7Google Scholar; Berengo, , ‘Governo veneziano’, 54–5, 59Google Scholar.

88 Verci, , Storia, XLX, documenti, 5Google Scholar; Grubb, , Vicenza, 176–7Google Scholar. This policy helps to explain the loyalty of such communities to Venice in the War of the League of Cambrai, Cervelli, , Machiavelli, 53Google Scholar.

89 Ferraro, J. M., ‘Feudal patrician investments in the Bresciano and the politics of the estimo’, Studi Veneziani, n.s., 7 (1983), 31–2Google Scholar; Scarabello, G., ‘La Repubblica di Venezia: Signoria di uno Stato o di una Città?’, in Venezia e le Istituzioni di Terraferma, 27Google Scholar.

90 Law, , Commune of Verona, 157–163Google Scholar; Grubb, , Vicenza, 64Google Scholar.

91 Itinerario, 105–6.

92 Decentralisation at the expense of the authority of Treviso had been a feature of Venetian rule in the Trevigiano in the fourteenth century, Knapton, , ‘Venezia e Treviso’, 49Google Scholar.

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95 ASVen., Senato, ‘Misti’, reg. 48. 41v; reg. 57, 13r; ASVer, AAC, reg. 52, 8r–v.

96 Scroccaro, C., ‘Dalla corrispondenza dei legati veronesi: aspetti delle istituzioni veneziane nel secolo quattrocento’, Nuova Rivista Storica, 70 (1986), 625–636Google Scholar.

97 Itinerario, 97–8, 103; Law, , Commune of Verona, 87–99Google Scholar.

98 Grubb, , ‘La cittadinanza’, 179–80Google Scholar; Vicenza, 22, 173; Rota, , ‘Politica veneziana’, 76Google Scholar.

99 Knapton, M., ‘Le istituzioni centrali per l'amministrazione e il controllo della terraferma’, in Venezia e le Istituzioni di Terraferma, 35–56Google Scholar.

100 Lopez, ‘Auditori nuovi’.

101 ASVen, Senato, ‘Misti’ reg. 53, 100v.

102 Knapton, M., ‘Il Consiglio dei Died nel governo di terraferma’, in Venezia e la Terraferma attraverso le relazioni dei Rettori (Milan, 1981), 237–260Google Scholar.

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104 Mallett, M. E., in Mallett, and Hale, J. R., The Military Organisation of a Renaissance State (Cambridge, 1984), 101–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

105 Only in the Trentino did Sanudo complain about the roads, Itinerario, 92–3.

106 ASVen, Senato, ‘Misti’, reg. 48, 41v; Avogaria del Comune, ‘Lettere’, reg. 166/2; ASVer, AAC, reg. 52, 8r–v, reg. 56, 110r.

107 Cozzi, , ‘Ambiente veneziano’, 498, 501Google Scholar.

108 Itinerario, 60, 117, 129.

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114 Itinerario, 21, 157.

115 ‘Capitolare’, 37V–39V and passim; Grubb, , Vicenza, 110–2, 147–8Google Scholar. The auditori nuovi were not the only guilty parties in this regard. Complaints on similar grounds were addressed by the councils of Verona to the Council of Ten (20 November 1452) and the avogari (26 January 1455), ASVer, AAC, reg. 60, 161v–162r.

116 De Origine, Situ et Magistratibus, 126–7, 259–60.

117 Itinerario, 157; Scroccaro, ‘Dalla corrispondenza’.

118 It was only in 1492 that the auditori were instructed to keep detailed records of their decisions, Lopez, , ‘Auditori nuovi’, 289–90Google Scholar.

119 P. S. Leicht suggested that from the fifteenth century Venetian practice Gradually became the ‘common law’ of the stato di terra, ‘Lo stato veneziano e il diritto comune’, in Miscellanea in Onore di Roberto Cessi (3 vols, Rome, 1958), I, 207Google Scholar. Recent studies would put the emphasis on ‘gradually’, e.g. Cozzi, G., ‘Considerazioni sull'amministrazione della giustizia della Repubblica di Venezia’, in Florence and Venice, eds. Bertelli, S. et al. , II (Florence, 1980), 105–7Google Scholar.

120 These observations are based on the collections of ducali and other letters in registers 9 to 11 of the Antico Archivio di Comun of the Archivio di Stato of Verona.

121 From chapter 137 of the second book of the statutes of Verona.

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