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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
The Whig interpretations of the English Constitution based on the doctrine of executive responsibility to Parliament, as established by the Revolution of 1688 and Locke's vindication of that event, were crystallised and defined by eighteenth-century political practice, eulogised and expounded by Montesquieu and Blackstone, and asserted and elaborated by Junius and Burke. But they were subjected to criticism at least two decades before the Revolution in France stimulated political speculation and inspired demands for reform. Long before the outburst of reforming enthusiasm expressed in the activities of the Revolution Society, the London Corresponding Society and the Society of Friends of the People, which was kindled by the opening episodes of the French Revolution, there was in England a well-established movement for parliamentary reform.
page 102 note 1 Parliamentary History, XVI, 753–4; Chatham Correspondence, III, 406–407Google Scholar.
page 102 note 2 Chatham Corr. III, 457.
page 102 note 3 Grenville Papers, IV, 534 (Apr. 17, 1771); Chatham Corr. IV, 155 (Apr. 18, 1771).
FitzMaurice's Shelburne, II, p. 223 (Feb. 25, 1771); Chatham Corr. IV, 146–8 (Apr. 9, 1771).
page 103 note 1 Wyvill Papers, I, i (2) (Dec. 30, 1779).
page 103 note 2 W.P. I, i. 9 (Jan. 21, 1780).
page 103 note 3 W.P. I, iii. 3.
page 103 note 4 W.P. I, iii.
page 103 note 5 W.P. I, iv. 5.
page 103 note 6 W.P. I, iv. 6.
page 104 note 1 W.P. I, v. 8.
page 104 note 2 Parl. Hist. XXII, 1422.
page 104 note 3 W.P. IX, xi. i.
page 104 note 4 At this time Wyvill and some of the Yorkshire reformers circularised the associated counties and towns with a view to gaining support for a more detailed petition, asking for the specific reforms outlined in the “Form of Association,” and making a new departure in demanding the abolition of fifty rotten boroughs (W.P. II, ix. 3). However, as the suggestion did not meet with unanimous approval, it was abandoned, and Yorkshire petitioned “in general terms,” adding their detailed demands in the form of resolutions only (W.P. II, ix. 8 and 9).
page 104 note 6 Parl. Hist. XXIII, 834. Pitt brought forward three resolutions for the limitation of bribery; the disfranchisement of rotten boroughs and the addition of representatives to the Counties and the Metropolis.
page 104 note 7 Parl. Hist. XXV, 438. Pitt's Bill appears to have attempted to disfranchise thirty-six rotten boroughs by purchase, the members being given to the Counties, London, and the great unrepresented towns. W.P. II, Appendix I.
page 104 note 8 W.P. II. xv. 1 and 2; ibid., II, xiii. 9.
page 104 note 9 Parl. Hist. XXVIII, 454–60, March, 1790. W.P. II, 536.
page 104 note 10 Parl. Hist. XXIX, 1300 et seq., 1792.
page 105 note 1 Memoirs of Home Tooke (Stephens, ), I, p. 175Google Scholar. Annual Register, 1771. Chronicle, 93–4. Apr. 9, 1771.
page 105 note 2 Memoirs of H. T. I, pp. 164–6; Woodfall's Public Advertiser, June 13, 1771; July 25, 1771.
page 105 note 3 Declaration of the People's Natural Right to a Share in the Legislature, 1774.
page 105 note 4 Life and Correspondence of Cartwright, I, p. 82Google Scholar.
page 105 note 5 Wilkes proposed to give a vote to every free agent; to disfranchise the rotten boroughs; to give additional members to populous cities, and to shorten the duration of Parliament (Parl. Hist. XVIII, 1287–97).
page 106 note 1 Part. Hist. XXI, 686–8. Richmond proposed universal suffrage and annual parliaments.
page 106 note 2 W.P. I, v. 12.
page 106 note 3 W.P. I, v. 18.
page 106 note 4 W.P. IV, xxxii. 7; and IV, xli. 3–9.
page 106 note 5 W.P. IV, xxxv. 13.
page 106 note 6 Life and Correspondence of Cartwright, I, p. 120 (1778)Google Scholar.
page 106 note 8 Proceedings, 1780–2. B.M. E.2101 (13).
page 106 note 9 Life and Corr. of Cartwright, I, p. 162Google Scholar. 3rd Address of S.C.I.
page 106 note 10 Life and Corr. of Cartwright, I, p. 178Google Scholar.
page 107 note 1 W.P. IV, xxxvi. 5 and 6.
page 107 note 2 W.P. IV, xxxvi. 5; IV, xli. 8. Life of Cartwright, I, p. 162Google Scholar.
page 107 note 3 Daniels, , Early English Cotton Industry, 1920, pp. 66 and 72Google Scholar.
page 107 note 4 Invented by John Kay, of Bury, in 1733—Espinasse, , Lancashire Worthies, 1874, p. 311Google Scholar.
page 107 note 5 Daniels, op. cit., p. 73; Ogden, , Description of Manchester, p. 89Google Scholar, says that the flying shuttle was in general use in Manchester in 1783.
page 107 note 6 Invented in 1760 (Guest, , Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture, p. 9)Google Scholar.
page 107 note 7 Patented in 1748 (French, , Life and Times of Crompton, p. 266)Google Scholar.
page 107 note 8 Kennedy, , Brief Memoir of Crompton, p. 329Google Scholar.
page 107 note 9 Arkwright's actions in defence of his patents and the opposition thus aroused afford evidence of the widespread use of the water frame at the beginning of the next decade.
page 107 note 10 Report of the Committee of the House of Commons on the Cotton Industry in 1780 states that the smaller “jennies” were in general use at that date (C.J., XXXVII, 925; Daniels, op. cit., pp. 93–6).
page 108 note 1 Daniels, op. cit., p. 91; C.J., XXXVII, 926. The average import of raw cotton increased from six and three-quarter million pounds for 1776–1780, to twenty-five and a half million pounds for 1786–1790 (Baines, , History of Cotton Man., pp. 346–347)Google Scholar.
page 108 note 2 Baines, , History of Lancaster, II, pp. 445 and 462Google Scholar.
page 108 note 3 According to contemporary estimates, based on a survey in 1757, enumerations in 1773 and 1788 and vital statistics, the population of Manchester and Salford trebled between 1757 and 1791, increasing from 19,839 in 1757 to 27,246 in 1733, to over 50,000 in 1788, to between 65,000 ana 74,000 in 1791 (Perceval, , Observations on the Population of Manchester, 1773, p. 1Google Scholar; another edition, 1774, p. 39; Further Observations, n.d., p. 63; Aikin, , Manchester, 1795, p. 157)Google Scholar. During this period there was a great expansion of the area of roads and streets in Manchester (Manchester Guide, 1804). Infirmaries, Asylums and similar public institutions were founded (Aston's, Picture of Manchester, 1816, pp. 116–119Google Scholar, 128, 134, 161–4, 175–6, 181–7, 194). Many additional places of worship were erected (ibid., pp. 70–102). Local Acts were obtained, and four local newspapers were begun (Manchester Historical Recorder).
page 108 note 4 Felkin's, History of Machine-Wrought Hosiery, pp. 88 and 102–14Google Scholar. Strutt's Derby Machine, invented 1758–9; and patents of Morris, 1763 and 1781; Crane, 1768; Else, 1770; Frost, 1769; Horton, 1771; Brockley, 1776; Ash, 1777; Holland, 1788–90. The number of hosiery looms in the three kingdoms in 1750 was 14,000, of which 10,000 were in the Midlands; in 1782 the number of looms was 20,000, 17,350 of which were in the three Midland Counties (ibid., pp. 76 and 117).
page 108 note 5 James, , History of Worsted Manufacture, pp. 258 and 304Google Scholar; Heaton, , Yorkshire Woollen and Worsted Industries (1920), pp. 259–270Google Scholar.
page 108 note 6 ibid., p. 270.
page 108 note 7 James, op. cit., p. 265.
page 108 note 8 Heaton, op. cit., p. 273.
page 108 note 9 Heaton, op. cit., pp. 278–9.
page 108 note 10 Lipson, , History of Woollen and Worsted Industries, 1921, pp. 142–143 and 182–3Google Scholar.
page 109 note 1 Heaton, op. cit., p. 279.
page 109 note 2 At Leeds, from the Bills of Mortality, it appears that the population was doubled between 1764 and 1790; between 1775 and 1801 the population was estimated as increasing from 17,117 to 53,102 (Aikin, op. cit., PP. 575–6 and p. 571; Enfield, , History of Liverpool, 1773, p. 25)Google Scholar. At Halifax the population was estimated as increasing from 41,220 in 1764 to between 55,000 and 60,000 in 1791–3 (Watson, , History of Town and Parish of Halifax, 1775, p. 146Google Scholar; Aikin, op. cit., p. 567). The number of births at Huddersfield doubled between 1760 and 1790 (Aikin, op. cit., pp. 553–4). The population of Sheffield was estimated by Aikin as 12,983 in 1755, 26,538 in 1788, over 30,000 in 1790, and over 45,920 in 1795 (Aikin, op. cit., p. 550).
page 109 note 3 For Leeds, see Baines, , Yorkshire Past and Present, II, pp. 151–152Google Scholar.
page 109 note 7 Baines, op. cit., p. 533.
page 109 note 8 A History of Liverpool, 1797, Sections III and IV.
page 109 note 9 Baines, , History of Liverpool, p. 469Google Scholar.
page 109 note 10 Enfield, , History of Liverpool, 1773, pp. 25–28Google Scholar, Aikin, op. cit., pp. 373–4; Eden, State of Poor, 1797, II, p. 327
page 110 note 1 Scrivenor, H., History of the Iron Trade, p. 356Google Scholar.
page 110 note 2 A. Young, Political Arithmetic, 1774; he estimated the population of Birmingham as 23,000 in 1750 and 30,000 in 1770.
page 110 note 3 Hutton, W., History of Birmingham, 1783, p. 41Google Scholar.
page 110 note 4 W.P. I, iii. 10 (Memorial of Deputies, March, 1780); W.P. I, vi. 8 (Resolutions of Deputies, March–April, 1781); W.P. II, ix. 3 (Circular Letter of York Committee, 1781); W.P. II, xi, 1. (Petition of 1783.)
page 110 note 5 W.P. IV, xxix. 2.
page 110 note 6 W.P. II, xvii. 1
page 110 note 7 Rockingham Memoirs, II, pp, 395–397Google Scholar.
page 110 note 9 W.P, I, ii. 12.
page 111 note 1 W.P. IV, xxxiii. 15.
page 111 note 2 See their hesitation to advocate the abolition of rotten boroughs on this account. W.P. IV, xxxiii. 4 (footnote).
page 111 note 3 W.P. IV, xxxiii. 2.
page 111 note 4 W.P. IV, xxxix. 12.
page 111 note 5 W.P. IV, xxxv. 1 and 2.
page 111 note 6 W.P. IV, xxix. 2.
page 111 note 7 W.P, II, xiv, 4.
page 111 note 8 W.P, II, Appendix I.
page 112 note 1 Political Disquisitions (1774), p. 27.
page 112 note 2 Part. Hist. XVIII, 1287–1297 (March 22, 1776).
page 112 note 3 Take Your Choice, 1777 ed., p. 39.
page 112 note 4 Kentish Gazette, Jan. 1st, 1780, letter signed “Salus Publica.”
page 112 note 5 W.P. I, v. 18.
page 112 note 6 Second Address of S.C.I., p. 9. See also Proceedings, May 30, 1783, and Political Reformation on a Large Scale, 1789 (Stone). Articles II, V, XVIII.
page 112 note 7 S.C.I. Proceedings, July 18, 1783.
page 112 note 8 Life and Correspondence of Cartwright, I, pp. 199–202Google Scholar.
page 113 note 1 W.P. IV, xxxixx. 12 (footnote). Dialogue on the Actual State of Parliament (1783), p. 22.
page 113 note 2 Annals of Manchester, 1763.
page 113 note 3 A Description of Manchester, Ogden (1783), pp. 93–4. See also Manchester Guide (1804), pp. 55–6 for a similar view.
page 113 note 4 Geo. Phillips, On the Necessity of a Speedy and Effectual Reform, p. 21; for similar views on the adverse effects of Parliamentary contests, see View of Real Grievances, 1772; General View of England, 1776, p. 28; Enquiry into the Management of the Poor (1767), p. 31.
page 113 note 5 Annals of Manchester, 1777.
page 113 note 6 Walpole, Horace, Last Journals, II, 89. Jan., 1778Google Scholar.
page 113 note 7 ibid., II, p. 469; Annals of Manchester, 1782.
page 114 note 1 W.P. II, x. 10.
page 114 note 2 Hutton, W., History of Birmingham (1783), p. 83 and p. 328Google Scholar.
page 114 note 3 Oldfield, , Representative History, V, 63–64Google Scholar.
page 114 note 4 W.P. IV, xxxix. 12.
page 114 note 5 See Addresses of loyalty on occasion of Wilkes' Election and at the outbreak of the war with the Colonies—Picton, Liverpool Municipal Records, II, and the success of recruiting at Liverpool. Walpole, , Last Journals, II, p. 89Google Scholar.
page 114 note 6 Collection of papers, etc., printed during contest for Borough of Liverpool, September, 1780.
page 114 note 7 Memorials of Fox, II. p. 359 (Burke to Fox, Sept. 9, 1789).
page 114 note 8 W.P. Ill, xx. 20; Leeds Intelligencer, Jan. 25, 1780.
page 115 note 1 Hutton, , History of Birmingham, pp. 65–66Google Scholar; Oldfield's, Representative History, V, 63–64Google Scholar.
page 115 note 2 W.P. I, v. 9. (Resolutions, May 2, 1780).
page 115 note 3 W.P. I, ii. 12.
page 115 note 4 W.P. IV, xxxvii. 9.
page 115 note 5 Leeds Intelligencer, Jan. 28, 1785.
page 115 note 6 Walker, , Review of Political Events, p. 5Google Scholar. He describes himself as a pupil of Wm. Burgh, author of Political Disquisitions
page 115 note 7 Public Advertiser, Sept. 11, 1760.
page 116 note 1 Part. Hist. XV, 469–512. Transactions of the Corporation of the Poor, Johnson (1826), p. 121.
page 116 note 2 FitzMaurice's Shelburne, II, p. 359 (1912 edition).
page 116 note 3 Walpole, , Last Journal, I, 310 (1774)Google Scholar; ibid., pp. 288, 299–309; II, 17.
page 116 note 4 General Smith, the son of a cheesemonger and successful Indian merchant, who corrupted the Hindon electors and was satirised as Nathaniel Mite in Foote's comedy, “ The Nabob,” was typical of this class of adventurer. Walpole, op. cit., I, 545–6 and 562; “ The Nabob ” was produced at the Haymarket on June 29, 1772.
page 116 note 5 Gentlemen's Magazine, Sept., 1774; see also Tucker, The Case of Going to War for the Sake of Procuring Trade (1763), p. 55, in which the loss of family boroughs to war profiteers was advanced as an argument against war.
page 116 note 6 In 1765 an attempt was made to set up a wealthy stocking-maker as a rival to the Dean's candidate at Wells. Letter to a Great Man in the City of Wells by a Stoching-maker, 1765.
page 117 note 1 In 1768 a rich lace-manufacturer opposed Lord Verney's interest at Wendover. Oldfield, , Rep. Hist. III, p. 89Google Scholar.
page 117 note 2 Burke Correspondence, I, pp. 200–201Google Scholar.
page 117 note 3 Oldfield, , Rep. Hist. III, p. 504Google Scholar.
page 117 note 4 ibid., IV, 17.
page 117 note 5 ibid., III, 406–7.
page 117 note 6 ibid., IV, 463.
page 117 note 7 ibid., IV, 67.
page 117 note 8 ibid., IV, 599.
page 117 note 9 ibid., IV, 607.
page 117 note 10 ibid., V, 157.
page 117 note 11 ibid., V, 180.
page 117 note 12 ibid., V, 231.
page 117 note 13 ibid., V, 313.
page 117 note 14 ibid., V, 256.
page 117 note 15 ibid., V, 251.
page 117 note 16 Rockingham Memoirs, I, 45; Annual Register, 1761, p. 43.
page 117 note 17 Wilkes' Correspondence, I, 117Google Scholar. (Speech at Court of Common Pleas, May 6, 1763.) The phrase is repeated in the letter to the Aylesbury electors.
page 117 note 18 For opposition to aristocratic influence within the ranks of the moderate reform party, see Turner to Wyvill, Dec, 1779, W.P. III, xx. 39; Clerk of Tenby to the Yorkshire Committee, 1782, W.P. II, x. 4; Chairman of Bridgewater Committee to Yorkshire Committee, Dec, 1782, W.P. II, x. 21; Wyvill's conversation with Pitt, May 3, 1783, W.P. IV, xxix. 2; Wyvill to Fauconberg, Jan., 1785, W.P. IV, xxvii. 9; also W.P. II, Appendix I.
page 118 note 1 Political Disquisitions, 1774, p. 51.
page 118 note 2 Proceedings of S.C.I., May 30, 1783.
page 118 note 3 ibid., July 18, 1783.
page 118 note 4 ibid., p. 22.
page 118 note 5 ibid., pp. 23, 26.
page 118 note 6 ibid., p. 25.
page 119 note 1 James, , History of the Worsted Industry, pp. 292–294Google Scholar.
page 119 note 2 Worsted Acts, 1777. 17 Geo. III, 11; 17 Geo. III, 16.
page 119 note 3 Commons' Journal, XXXVI (1777). Petitions, 85, 95; Report and Bill ordered, 113; Brought in, 152; Petition, 188; p. 318. James, op. cit., pp. 299, 304–5; 28 Geo. III, 38.
page 119 note 4 James, op. cit., 299. Similar Committees were set up for Suffolk (Commons' Journals, XXXIX, 921, 971, 982; XL, 78, 102, 315), Northamptonshire, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Ely, Bedfordshire, Leicestershire, Rutland and Lincolnshire. Commons' Journals, XL, 611, 615, 866, 876; p. 1067.
page 119 note 5 Manchester Historical Recorder, 1784 and 1785; Annals of Manchester, 1786.
page 119 note 6 Manchester Historical Recorder, 1781 and 1785; Annals of Manchester, 1781.
page 120 note 1 Similar meetings and conferences of manufacturers resulted in the petition of 1788 for a drawback to encourage the export of English cotton goods (Annals of Manchester and Manchester Historical Recorder, 1788). An extensive Association of Master Manufacturers of Manchester and Stockport organised the agitation against the export of cotton yarn in 1800. (Radcliffe, , Origin of New System of Manufacture, pp. 11–13.Google Scholar) A History of Preston (1822), pp. 62–3.
page 120 note 2 Oldfield, , Representative History, IV, pp. 97–98Google Scholar.
page 120 note 3 Oldfield, op. cit., IV, pp. 117–18.
page 120 note 4 Oldfield, op. cit., IV, 106–7: v. 63–4.
page 120 note 5 Radcliffe, , Origin of New System of Manufacture, pp. 70, 190–1Google Scholar.
page 121 note 1 Sholl, , A Short Historical Account of the Silk Manufacture (1811), p. 2Google Scholar.
page 121 note 2 ibid., p. 39.
page 121 note 3 Sholl, op. cit., p. 2. The Spitalfields Act of 6 Geo. III contained clauses punishing the destruction of silk manufactures and implements used therein; in 1782 a more effective bill for the same purpose was brought in (Commons' Journals, XXXVIII, 981, 991, 1065). For evidence of illegal combinations amongst the silk weavers, see Commons' Journals, XXX, 376.
page 121 note 4 Sholl, op. cit., pp. 2–3; Felkin, , History of Machine-Wrought Hosiery, p. 228Google Scholar.
page 122 note 1 13 Geo. III, 68; C.J. XXXIV, 320; Sholl. op. cit., p. 3.
page 122 note 2 C.J. XLV, 230, 264, 270, 322, 403.
page 122 note 3 Sholl describes such an association formed in 1777, called the “ Union,” which for many years met at the “ Knave of Clubs,” Club Row, Bethnal Green, the members of which paid one penny a week to defray legal expenses, should any master attempt to lower wages (Sholl, op. cit., pp. 3–4).
page 122 note 4 Letter to a Member of Parliament on the Necessity of an Amendment to the Laws Relating to the Woollen Manufacture (1787), pp. 9, 25–30.
page 122 note 5 The hatters combined against low wages and the removal of restrictions on the number of apprentices taken by masters (14 Geo. III, Commons' Journals, XXXVI, 118, 192, 231, 240, 257, 268, 287, 307, 329, 4O1. 529, 533. 539 (1777).
page 122 note 6 The decline of the power of the Chartered Company, after the refusal of the Government to support its bye-laws in 1745, was followed by decreased wages and increase of apprentices (Felkin, op. cit., pp. 81, 73, 75. 79. 82); C.J. XXXVI, 635, 728, 740; XXXVII, 117, 294, 301, 360, 370, 386, 396, 400, 418, 421, 441. The rejection of two bills for the regulation of apprenticeship and wages resulted in machine breaking in 1779, order only being restored on the promise of the masters to pay all manufacturers a “ fair price.”
page 122 note 7 C.J. XXVII, 468, 503, 683, 728, 730, 733, 741, 753 (1756).
page 122 note 8 C.J. XXXVI, 131, 193, 257, 283, 535 (1777).
page 122 note 9 C.J. XXVIII, 73, 222; XXIX, 122, 319, 766, 888, 836 (1758–9).
page 123 note 1 C.J. XXXV, 491, 695.
page 123 note 2 Reasons for Late Increase of Poor Rates (1777), p. 41; Considerations on the Policy, Commerce and Circumstances of the Kingdom (1771), pp. 186, 193–6.
page 123 note 3 Gentlemen–s Magazine, Apr., 1760, p. 190; July, 1763, pp. 534–5; Jan., 1764, p. 27; Nov., 1764, p. 335; Fielding's Charge to the Grand Jury at Westminster, 1763 (Apr.), etc., etc.
page 123 note 4 Radcliffe, , Origin of New System of Manufacture, p. 62Google Scholar.
page 123 note 5 General View of England (1766), pp. 27 and 29; Observations on the Number and Misery of the Poor (1765), pp. 5–6; Thoughts on Trade and Commerce (1770); Considerations on the Policy, etc., of Kingdom, p. 3.
page 123 note 6 Observations on Population of Manchester, pp. 31, 42–3; Hutton, , History of Birmingham, p. 50 (1783)Google Scholar.
page 123 note 7 Burke, , A Vindication of Natural Society, p. 42Google Scholar (Works, I, Bohn).
page 124 note 1 Baines', Hist, of Liverpool, pp. 473–474Google Scholar; Considerations of the Policy, etc., of the Kingdom (1771), p. 35; Dyer, , Complaints of the Poor People, p. 1Google Scholar; Ramsay, , Essay on Treatment of African Slaves (1784), p. 92Google Scholar; Apology for Negro Slavery (1783), pp. 30–3, 61–3; Dickson, , Letters on Slavery (1789), pp. 51–52 and 85Google Scholar; Francklyn, , Observations Occasioned by Attempts to Effect the Abolition of the Slave Trade (1789), pp. 8–9, 12–13, 34–5Google Scholar; Francklyn, , Answer to Clarkson's Essays (1789), pp. 199–202 and 220Google Scholar.
page 124 note 2 Galloway, , Annals of Coal-Mining, I, p. 232Google Scholar, and History of Coal Mining, pp. 121–7.
page 124 note 3 Newcastle Journal, March 21, 1761, quoted in Annals of Coal-Mining, I, pp. 272–3; Boyd, , Coal-Pits and Pitmen, pp. 42–43Google Scholar.
page 124 note 4 Gonner, , Common Land and Enclosure (1912), Appendix DGoogle Scholar.
page 125 note 1 Report of 1801 on Wheat Acreage.
page 125 note 2 See Davis, , General View of the Agriculture of the County of Wilts, 1794Google Scholar.
page 125 note 3 See Levy, Large and Small Holdings.
page 125 note 4 See Essay on Nature and Method of Ascertaining Specifick Shares upon Enclosure (1769), Homer, p, 22; General Report, p. 157.
page 125 note 5 General Report on Enclosures, pp. 12–13.
page 125 note 6 See L. and B. Hammond, The Village Labourer, Chaps. III and IV.
page 125 note 7 Homer, op, cit., pp. 31 and 32.
page 126 note 1 Parl. Hist. XVIII, 1295; Wilkes, March 22, 1776.
page 126 note 2 See Norgate's, Notes to a Republication of Sir Wm. Jones' Dialogue between a Gentleman and a Peasant (1797), p. 42Google Scholar; Phillips, Geo, Necessity of a Speedy and Effectual Reform (1792), p. 14Google Scholar; Political Disquisitions (1774), p. 37; Cartwright, , Take Your Choice (1776), pp. 19–20Google Scholar.
page 126 note 3 Day, , Dialogue between Justice and Farmer (1785), pp. 1 and 57Google Scholar; Cartwright, , Take Your Choice, p. 20Google Scholar; Political Disquisitions, p. 37.
page 126 note 4 Day, op. cit., pp. 7, 41–2; Take Your Choice, pp. 20–1.
page 126 note 5 Take Your Choice, p. 24.
page 127 note 1 George Phillips, op. cit., p. 15.
page 127 note 2 Take Your Choice, pp. 20 and 24; Political Reformation on a Large Scale (1789), Article II. Notes to Sir Wm. Jones' Dialogue (1797), p. 43; Phillips, , Necessity of Speedy and Effectual Reform, pp. 13–14Google Scholar, etc.
page 127 note 3 Take Your Choice, pp. 20–1.
page 127 note 4 ibid., pp. 25–6.
page 127 note 5 Gentlemen's Magazine, 1765 (Aug.), has short notice of Morellet's French translation of the essay, 1765.
page 128 note 1 Wilkes' Correspondence, I, 9; II, 172 and 204, 188, 35, 36, 219; IV, 63, 49 and 306; Stephens', Life of Home Tooke, I, 89Google Scholar.
page 128 note 2 See Gentlemen's Mag., Jan., 1766, Chronicle; London Mag., Jan. i, 1766. Accounts of his life were published in 1766 in the London Chronicle (Jan. and Feb.), London Mag. (Feb.) and the Monthly Review (Jan.).
page 128 note 3 Priestley, , Essay on Government, 1768, p. 7Google Scholar.
page 128 note 4 Life and Corr. of Cartwright, I, pp. 49–50.
page 128 note 5 FitzMaurice's Shelburne, I, chap. xiii.
page 128 note 6 Duke of Richmond received his University education at Leyden.
page 128 note 7 “ The Earl of Abingdon went at an early age to Geneva, where he became imbued with many democratic doctrines that were promulgated in that Republic” (Rochingham Memoirs, II, 311).
page 128 note 8 Lord Stanhope was educated at Utrecht and Geneva; he settled in the latter place for ten years, when his son was still young. Lord Mahon, affected a “ Rousseauesque ” simplicity in his dress.
page 129 note 1 Complaint of the Poor People of England, G. Dyer, p. 2.
page 129 note 2 ibid., pp. 12 and 2.
page 129 note 3 ibid., p. 12.
page 129 note 4 ibid., pp. 62 and 73.
page 129 note 5 ibid., pp. 16, 73 and 74.
page 129 note 6 ibid., p. 3.
page 129 note 7 Letter to Wm. Paley, M.A., from a Poor Labourer in answer to his Reasons for Contentment, 1793, p. 8.
page 129 note 8 Letter to Wm. Paley, M.A., from a Poor Labourer in answer to his Reasons for Contentment, 1793, p. 13.
page 129 note 9 ibid., pp. 13 and 35.
page 130 note 1 Woodward, , Address on the Poor (1775), p. 33, noteGoogle Scholar.
page 130 note 2 Cooper, Thomas, Reply to Invective of Burke (1792), pp. 61–62Google Scholar.
page 130 note 3 ibid., p. 64.
